English phonetic symbols and English grammar knowledge

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Phonetic symbols are symbols for recording phonemes and writing phonemes. Its formulation principle is: a phoneme is represented by only one phonetic symbol, and a phonetic symbol represents only one phoneme. Such as Chinese Pinyin, Webster's English Phonetic Alphabet and International Phonetic Alphabet.

In a narrow sense, "phonetic symbols" refer to English phonetic symbols. The "phonetic symbols" mentioned in this site all refer to English phonetic symbols or English international phonetic symbols!

We have learned 48 English phonetic symbols. Details are as follows:

vowel

12 single vowel

long vowel

[i:][E:][C:][u:][B:]

short vowel

[E][C][Q][e][A]

8 diphthongs [AI] [EI] [CI] [IE] [Ze] [UE] [EU] [Au]

consistent

10 pair

Voiced consonants

[p][t][k][F][s][W][F][tF][tr][ts]

voiced consonant

[d][g][v][z][T][V][dV][dr][dz]

Three nasal sounds

[m] [n] [N]

Three pinyin-like words

[h] [r] [l]

Two and a half vowels

[w] [j]

sentence constituent

The components of a sentence include subject, predicate, object, attribute, complement, adverbial and predicative.

Subject is the subject of sentence narration, which can be carried by nouns, pronouns, numerals, nominalized adjectives, infinitives, gerunds and subject clauses.

Predicates describe the actions or characteristics and state of the subject. The predicate is assumed by the verb.

The object is the object or receiver of the action, usually after the transitive verb or preposition. Objects can be nouns, pronouns, numerals, nominalized adjectives, infinitives, gerunds, object clauses, etc.

Subject and predicate are two major components of English sentences. Except for a few sentences (such as imperative sentences and exclamations). ), a sentence must have the meaning expressed by both the subject and the predicate in order to be complete. The subject is aimed at the predicate, and the predicate is the theme of the sentence. Predicates are used to explain the subject and provide information for the subject. For example, they are working. The theme is them, so what are they doing? It seems that there is no predicate. Generally speaking, the position of subject and predicate in English is the same as that in Chinese, that is to say, the subject comes first and the predicate comes last. Then, which words can be used as subject and predicate, when the verb is inverted, and the subject and predicate are consistent, I will say them one by one.

I. Theme

Subject is the object of sentence statement, indicating who or what. It means that the sentence is about "who", "what", "what" and "where".

Nouns, pronouns, numerals, gerunds, To do infinitives and a sentence can all be used as subjects.

Second, the predicate

Predicate is a statement or explanation of the subject's action or state, indicating "what to do" and "what" or "how". The position of the predicate verb is generally after the subject.

Third, the object

The object, also called the addressee, refers to the recipient of the action (verb). Objects are divided into direct objects and indirect objects (indirect objects are also called object complements), in which direct objects refer to the direct objects of actions and indirect objects refer to objects that are not direct but are affected by actions. Generally speaking, transitive verbs must be followed by at least one object, usually a direct object. Some transitive verbs need two objects, usually one of which is the direct object and the other is the indirect object. Nouns, pronouns, numerals, gerunds, To do infinitives and a sentence can all be used as objects, while to do infinitives are used as object complements.

Four. attribute

Attributive is used to modify, limit and explain the nature and characteristics of nouns or pronouns. Adjectives, nouns, pronouns, numerals, prepositional phrases, infinitives (phrases), participles, attributive clauses or words, phrases or sentences equivalent to adjectives can be used as attributes. In Chinese, "de" is often used. The relationship between attribute and head language is the relationship between modification and being modified, restriction and being restricted. In Chinese, between the head and the attribute, some need to use the structural auxiliary word "de", some don't, and some are optional. "De" is the sign of attribute.

Adverbial of verb (abbreviation of verb)

In English, sentence elements that modify verbs, adjectives and adverbs are called adverbs.

The function of adverbial: adverbial explains the place, time, reason, purpose, result, condition, direction, degree, way, accompanying situation, etc.

Adverbials generally take adverbs, prepositional phrases, participles and participle phrases, infinitives or words or phrases equivalent to adverbs. Its position is usually placed at the end of a sentence, but it can also be placed at the beginning or in a sentence.

Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs or whole sentences, and explain concepts such as time, place, degree and manner.

Complement of intransitive verbs

English complement acts on the subject and object, which has a distinct attribute description or limitation function and is indispensable in syntax. Complement is a component that plays a complementary role. The most common is the object complement. Nouns, gerunds, adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, present participles and past participles can all be used as object complements in sentences.

Seven, predicative

Predicates are used to describe the identity, nature, character, characteristics and state of the subject. It usually comes after verbs (be, be, apparent, look, sound, feel, get, smell, etc.). Predicates are usually served by nouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositional phrases, infinitives, verbs -ing and clauses. If the predicative of a sentence is also acted by a sentence, then the sentence acting as predicative is called predicative clause.