Development history of retail industry

1. The development history of retail industry. In the Opinions on Standardization of Retail Business Classification, the State Bureau of Domestic Trade classifies China's retail stores into eight categories: department stores, supermarkets, large-scale comprehensive supermarkets, convenience stores, warehouse-type shopping malls, specialty stores, specialty stores and shopping centers.

1. Department Store At present, the development of department stores in China is characterized by scale, collectivization, diversified operation and extension to new formats. Judging from the market situation, large department stores present the following status quo: 1. Economic benefits are declining.

Although the retail sales of consumer goods in the whole society increased by 9.7% in 2000 compared with the previous year, the gross profit margin of department store retail enterprises declined as a whole, from 12.9% in the previous year to 12%, far below the level of 30% in developed countries. The profit growth of enterprises is much lower than the sales growth, and the effect of reducing losses is not ideal. According to the statistics of China National Business Information Center, in 2000, the total sales of 273 key large-scale retail malls reached 65.438+02.939 billion yuan, an increase of 654.38+09% over the previous year (an increase of 654.38+080 and a decrease of 93); Retail sales107.28 billion yuan, up13.6% over the previous year (190 up, down 83%); However, the total profit realized in the same period decreased by 9.9% compared with the previous year.

2. Excessive expansion of competition in the same industry. Judging from the development in recent years, the construction speed of department store retail enterprises in most cities far exceeds the actual purchasing power growth level of residents.

In large and medium-sized cities, the number of large-scale shopping malls with annual sales of more than1.200 million yuan has expanded from 98 in 1.992 to more than 1.000 in 2000, and quite a few of them are still under construction or preparation. In order to expand sales and increase market share, businesses minimize profits.

A large number of small retailers with low profit margin expectations have further deteriorated the income level of the industry. 3. Different commercial formats compete to occupy market share.

Various commercial formats attract consumers and occupy market share with their own different characteristics. 19 among the top 50 retail enterprises in China, 10 has the slowest growth, and 9 of them are large department stores, all of which have negative growth; In the top 50 of 10, supermarkets accounted for 5 seats, which changed the history of department stores in the past.

At the same time, the market share of collective businesses with similar characteristics to traditional department stores is also declining. 4. The market lacks hot spots, and the consumer demand is obviously broken.

The income level of urban and rural residents has improved to a certain extent, and the demand for popularization and food and clothing has been basically saturated, but the new high-level purchasing power has not yet formed, and the demand for higher-level enjoyment and development is still in a state of "unattainable", and the purchasing power of residents has been diverted through various channels, so the demand for commodity consumption will gradually weaken in recent years. Therefore, it is difficult for the consumer goods market to sell well.

Second, the supermarket chain 1. The development speed is fast and the geographical distribution is wide. China supermarket chain has become the most dynamic business format.

Especially in recent years, the sales scale of large and medium-sized supermarket chain enterprises has increased year by year, which is obviously higher than the growth of total retail sales of social goods and the growth of traditional department stores. Since 1994, the average growth rate of chain supermarket industry in China has been above 70%, and in 2000 it increased by 53% compared with 1999.

Lianhua, Hualian and Agriculture, Industry and Commerce Supermarket, the "three giants" of Shanghai chain industry, ranked first, fifth and eighth among the national 10 retail enterprises. Chain supermarkets will surpass department stores to become the first main force in retail industry.

From the perspective of regional distribution, large supermarket chain enterprises are mostly concentrated in coastal areas and provincial capital cities. The development speed, scale and level of supermarkets in Shanghai, Beijing and Guangdong are higher than those in other regions, and the number of stores accounts for more than 1/3 of the total.

2. The competition is fierce, and the supermarket chain industry has entered the integration period. Compared with foreign chain supermarkets, the scale of chain supermarkets in China is obviously small.

Judging from the sales in 2000, Lianhua Supermarket Co., Ltd., the leading supermarket chain in China, only has 1/80 of Wal-Mart. At present, the main ways for chain supermarket companies to expand their scale are the chain transformation of state-owned outlets and the expansion through leasing, purchasing and building new outlets, all of which belong to single capital expansion.

In order to expand the scale of enterprises and build the "aircraft carrier" of domestic supermarket chains, only by further changing the concept and breaking through the industry boundaries and regional boundaries through various means such as alliance, merger, acquisition and joining can a large-scale supermarket chain company with large operation scale and strong competitiveness be truly formed. 3. The speed of foreign investment has accelerated.

Well-known foreign supermarket groups are optimistic about the development potential of China's commercial sector, and have entered China one after another, increasing investment and achieving good economic benefits. For example, Carrefour 1999' s sales in China was 6 billion yuan, which rose to 8 1 100 million yuan in 2000, with 28 branches; The annual sales of eight chain stores opened by Wal-Mart in China are expected to reach 3-4 billion yuan.

According to preliminary statistics, there are more than 1000 warehouse-style shopping malls in China. Warehouse shopping malls have expanded from the most economically developed Guangdong province to Beijing and Shanghai, and then to provincial capitals and other industrial and commercial centers.

The entry of large-scale well-known foreign-funded warehouse shopping malls into China market has not only set an example for the development of domestic warehouse shopping malls, but also intensified the competition among them. China warehouse shopping malls have gradually entered the stage of standardized development, and many warehouse shopping malls have begun to pay attention to the cultivation of talents and the standardized operation of internal management. Warehouse shopping malls are developing from single stores to chain stores, actively seeking economies of scale.

For example, Metro has six chain stores in China, and now many single-store warehouse-style shopping malls also have plans to carry out chain operations. Building materials and decorative materials warehouse mall has become one of the indispensable members of China warehouse mall family, and it has developed rapidly.

Tianjin Home Furnishing, the first building materials and decorative materials storage mall in China, has grown to nearly ten building materials storage companies in just three or four years, with outlets covering Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Xi, Shenyang, Nanjing, Wuxi and Qingdao. The advantages of China warehouse mall are as follows: 1. Warehouse shopping malls are located in the middle and low grades.

At present, 60%~70% of consumers in China are still at a low consumption level, so the positioning of warehouse shopping malls has adapted to the current consumption situation, and shopping malls have launched a series of convenience services, which are quite popular with consumers. 2. Warehouse-style shopping malls implement membership system, accept some consumers with high income and high consumption but sensitive to for-profit sales as their members, and reward their large consumption, thus becoming their own fixed consumption groups.

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2. The development history of retail enterprises in China. UVA can induce photosensitivity and phototoxicity.

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3. The Development of Retail Industry in China The State Bureau of Domestic Trade divides the retail stores in China into eight categories: department stores, supermarkets, large general supermarkets, convenience stores, warehouse stores, specialty stores, specialty stores and shopping centers.

1. Department Store At present, the development of department stores in China is characterized by scale, collectivization, diversified operation and extension to new formats. Judging from the market situation, large department stores present the following status quo: 1. Economic benefits are declining.

Although the retail sales of consumer goods in the whole society increased by 9.7% in 2000 compared with the previous year, the gross profit margin of department store retail enterprises declined as a whole, from 12.9% in the previous year to 12%, far below the level of 30% in developed countries. The profit growth of enterprises is much lower than the sales growth, and the effect of reducing losses is not ideal. According to the statistics of China National Business Information Center, in 2000, the total sales of 273 key large-scale retail malls reached 65.438+02.939 billion yuan, an increase of 654.38+09% over the previous year (an increase of 654.38+080 and a decrease of 93); Retail sales107.28 billion yuan, up13.6% over the previous year (190 up, down 83%); However, the total profit realized in the same period decreased by 9.9% compared with the previous year.

2. Excessive expansion of competition in the same industry. Judging from the development in recent years, the construction speed of department store retail enterprises in most cities far exceeds the actual purchasing power growth level of residents.

In large and medium-sized cities, the number of large-scale shopping malls with annual sales of more than1.200 million yuan has expanded from 98 in 1.992 to more than 1.000 in 2000, and quite a few of them are still under construction or preparation. In order to expand sales and increase market share, businesses minimize profits.

A large number of small retailers with low profit margin expectations have further deteriorated the income level of the industry. 3. Different commercial formats compete to occupy market share.

Various commercial formats attract consumers and occupy market share with their own different characteristics. 19 among the top 50 retail enterprises in China, 10 has the slowest growth, and 9 of them are large department stores, all of which have negative growth; In the top 50 of 10, supermarkets accounted for 5 seats, which changed the history of department stores in the past.

At the same time, the market share of collective businesses with similar characteristics to traditional department stores is also declining. 4. The market lacks hot spots, and the consumer demand is obviously broken.

The income level of urban and rural residents has improved to a certain extent, and the demand for popularization and food and clothing has been basically saturated, but the new high-level purchasing power has not yet formed, and the demand for higher-level enjoyment and development is still in a state of "unattainable", and the purchasing power of residents has been diverted through various channels, so the demand for commodity consumption will gradually weaken in recent years. Therefore, it is difficult for the consumer goods market to sell well.

Second, the supermarket chain 1. The development speed is fast and the geographical distribution is wide. China supermarket chain has become the most dynamic business format.

Especially in recent years, the sales scale of large and medium-sized supermarket chain enterprises has increased year by year, which is obviously higher than the growth of total retail sales of social goods and the growth of traditional department stores. Since 1994, the average growth rate of chain supermarket industry in China has been above 70%, and in 2000 it increased by 53% compared with 1999.

Lianhua, Hualian and Agriculture, Industry and Commerce Supermarket, the "three giants" of Shanghai chain industry, ranked first, fifth and eighth among the national 10 retail enterprises. Chain supermarkets will surpass department stores to become the first main force in retail industry.

From the perspective of regional distribution, large supermarket chain enterprises are mostly concentrated in coastal areas and provincial capital cities. The development speed, scale and level of supermarkets in Shanghai, Beijing and Guangdong are higher than those in other regions, and the number of stores accounts for more than 1/3 of the total.

2. The competition is fierce, and the supermarket chain industry has entered the integration period. Compared with foreign chain supermarkets, the scale of chain supermarkets in China is obviously small.

Judging from the sales in 2000, Lianhua Supermarket Co., Ltd., the leading supermarket chain in China, only has 1/80 of Wal-Mart. At present, the main ways for chain supermarket companies to expand their scale are the chain transformation of state-owned outlets and the expansion through leasing, purchasing and building new outlets, all of which belong to single capital expansion.

In order to expand the scale of enterprises and build the "aircraft carrier" of domestic supermarket chains, only by further changing the concept and breaking through the industry boundaries and regional boundaries through various means such as alliance, merger, acquisition and joining can a large-scale supermarket chain company with large operation scale and strong competitive strength be truly formed. 3. The speed of foreign investment has accelerated.

Well-known foreign supermarket groups are optimistic about the development potential of China's commercial sector, and have entered China one after another, increasing investment and achieving good economic benefits. For example, Carrefour 1999' s sales in China was 6 billion yuan, which rose to 8 1 100 million yuan in 2000, with 28 branches; The annual sales of eight chain stores opened by Wal-Mart in China are expected to reach 3-4 billion yuan.

According to preliminary statistics, there are more than 1000 warehouse-style shopping malls in China. Warehouse shopping malls have expanded from the most economically developed Guangdong province to Beijing and Shanghai, and then to provincial capitals and other industrial and commercial centers.

The entry of large-scale well-known foreign-funded warehouse shopping malls into China market has not only set an example for the development of domestic warehouse shopping malls, but also intensified the competition among them. China warehouse shopping malls have gradually entered the stage of standardized development, and many warehouse shopping malls have begun to pay attention to the cultivation of talents and the standardized operation of internal management. Warehouse shopping malls are developing from single stores to chain stores, actively seeking economies of scale.

For example, Metro has six chain stores in China, and now many single-store warehouse-style shopping malls also have plans to carry out chain operations. Building materials and decorative materials warehouse mall has become one of the indispensable members of China warehouse mall family, and it has developed rapidly.

Tianjin Home Furnishing, the first building materials and decorative materials storage mall in China, has grown to nearly ten building materials storage companies in just three or four years, with outlets covering Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Xi, Shenyang, Nanjing, Wuxi and Qingdao. The advantages of China warehouse mall are as follows: 1. Warehouse shopping malls are located in the middle and low grades.

At present, 60%~70% of consumers in China are still at a low consumption level, so the positioning of warehouse shopping malls has adapted to the current consumption situation, and shopping malls have launched a series of convenience services, which are quite popular with consumers. 2. Warehouse-style shopping malls implement membership system, accepting some consumers with high income and high consumption but sensitive to for-profit sales as their members, and rewarding their large consumption, so as to achieve self-sufficiency.

4. How to look forward to the current development trend of retail industry in China? The "20 14-20 18 China Retail Information Industry Market Prospect and Investment Strategic Planning Analysis Report Outlook" issued by Industrial Research Institute points out that e-commerce has a great impact on the traditional retail industry, but it is not the only impact. The decline in operating income and profit of traditional retail industry stems from its business model and internal structural influence. The gross profit margin of department stores can generally reach 25%-30%, but the net interest rate can only be maintained below 5%. In addition, the sales growth rate has dropped significantly in the last two years. Therefore, department stores began to look for a way out. In order to ensure the gross profit margin of shopping malls, the department store industry has to increase the entrance fee and deduction points. At the same time, in order to attract world-class brands, shopping malls have to pay decoration fees according to the requirements of international suppliers, and these two costs are finally passed on to consumers, which indirectly pushes up commodity prices. In this way, the department store has the characteristics of high price, few varieties and monotonous environment, and lacks competitiveness, which in turn urges it to increase the entrance fee and deduct points, forming a vicious circle. This is a common problem in traditional retail industry.

Abroad, most countries with mature retail industry have 3-5 big brands. However, in China, taking the supermarket format as an example, there are 8 major foreign brands and more than 20 major domestic brands. As a result, everyone wants to open a store, but most new stores are hard to keep their money.

Another reason why the retail industry suffered from the cold winter is that the domestic retail industry attaches importance to profit rather than research and development. Judging from the operation mode of traditional retail industry for more than ten years, there is no big change in format combination, format change, commodity combination and display technology. Once consumption is weak, retail performance tends to decline.

In addition, today's domestic retail problems also include business models. The channel cost of retail enterprises is extremely high. The fundamental reason is that most retail enterprises in China do not engage in commodity management, but only engage in channel management.

5. The development course, present situation and future prospect of chain retail in China: Before the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of China, there was no such thing as chain retail. After the reform and opening up, foreign capital appeared in Shanghai and Guangzhou.

In China, the introduction of supermarkets began at 1978, when they were called supermarkets. 1983 65438+1On October 3rd, the first supermarket in China opened in Haidian District. At that time, almost all buyers were foreigners.

Today, more than 20 years later, people's shopping in the supermarket has become an indispensable part of life. * * * After the southern tour speech, foreign capital invaded on a large scale, and China's capital market is changing.

At the same time, the retail industry in China began to develop, some of which were supported by state-owned enterprises or countries. Under the situation that Chinese mainland's supermarket economy is full of many top international business giants such as Wal-Mart, Puma, Carrefour, Metro and Parkson, some supermarkets have also appeared in Chinese mainland, such as Zhengzhou's Asia.

Status quo: From the perspective of capital, foreign capital controls most of the retail industry in China, including large supermarkets and small supermarkets. I am in Shanghai. Shanghai Haode, Family and Kaide Keke are also controlled by large supermarkets.

So some people say that China's consumer terminals are controlled by foreigners, and the pricing power is also decided by them. According to the latest information, the country is planning the retail sector. In the western region, it must be approved by the State Planning Bureau. For a large supermarket.

It's actually a restriction. In supermarkets in big cities in the east, some small changes are taking place. Future prospects: The existence of foreign supermarkets will take some time to change.

Just like a foreign cosmetics brand, it is also like a foreign joint venture car. But for the sake of national interests, it will definitely change the status quo. As for how to change it, it may change because of the game of national interests.

One thing is certain, we will definitely get back the consumer terminal from the west and get back the pricing power of the goods.

6. What are the theories about the development and evolution of retail industry? In recent years, China's retail industry has developed continuously and rapidly, forming a prosperous development trend and fierce competition market situation in which various retail formats and business models coexist.

After China's accession to the World Trade Organization, powerful foreign retail groups have also accelerated their pace of entering the retail market in China, which has brought profound changes and influences to the retail industry in China. With the increasing influence of China's retail industry on the operation and development of the national economy, what are the factors that affect the evolution of China's retail industry and what is the development trend of China's retail industry have become important theoretical and practical issues studied and solved by China's business and theoretical circles at all levels.

This paper studies this theme through six chapters: Chapter One, Introduction. This paper mainly introduces the background and significance of the topic, the research object and method, the basic idea and framework structure, and the innovation.

The second chapter is a literature review of the evolution factors and development trend of retail industry. This paper mainly summarizes the research results on the evolution and development of retail industry put forward by domestic and foreign theoretical circles, and analyzes and evaluates these research results.

The third chapter, the historical investigation of the evolution of retail industry in China. This paper makes a comprehensive investigation and analysis on the evolution of China's retail industry before 1950s, China's retail industry in the planned economy era, China's retail industry after the reform and opening up, and China's retail industry's scale, structure and business model.

Chapter four, the research on the influencing factors of the evolution of retail industry in China. From the theoretical point of view, this paper summarizes and summarizes the research results of academic circles on the influencing factors of retail industry evolution; From the practical point of view, this paper discusses and analyzes the factors affecting the evolution of retail industry at home and abroad.

On this basis, six factors influencing the evolution of retail industry in China are put forward: economic system, economic development, market demand, consumer purchasing power, commercial competition and science and technology. The fifth chapter, the development trend of retail industry in China.

Based on the life cycle and evolution trend theory of foreign retail industry and six factors that affect the evolution of retail industry in China, this paper puts forward four development trends of retail industry in China: first, centralization and chain. The second is specialization and segmentation.

Third, department stores, supermarket chains and specialty stores will become the three pillars of China's retail industry. Fourth, the leading role of retail industry in related industries has been continuously enhanced, and modern science and technology have brought revolutionary impetus to the development of retail industry in China. On the contrary, the development of retail industry will also bring interactive development to emerging industries such as modern information and logistics.

The sixth chapter takes the development trend of department stores as an example, and puts forward the composition of the core competitiveness of retail department stores and five countermeasures and suggestions on how to improve the core competitiveness. There are three innovations in this paper: First, six factors affecting the evolution of China retail industry are put forward.

Secondly, it puts forward four development trends of retail industry in foreign developed market economy countries and four development trends of retail industry in China, as well as specific contents. Thirdly, it puts forward six specific contents of the core competitiveness of China department stores and five countermeasures and suggestions to enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.

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