Which province in China has the most historical relics?

Henan ranks first in underground cultural relics and second in aboveground cultural relics (Shaanxi ranks first in aboveground cultural relics).

Therefore, those who know the Central Plains know China.

Since 1990, China began to select the top ten new archaeological discoveries of the year, Henan Province, located in the Central Plains, has been among them, and almost one or two new archaeological discoveries have been selected every year, which fully shows Henan's status as a major cultural relic province.

Known as "China Museum of History and Nature", Henan Province is one of the main cradles of Chinese culture. From Xia-Shang Dynasty to Jin Song Dynasty, Henan was in the political, economic and cultural center of China for a long time. More than 20 dynasties established their capitals here successively, which is the province with the largest number of dynasties and the longest capital establishment time in the history of China. Among the eight ancient capitals in China, there are four in Henan. Not long ago, the cultural relics department of Henan Province conducted a survey on the cultural relics resources in the province, showing that the number of cultural relics buried underground ranks first in the country, with a collection of cultural relics1400,000, accounting for nearly one tenth of the national cultural relics, and there are nearly 100 national key cultural relics protection units.

Henan is one of the provinces with the largest number of cultural relics in China. There are more than 30,000 precious immovable cultural relics in the province. There are more than 30,000 immovable cultural relics such as ancient sites, ancient tombs, ancient buildings and grottoes recognized as valuable in the province, and the state-owned cultural relics collection units collect more than 6,543.8+0.4 million movable cultural relics. There are world cultural heritage sites 1 in the whole province (namely Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang), 97 national key cultural relics protection units, 624 provincial cultural relics protection units and more than 5,000 municipal and county cultural relics protection units. There are 8 national historical and cultural cities and 20 historical and cultural cities (towns) in Henan Province. Among the eight ancient capitals of China, Henan occupies Luoyang, Kaifeng, Anyang and Zhengzhou. Henan has a large number of cultural relics, wide distribution, complete categories, high value and long historical span, which has laid a solid position as a major cultural relics province in China.

1. Henan underground cultural relics rank first in the country.

Henan, located in the Central Plains, is one of the birthplaces of the Chinese nation. From Xia and Shang Dynasties to Song and Jin Dynasties, it was the political, economic and cultural center of China for a long time, so the number of cultural relics buried underground in Henan ranks first in China. The underground cultural relics in Henan have the following remarkable characteristics: First, there are a large number and all kinds. Second, the time span is large and the times are continuous. Third, it is of great value and high popularity. Fourth, it is widely distributed and dense. Fifth, the proportion of ancient large-scale sites with particularly rich cultural relics is large.

① Prehistoric sites

More than 50 Paleolithic sites and ancient human fossil sites have been discovered in Henan. Lingbaoyingli, Shuimogou and Huixinggou in Sanmenxia, Qingshan and Rencun in Mianchi, Beiyao in Luoyang, Xinghua Mountain and Xiaokong Mountain in Nanzhao, Xiaonanhai in Anyang, Jingling in Xuchang and Dagang in Wuyang are all famous Paleolithic sites in China, which constitute a complete development sequence of Paleolithic in central China. In particular, Nanzhao ape-man fossils are as old as Zhoukoudian Peking man. It is not far from the unearthed sites of Lantian ape-man in Shaanxi, Yunxian and Yunxi ape-man in Hubei, which proves that ancient humans lived in the vast areas adjacent to Henan, Hubei and Shaanxi provinces for a long time.

Peiligang culture, named after Peiligang site in Xinzheng, Henan Province, is a famous early Neolithic culture in China, about 8000 years ago. More than 20 cultural sites/kloc-0 have been discovered in the whole province. Among them, the seven-hole bone flute unearthed in Jia Hu, Wuyang, the Oracle Bone Inscriptions symbol with similar characters and the artificially cultivated rice caused a sensation in international academic circles.

Henan is the hometown of Yangshao culture, which is named after the site of Yangshao Village in Mianchi, and is also the birthplace of modern archaeology in China. More than 800 similar sites have been found in the whole province, such as the Yangshao Cultural Ancient City Site in Zhengzhou Xishan, painted pottery in Dahe Village in Zhengzhou and Hongshan Temple in Ruzhou, dragon and tiger patterns on mussels in Xishuipo, Puyang, and long houses composed of dozens of houses in Xiawanggang, Xichuan and Baligang, Dengzhou, all of which are rare archaeological discoveries.

More than 1000 Longshan cultural sites have been discovered in Henan, including Wang Chenggang in Dengfeng, Pingliangtai in Huaiyang, Haojiatai in Yancheng, Mengzhuang in Huixian, Xinmi Ancient City Village, etc., as well as the remains of cast bronzes and original characters, which provide irreplaceable physical materials for exploring the origin of ancient civilization in China and looking for early Xia culture.

(ii) Imperial capital

The Xia-Shang part of the national key scientific research project Xia-Shang-Zhou Dating Project is located in Henan. Yangcheng (now Dengfeng), Yangzhai (now Yuzhou), Diqiu (now Puyang), Zhayan (now Yanshi), Yuan (now Jiyuan) and Laoqiu (now Kaifeng) are all in Henan. Among them, Wang Chenggang in Dengfeng, Wadian in Yuzhou and Erlitou in Yanshi belong to the capital of Xia Dynasty after archaeological excavation.

Most merchants are also in Henan, among which Yanshi Mall, Zhengzhou Mall and Anyang Yin Ruins are all Shang kings after years of archaeological excavation. In recent years, a large-scale city wall has been found in the northern part of Yinxu in Anyang, which has important academic value.

Although Shaanxi was the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Luoyang was built as the capital of the Zhou Dynasty and became an important town to control the East. There are also Cai (now Shangcai), Guan (now Zhengzhou), Wei (now Qixian), Chen (now Huaiyang), Song (now Shangqiu), Xu (now Xuchang), Qi (now Qixian), Ying (now Pingdingshan), Fang (now Suiping) and Guo (now Sanmenxia) in Henan. Moving eastward, Luoyang became the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. And the capitals of various vassal States are expanding day by day. During the Warring States Period, Yiyang (now Yiyang), Yang Zhai (now Yuzhou) and Han (now Xinzheng) were all capitals of South Korea, Daliang (now Kaifeng) was the capital of Wei, Zhongmou (now Hebi) was the capital of Zhao and Chen (now Huaiyang) was the capital of Chu. Now there are more than 30 Zhou Dynasty cities in Henan.

In China's 2,000-year-old feudal society, there were more than 30 unified or local separatist dynasties, of which more than 20 dynasties established their capital in Henan. Among the eight ancient capitals in China, Henan occupies the fourth place, namely Luoyang, Kaifeng, Anyang and Zhengzhou. Among the 102 national historical and cultural cities announced by the State Council, there are 8 in Henan, namely Luoyang, Kaifeng, Anyang, Nanyang, Shangqiu, Zhengzhou, Xunxian and Puyang.

(3) Archaeological excavation

The cultural relics workers in our province conscientiously implement the dual policies of "being beneficial to both cultural relics protection and capital construction" and "focusing on protection and excavation", and earnestly carry out the work of cultural relics drilling and archaeological excavation, revealing many important relics, showing the development process of ancient Henan society, filling many historical gaps and making great contributions to the cause of cultural relics archaeology in China. Among the top ten new archaeological discoveries in National Cultural Heritage Administration selected by the Archaeological Expert Group and China Cultural Relics Newspaper since 1990, there are TombNo. 160 of Yinxu, Tomb of Zhouguo of Shangcunling in Sanmenxia, Dongque Site of Yingtianmen in Luoyang in Sui and Tang Dynasties, Oracle bones of garden village Shang Dynasty in Yinxu, Tomb of Xizhou in Shangcunling, Tomb of Han Liang in Yongcheng Mangshan, Tomb of Chu nobles in Danjiangkou Reservoir and Luoyang. Jin Meng Sister-in-law Neolithic Site, Pingdingshan Yingguo Cemetery, Yanshi Mall Inner City, Xinzheng Zhenghan Ancient City Zheng Guo Sacrifice Site, Xin 'an Xiaolangdi Reservoir Eastern Han Dynasty Water Transportation Base Site, Jiaozuo Fucheng Early Shang Dynasty Site, Xinmi Ancient City Zhailongshan Age Ancient City, Baofeng Liang Qing Temple Ruguan Kiln Site, Yuzhou Shenqi Guan Jun Kiln Site, Zhengzhou Old Road Xia Dynasty City Site, Yanshi Erlitou Palace Area. In addition, the base of Yin Ruins Palace and Tomb 160, the Ruins of Liang Qing Miao and Song Ru Guan Kiln and the Porcelain Cellar of Man Zi Ying Kiln were among the top ten new archaeological discoveries in China during the Seventh Five-Year Plan period, the Tomb of Yongcheng Han Liang and the Bedding Garden of Liang Xiaowang were among the top ten new archaeological discoveries in China during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, and the bronze tomb of Shang and Zhou Dynasties at Yinshan site in Lu Yi was awarded the honorary nomination prize of 1998.

In archaeological research, Henan ranks first among its peers in China. Take Henan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology as an example, which has published more than 60 academic monographs and published more than 500 archaeological reports and research papers/kloc-0. The highest prize of archaeology in China-Xia Nai Archaeological Foundation Award, 16 won the national * * * award, and 5 were selected for the Institute. The Institute has made remarkable achievements in the research on the "Pre-Shang Chronology" and "Early Summer Chronology" of the National Xia, Shang and Zhou Dating Project, and was commended by the State Science and Technology Commission. If the archaeological research results of Luoyang, Nanyang, Sanmenxia, Anyang, Kaifeng, Shangqiu and other cities are added, the number of monographs, papers and archaeological reports will be more. Central Plains Cultural Relics sponsored by Henan Museum and huaxia archaeology sponsored by Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology are both core periodicals in Chinese, which have made positive contributions to the prosperity and development of cultural relics and archaeological scientific research.

At the same time, the underground cultural relics unearthed in Henan were introduced to people in China and the world through exhibitions in national and provincial museums, cultural relics exhibitions held abroad for many times, and radio and television, which undoubtedly greatly improved the visibility of Henan. Let people see a splendid ancient Henan while modernization is changing with each passing day.

Muse Wuding, a National Treasure Unearthed from Yin Ruins in Anyang