Past participle as predicative

In the past, when a participle was used as a predicative, it always formed a copula structure with the copula verb be/apparent/look/remain/feel/get, indicating the state or feeling of the subject. Subjects are mostly people, and the actions represented by participles form a verb-object structure relationship with the subject of sentences. The shop is closed now. The shop is closed. The city is surrounded by mountains on three sides. The city is surrounded by mountains on three sides. This novel is well written. This novel is well written.

Past participle (English: Pasteparticiple) is a kind of participle, which usually contains passive meaning. The past participle of regular verbs generally consists of the verb plus -ed.

Suffixes of English past tense and past participle. Some past participles can also be used as adjectives. Such as: absorption-absorption, recognition-recognition, habit-habit, influence-influence, pain-pain, engagement-engagement, bewitch-bewitch, etc.