What are tiles?

The tile at the front end of the eaves is tile, and there is a circular baffle hanging with patterns on the tile surface. The pattern design of ceramic tiles is beautiful, and the fonts are changeable, such as moire, geometric pattern, gluttonous pattern, text pattern, animal pattern and so on. , are exquisite works of art..

Tile, commonly known as tile head, is a component of ancient architecture, which plays a role in protecting wood cornices and beautifying the roof outline. Ceramic tiles in different historical periods have different characteristics. Qin Wadang's decorative patterns are widely used, with the breath of mountains, birds, deer, badgers, fish, turtles and insects. The pattern is vivid, concise and vivid. At this time, the tiles are mostly animal images, including deer, four gods, geese, fish and changing moiré. The picture is combined with freehand brushwork and ingenious design. Some divide the picture into two, others into four, seeking change in symmetry, balancing nature and full of life. Wadang reached the peak of technology in Han Dynasty. Decorative themes include four gods, wing tigers, birds and animals, insects, plants, moire patterns, figures, clouds and figures, clouds and animals, etc. There is a format in which tiles and breast nails are used to separate the pictures. There are words 1 to 12 in the wording tile, including auspicious words such as "Changle is not ended", "eternal life is not ended" and "infinite heaven", and some indicate the name and purpose of the building. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the tile surface was small, the pattern was mainly cirrus clouds, and the tile characters decreased sharply. In the Tang Dynasty, lotus tiles were the most common, while word tiles were almost extinct. Tiles with animal faces in the Song Dynasty and tiles with dragon faces in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

[Edit this paragraph] Tiling function

Tile, also known as "tile head", refers to the specific part hanging down from the top of ceramic tile. Tiles, that is, ceramic sheets with circular arcs, are used to cover the roof; The so-called "dang" is explained as follows: "Dang also covers the tile at the bottom, just as the tile at the bottom is better than the eaves and the tile covers the tile, which is worthy of the name." The tile is the first end of the tile, which was used for the roof of ancient buildings in China. Its main functions are waterproof, drainage and protection of wooden frame. Practically, it is not only convenient for the roof to leak rain, but also plays a role in protecting the eaves and increasing the beauty of the building. Its styles are mainly circular and semi-circular. Tile is an important part of ancient architectural tile.

[Edit this paragraph] The earliest ceramic tile

The earliest ceramic tiles in China were found at the Joo Won? site in Qishan, Fufeng, Shaanxi, which was the birthplace of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Most of them are plain semi-circular tiles, and some of them are heavy-ring semi-circular tiles. It is understood that the research and collection of ceramic tiles in China began as early as the Northern Song Dynasty. Since the mid-Qing Dynasty, ancient tiles have been regarded as antiques and collected by collectors. From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, tile dang gradually became a popular collection. In the past 20 years, the ceramic tile collection has become increasingly prosperous, and the market price has been rising all the way. According to Qian Xianzhi's "Han Shu Tu Lu", the tile price of Changle Wuji reached 10 taels of silver during the Qianlong period, and the highest animal pattern tile value at that time was 200 taels of silver. At the end of Guangxu, the price of high-quality tiles often reached 50 taels of silver. In the 1940s, some precious ceramic tiles ranged from each piece 10 yuan to 30 yuan Ocean.

[Edit this paragraph] Wadang history

People invented ceramic tiles in the Zhou Dynasty. Buildings on Joo Won? (now Fufeng, Shaanxi) in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty have been used by tiles. During the Warring States period, the increasingly developed urban construction industry led to the development of brick and tile pottery technology. The original tile was semi-circular, called semi-regular tile, and the tile in Qin Dynasty developed from semi-circular to full-circular. Round tiles were popular in Han Dynasty. Ceramic tile production in Han Dynasty was more prosperous than that in Warring States Period. Most of the famous palace buildings have ceramic kilns for firing bricks and tiles, which are specially designed and manufactured. Tile-shaped patterns have various themes, mainly auspicious patterns. There are several kinds of tile designs, such as animals, cirrus clouds and figures. China tile pattern originated in the Western Zhou Dynasty (BC 1 1 century ~ BC 77 1 year). In the late Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC), a relatively perfect model was formed, which became an important part of some large buildings. Most of the early ceramic tiles were semi-circular, and the main decorative patterns were animal faces. Later, it gradually developed into other decorative patterns such as cirrus moire. At that time, there were many kinds of tile patterns used in firing in various vassal States. After Qin Shihuang (reigned from 22 1 year BC to 2 10/year BC) unified the six countries, the pattern form and theme content of tile dang changed greatly and became more colorful. Ceramic tiles with various animal patterns were popular in Qin Dynasty. The Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) was the heyday of the development of tile-dang craft. During this period, the tile was beautifully made, and a new tile decorated with seal script appeared. Most of these tiles are seal script, with harmonious arrangement and exquisite layout, which shows the simple and rich artistic style of Han Dynasty. Most of the characters are auspicious words, and artistic appreciation can be compared with exquisite seals. A giant tile with a diameter of 6 1 cm was unearthed in the underground soil of the palace site north of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor. Among all the tiles found in China at present, this kind of tile is the largest. People call it "the king of tiles". It is now on display in Shaanxi History Museum.

[Edit this paragraph] Detail type

There are circular and semi-circular (semi-tile), and semi-tile is mainly found in Qin dynasty and before Qin dynasty. Ceramic tiles are engraved with various patterns, such as word tiles, animal tiles, plant tiles, geometric tiles, combined tiles (such as geometric tiles, animal tiles, plant tiles, etc. ), and Suwa does not carve. The earliest ceramic tiles in China were found at the Joo Won? site in Qishan, Fufeng, Shaanxi, which was the birthplace of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Most of them are ordinary semi-circular tiles, and some are semi-tiles with heavy rings. During the Warring States period, the tiles used in various countries all have strong local characteristics, but they are mostly image tiles, such as the half tile with double animal patterns unearthed in the ancient city of Linzi, Shandong Province; Gluttonous patterns and half tiles unearthed in Yanxiadu, Yixian County, Hebei Province; Round tile with animal pattern unearthed in Qin Dou, Yongcheng, Fengxiang, Shaanxi, moire and sunflower tile unearthed in Xianyang, among which Qin tile with animal pattern is the most outstanding. After Qin Dynasty, moire and sunflower tiles became popular. In the Han Dynasty, the wide use and artistry of tile-shaped tiles reached its peak. Geographical distribution is extremely extensive. In the Western Han Dynasty, in addition to various moire tiles, the last and most important tile appeared in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty-Ziwa, with a diameter of15-18.5cm, a small size of13cm and a large size of 22cm. At least 1 characters, and at most 12 characters. According to the text content, it can be divided into palace, official office, ancestral grave, residence, auspicious time, chronicle and so on. Characters' writing lines have reached a high degree of harmony in many aspects, such as straightness, Fiona Fang, density and correctness. They are square or beautiful, natural and breathtaking. The characters in the Western Han Dynasty are tile-shaped, large and beautiful, large in quantity and endless in change, which is really a precious relic of calligraphy in the Western Han Dynasty. Elephant tiles were not the mainstream in the Han Dynasty, but the four gods around Chang 'an in the Han Dynasty, Qinglong, Baihu, Suzaku and Xuanwu, were the last word. The four gods represent four directions: east, west, north and south. There are several different versions of Sishenwa, with elegant composition, meticulous production and high artistic level. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, tile art declined. With the introduction of Buddhism, word tiles and decorative tiles gradually declined, lotus tiles flourished, and there were also a few Buddha tiles. After the Song Dynasty, the tile-dang art started in Xishan, completely losing its former style.

[Edit this paragraph] Modeling

Tiles are flat when they are first made. With the improvement of ancient people's appreciation of architecture, decorative samples of animals and plants appeared on ceramic tiles. There are many kinds of ceramic tile patterns in Qin dynasty, including animal patterns, insect patterns, bird patterns and plant patterns. For example: Kuiwen, Deer, Four Beasts, Leopard, Hong Fei, Phoenix, Cicada, Clouds and Trees. The word "tile" refers to the words decorated on the tile. Tile fonts are generally printed in Liao Dynasty, and there are also official scripts. Fonts are rich, flexible and straight. There are more than a dozen words on the tile, and there is only one word. Tile characters played a major role in the Han Dynasty, which can be roughly divided into two categories. One is dedicated to architecture, such as the tiles in Ganquan Palace, which are "immortal". The Lantian Palace of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is Wadang's "Dinghu Yanshou Palace" and so on. Then there are compliments and auspicious words. Such as "long live the Millennium" and "eternal life without promise". There are many tiles with four characters, and the maximum number of characters can reach 12 words. The decorative patterns of Wadang in Qin and Han dynasties are beautiful and generous, vivid and ingenious. The decorative design of ceramic tiles is exquisite, and the text is beautifully typeset. In a circular or semi-circular picture, animals appear natural and lively, their expressions are naive and realistic, and the words are arranged and combined reasonably, which shows the genius and wisdom of our working people. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the tile was more decorative, unique in style and diverse in plastic arts. The four gods' tiles unearthed from the site of Chang 'an City in Shaanxi Province are more distinctive, unified in style and matched. Longwa, diameter 18.6 cm, side wheel width about 2 cm. The surface composition is decorated with a semi-embossed dragon, which is strong and strong, with a big mouth and extraordinary momentum. Dragon is supreme in the hearts of the ancients, and it is also a symbol of gods and authority. Emperors of past dynasties called it "the real dragon emperor" and so on. Tiger tile, with a diameter of 19 cm and a side wheel width of 2. 1 cm, is a magnificent tiger body, which surrounds the middle circle, has a magnificent posture, opens its mouth, bares its teeth, its head and claws are opposite to each other, and its tail is bent upward, just filling the extra space, coordinating the whole picture and making the composition balanced. Rosefinch tile, diameter 15.8 cm, side wheel width 2 cm. Suzaku is the mascot imagined by the ancients. It is a combination of peacock, golden pheasant, ribbon bird and other birds. It has a strong color, and its image is constantly changing because of the changes of the times. Suzaku in Wali holds a treasure in her mouth, holding her head high and her tail cocked, which is even more majestic and fierce. Xuanwu ceramic tile, diameter 18.5cm, width of side wheel 2. 1cm. The surface of the tile consists of a tortoise crawling. In order to coordinate the space, the snake bends around the snake body, making the stupid tortoise and the sensitive snake a combination of tortoise and snake. This extra space is uneven, and the whole picture is compact, not dull, but vivid. This kind of tile is not only used to indicate the direction in buildings, but also used in Xuanwu Que.

[Edit this paragraph] Artistic value

Ceramic tiles have various shapes. It is not only the art of combining painting, craft and sculpture, but also the product of combining practicality and aesthetics, which plays a icing on the cake in ancient buildings. Ceramic tiles not only give people beautiful artistic enjoyment, but also are important materials for archaeological dating. In addition, this tile is a precious material for China's calligraphy, seal cutting and painting, and it has certain reference value for studying the politics, economy and culture of ancient China. Ceramic tiles not only have high artistic value, but also have high academic value. Its patterns and characters are helpful to understand the historical origins and customs of the ancients, and have considerable reference value for the study of ancient historical geography and ideology. Because of this, tile has attracted the attention of the ancients since the Tang and Song Dynasties, and it was recorded in the Tang and Song Dynasties that people used it to make inkstones. With the prosperity of epigraphy in Qing Dynasty, the collection of tile-dangshi flourished, and many scholars, such as Chen Zhi, Chen Jieqi and Luo Zhenyu, devoted themselves to the collection and research of tile-dangshi. In the period of Kang, Yong and Gan, there began to be a special description of tile-shaped stone, but the special research on it was in the second half of the twentieth century.

[Edit this paragraph] Identify the authenticity of ceramic tiles.

The rise of tile-dang collection makes a large number of fakes appear, and the level of counterfeiting is getting higher and higher. Mainly based on forged words and images. At present, there are mainly three kinds of imitations on the market: the first kind of ceramic tile is real, which is carved by hand on plain ceramic tile, coated with a layer of mud after carving, and then worn out to make the lines look stiff and dull; The second type is based on the unearthed tiles with collection value. First, the mold is newly engraved, then fired and worn. This imitation is relatively new, with traces of cutting and soil rust, which can be seen by washing. The third is to put all kinds of fragments together to make a special pattern. If you look closely, you will find traces of pasting, and it will be natural and smooth without objects. Generally speaking, the bricks with double animal patterns in Qin Dynasty can be identified from the following three aspects. Look at the color, the early tile such as Qin tile is cyan, the Han tile is light gray, and the color changes from dark to light. Second, look at the production method. Before the mid-Western Han Dynasty, most tiles were hand-made, with traces of hands (especially in front of tiles). By the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, tiles were mainly wheels, with patterns of wheels, much like hieroglyphics. Third, look at the rope grain thickness, that is, look at the rope grain thickness of the tiles behind the tiles. Generally, the rope pattern is thin and straight, which is more common in Qin dynasty; Most of the rope patterns in Han Dynasty are straight and thick. Ceramic tiles in Qin and Han Dynasties must not be confused. 1. Origin of Ceramic Tiles in Qin and Han Dynasties After Qin unified the six countries, it became a common phenomenon for rulers to build palaces, temples and tombs. So the use of tiles is very common. At that time, the production of tiles was very particular, which can be described as Excellence, and at the same time promoted the pattern decoration of tiles to form their own unique artistic style. On the one hand, it inherited realistic artistic techniques and bright and simple features since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, on the other hand, it broke the rigid style of expressing the atmosphere of terror in form and pattern at that time, so Qin Wadang made some innovations in pattern decoration and theme. For example, there are deer patterns, badger patterns, animal patterns, leopard patterns, dragon and tiger patterns and so on. There are swallow patterns, phoenix patterns and Hong Fei patterns. Belonging to bird patterns; Insect patterns include bee patterns, cicada patterns and butterfly patterns. There are many kinds of plant patterns, such as creeping grass pattern, tree pattern, lotus pattern and so on. In the early Han Dynasty, the shape and ornamentation of Qin Wadang were still used, but on the basis of inheriting the tradition of Qin Wadang, the word "Wadang" appeared again, which became a major feature at that time. The buildings include "Changle Weiyang" (the tile of Ganquan Palace), "Shanglin" (the tile of Lin Yuan), "Zuoge" and "Kong You" (the tile of the government). The tiles belonging to the mausoleum architecture include "Long live the tomb pawn", "Changling tile pawn" and "Laigu Palace pawn". There are many auspicious words, such as "the Han Dynasty merged with the world", "Long live the Millennium", "Longevity", "Endless Changle" and "Endless Billions of Years", which can be described as colorful and colorful. Second, the difference between Qin and Han ceramic tiles is in shape. Qin tiles are mostly round, with small surface diameter, irregular side wheels and uneven tile back. There are obvious marks of rotary cutting in the production process, and the color of ceramic tiles is mainly cyan; In the Han dynasty, there were semicircles besides circles. The surface diameter of ceramic tile is increased, the side wheels are regular and the edges are wide. Most tiles have round breasts in the middle, and they are all molded. The color of tiles is mostly light gray. Technically speaking, in the Qin Dynasty, the precepts were made first, then cylindrical tiles were built around the precepts by the mud strip method, and the back of the tiles were coated with mud by hand to make them closely combined, and then half of the tiles were cut off with a bamboo knife or rope, and then the mud blank was opened, which was troublesome and difficult to be neat. In the Han dynasty, the tiles were formed face to face, and then the finished tiles continued not to be cut. The tile has a flat back, no trace and regular side wheels, which is also an obvious difference between Qin and Han Dynasties. Tibetan friends must pay more attention when collecting investments. Wadang in Qin and Han Dynasties is an important cultural heritage, which has been gradually valued by the world since the Song Dynasty. In the Qing dynasty, epitaphs focused their attention on the above words. In recent years, the trend of collecting ceramic tiles has become more and more prosperous. More and more ceramic tiles have been unearthed in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, and new types of ceramic tiles have also emerged. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the market price of ceramic tiles was getting higher and higher, and there were fewer and fewer original tiles, so more and more ceramic tiles were fake and the level was getting higher and higher. Identification should pay attention to the following problems: 1, the market value of text and image tiles is high, and there are many collectors, while the general pattern tiles are not popular, so the fakes are mostly text, animal and other graphic tiles. You should pay special attention to this strange and rare tile. 2. False tiles are made of loess like bricks and then coated with soil, just like unearthed ones. Dealers in the general market will not let buyers clean it, because the truth will come out after washing. 3. The tile is only the head of the whole tile, so the back of the real tile often leaves tube tiles with different lengths, and there is no tube tile on the fake tile. At present, there are also some forgeries in this field, most of which are very poor. Pay attention to whether the broken marks are natural or not, and simply print the cloth pattern on the back of the ceramic tile. 4. There are also counterfeiters who use real pattern tiles. For example, the cheaper moire tiles in the Han Dynasty are counterfeit, ranging from 30 yuan to 50 yuan, while the text tiles cost more than 100 yuan. The method is to shovel off the pattern of real tiles, then carefully imitate the words on rare tiles with cement, and then cover them with mud after manufacturing. In order to cheat the buyer. The identification method is to carefully distinguish between words, and there are many problems in writing fake words. There is also washing away the soil on the tiles. The difference between the cement of the Han Dynasty and the original tiles in color and texture is obvious. Here are three cases. Qiyuan Wadang was unearthed near No.21of Liu Bang's tomb, the great ancestor of the Western Han Dynasty, in the northern tableland of Xianyang, Shaanxi. Only one product, with a diameter of 16. 1 cm, is now in Xianyang Museum, or "Zhaiyuan". Fake tiles shovel off the patterns of real Han dynasty tiles, and then imitate the characters with cement, and the more the characters pile up, the more they look like. Look carefully after washing, and you will see the marks of knives and shovels on the bottom of your face. "Immortality" is an important tile popular in the mid-Western Han Dynasty. Fake tiles are made of cement by shoveling moire tiles from the same period. After careful observation, it is found that there are cement sand grains at the bottom of the tile outside the word, and the mud coated is different from that on the real tile. "Changle Weiyang" is a common reticulated outer ring tile in the late Western Han Dynasty, and a peculiar "Changle Weiyang" tile is forged with cement. The text is wrong.

[Edit this paragraph] Random talk on the tile.

The textbook of the history of China in junior middle school published by People's Education Publishing House, whether it is the current edition or the experimental edition, has tile-dang illustrations. Many teachers and students of Wadang wrote to us and asked, "What does Wadang do?" The following will introduce some knowledge about tiles. Tile is the covering tile on the eaves of ancient palace buildings in China, commonly known as "tubular tile head" or "tile head". There are some people who call themselves "Dang" in the Wadang script, such as "Qi Gong Dang", "Lan Chi Gong Dang", "Jingshi Dang Yu" and "Wu Yin She Dang". The ancients taught that "pawn" is "bottom" because pottery tiles are pressed up one by one, arranged from the roof to the eaves, and the leading tiles are at the bottom of the tiles. Below the tiles are rafters, which can prevent wind, sun and rain, protect the rafters from erosion and prolong the service life of the building. So the name of the tile probably comes from its position and function. According to the literature, China ancient building tiles began in Xia Dynasty. Archaeological data show that palaces, ancestral halls and other large buildings in the Yin and Shang Dynasties were still "Maozitu steps", and there were no traces of useful tiles, let alone tiles. So far, the real tile was first seen in the ruins of the early Western Zhou Dynasty. Wadang objects were first found in Fufeng Chen Zhao site in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty. Tiles and tiles solved the problem of roof rain protection, and made the ancient buildings in China get rid of the simple state of "Mautz soil steps". In the history of architecture, tile and tile dang are a great original invention of our ancestors. Ceramic tile is a practical and decorative building component. There are many kinds of ceramic tiles: as far as materials are concerned, ceramic tiles mainly include gray ceramic tiles, glazed tiles and metal tile. Grey pottery tile is the oldest and most common tile, and it has been the most important variety from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. After the Tang Dynasty, glazed tiles appeared. Glazed tiles are fired on argillaceous tiles, and the colors are blue, green, blue and yellow, which are used in advanced buildings. During the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, metal tile was used in some buildings. There are three kinds of metal tiles: cast iron, brass and gold plated. Look from the shape, there are three kinds of tiles: semicircle, circle and big semicircle. The tiles in the Western Zhou Dynasty are all semi-circular, while the tiles in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are mainly semi-circular, but they are already round. During the Qin and Han dynasties, circular tiles occupied the mainstream, while semi-circular tiles were gradually eliminated and eventually disappeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The large semi-circular tile-shaped tiles appeared in the Qin Dynasty. A large semi-circular tile with a diameter of 6 1 cm and a height of 48 cm was unearthed in Building No.2 in the North of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. The face pattern is composed of two strange-looking poems, which are symmetrical left and right, vigorous and vivid, and have high decorative art value. Cultural relics and archaeology is known as the "tile king". This kind of large semi-circular tile was also found in the Qin and Han architectural sites of the "Jiangnv Tomb" in Suizhong County, Liaoning Province. As far as decorative patterns are concerned, tiles can be divided into three categories: pattern tiles, image tiles and text tiles. Moire tile unearthed from the west wall of the inner city of Qin Shihuang, diameter 15cm. Note that it is a round button with a circle of small breast nails around it. Four mushroom-shaped moire patterns are symmetrically and evenly distributed outside the heart, giving people a strong standardized and stylized aesthetic feeling. In Minhe County, Qinghai Province, a feather figure of the Tutang Dynasty, with a diameter of 13 cm, is a boy standing in front of him with wide eyes and realistic wings on both sides, like an angel, innocent and influenced by foreign culture. This is a rare artistic treasure in China ancient tile. Writing tiles were popular in Han Dynasty. The number of tiles ranges from 1 to 12 characters, but there are no1/tiles. The four-character tile is the most common. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, tile characters declined gradually; After Sui and Tang Dynasties, tile characters have been rare. The decoration and beautification of the word tile on the building is realized by personally feeling the vivid and wonderful words. Wonderful and vivid words are not only works of art, but also because of their social ideology, they often become propaganda materials for rulers to publicize their political achievements and thoughts. The tile-shaped illustrations selected in the current edition and the experimental edition of junior high school China history published by People's Education Publishing House are all such publicity materials. 1 1 The tile-shaped illustration in the current edition of Rehabilitation in the Early Han Dynasty and the Governance of Cultural Scenery has the words "Han and the World" in front of it, which is obviously the propaganda material for the rulers to publicize their political achievements in the early Western Han Dynasty. The tile-shaped illustration in Lesson 23 "Great Integration of Northern Nationalities" is preceded by the words "Qin Long Xinghua Mou Gusheng", which means: "The pre-Qin dynasty rose like a dragon, and its educational achievements can be compared with those of ancient sages." The tiled illustrations in lesson 14 of the seventh grade History of China, with the words "Khan descended from the sky" on the front, are propaganda materials for the supreme ruler of Xiongnu to instill the concept of "destiny" into his subjects. At the same time, it is also a historical witness of Sino-Hungarian friendly relations after Huhan Khan surrendered to China.

[Edit this paragraph] Appreciation and maintenance

Distinguish and appreciate

Ceramic tiles, like other arts, are also a reflection of certain socio-economic ideology. With the development of social economy and the improvement of people's appreciation of architectural art, there is a development process from low to high, from rough to exquisite, from simple to complex. For example, in the Han dynasty, most of the characters appeared in seal script; During the three kingdoms and the Jin dynasty, there were sawtooth patterns on the tile edge; In Wang Mang's era, a kind of "Four Gods Tiles" was popular, that is, the images of Qinglong, White Tiger, Suzaku and Xuanwu were painted and burned on the tiles, representing east, west, north and south; In the late Eastern Jin Dynasty, tiles with black polished surfaces began to appear, and one end of eaves tiles began to thicken, and decorative patterns were embossed, which was the abuse of "dripping water" by later generations. ; In the Tang Dynasty, "drip tile" was widely used. In the early stage, the included angle between "dripping water" and tile body is generally a right angle, and it increases to more than 100 degree in the later stage, which is scientific, indicating that ancient tiles in China have the function of combining decoration with practicality. The Han Dynasty is a prosperous era, and the tile in the Han Dynasty is a microcosm of it, such as "Changle is never ended", "Immortality", "Long live the Millennium", "Merging Han into the world", "Long life" and "Infinite billions of years". Most of these porcelain pieces are small seals, with strict composition and reasonable layout, which can be compared with a good seal. In a word, the shapes of the tile are varied, which is not only the art of combining painting, craft and sculpture, but also the art of combining practicality and art, and has played a icing on the cake in some ancient buildings. It not only gives people elegant and magnificent artistic enjoyment, but also helps us determine the age in archaeology. At the same time, it is also valuable information for studying China's calligraphy, seal cutting and painting, which is of great significance for studying the politics and economy of ancient China in various periods.

Maintenance/curing

Although ceramic tile is an accessory of architecture, it embodies and reflects the thoughts, politics and national beliefs in a specific historical stage and is the carrier of culture. Soil rust (copper rust) attached to the surface of ceramic tiles is more valuable because it reflects a historical precipitation. The soil rust on the tile surface can be compared with the color of bronzes and the blood and soil immersion of jade, revealing the beauty of simplicity and obscurity, from which we can feel the slow rolling of the wheel of history. Once the ceramic tile loses the "coat" of soil rust and reveals new stubble, it will be dull. So take care of it. Go into battle lightly, avoid collision, wipe less, and pay special attention to not rubbing a lot casually. The ancients had no photographic technology, so they could only stick rubbings on tiles and spread them out with rubbings. This is due to technical limitations and is the only way. Today, with the popularization of photography technology, the role of photos can not be ignored, and they can replace some rubbings. However, although rubbings can't fully reflect the nuances of tile-shaped ornamentation, they can grasp the overall charm of tile-shaped ornamentation, which is concise and summarized, or black or vermilion, and also has a quaint artistic conception, which is very quaint and lovely. In addition, the blank space around the rubbings can also be used for inscription or writing some related words. Therefore, Wadang rubbings are still valued by collectors today, which is irreplaceable by photos. So photos can't replace rubbings. However, whether it is rubbing or patting, red or black, it can't be too broad. Ceramic tiles are argillaceous pottery, not as hard, delicate and fragile as stones and jade, and can be cleaned after extension. Ceramic tiles are easy to absorb water and the patina is easy to fall off. In addition, paper is prone to water leakage, and excessive stretching will make tiles look like "Bao Gong face" or "Guan Gong face", which will greatly damage their appearance. If it is emphasized that the effect of rubbings must be extended, it is better to extend less, and rubbings should be masters. At present, both collections and people's collections should not be driven by commercial interests, but should be extensive. Especially those orphans and treasures, cannot be expanded. Guwadang is a historical relic, most of which were unearthed. Unearthed tiles show that sometimes there are attachments such as soil, which are very strong. Some accessories even wrapped the whole tile. When cleaning these accessories, you should be especially careful not to damage the surface of the tile. When collecting ceramic tiles in the south, we should also pay attention to moisture prevention. If the tiles are damp, there will be many mildew spots, which will cause the tiles to change color due to corrosion, which will affect the beauty of the collection and damage the cultural relics.