Basic knowledge of modern Chinese? Lecture 7? Grammar

Basic Knowledge of Modern Chinese - Lecture 7

Teaching Objectives:

1. Understand the properties of grammar

2. Understand the functions of grammar Functional role

3. Learn language according to grammar

Teaching focus: functional role of grammar

Teaching difficulty: learn language according to grammar

Teaching process: 3 lessons

First lesson

When it comes to grammar, we have to use one word to roughly summarize it, that is - flexible and colorful. We say that grammar is research The pattern of words, phrases, and sentences is not a rigid straight line, but a beautiful wavy line. That's why it has the characteristics of "flexibility and variety". Therefore, it should be said that the grammar of Chinese is regular, but not rigid. The ways of expressing language can vary according to the context and purpose, showing different effects. Let’s look at the following three sentences: 1. There are fewer and fewer Beijingers living in hutongs. 2. Fewer and fewer Beijingers live in hutongs. 3. There are fewer and fewer Beijingers living in hutongs. Look, what’s the difference between these three sentences? The word order is different. But the lexical units they consist of are the same, which means that the objects emphasized by different word orders are different. It can be seen that word order is important in our Chinese, and this is a very important feature in grammar. 1. Give me your hand. 2. Take my hand. ——Different vocabulary and sentence patterns have different effects (use examples to experience the effect). In some sentences, the vocabulary cannot be changed, and the meaning will be completely different if the word order is adjusted. For example: After someone was injured, he became a vegetative state. ——Becoming a vegetative person means that he can only breathe like a plant, but has no other consciousness, cannot speak, and cannot move. And "a plant becomes a person" is something that can only be found in fairy tales, where a tree becomes a spirit. This expression is completely different. This is due to our grammatical characteristics, which makes us flexible in language expression.

Grammar is one of the three elements of language and the rules for composing words and sentences in language.

Grammar is first of all general. There are thousands of words in language, and the number of sentences is too large to be counted, but the types of sentences are indeed limited. For example: we learn grammar. Xiaoling loves to learn. The People's Liberation Army defends the motherland. It can be seen that as long as we master one type, we can create many sentences. Another example: writing articles, revising articles, reading articles...writing novels, writing diaries, writing essays...these are all phrases with the same structure.

Grammar is hierarchical. If we want to summarize an object or thing very clearly, we must rely on the hierarchical nature of language. Such as:

shirt,

silk shirt

short-sleeved silk shirt

beige short-sleeved silk shirt

My new beige short-sleeved silk shirt

Grammar also has stability. Among the three major elements of language, grammar changes the least, and it has relative stability. The grammatical rule of "subject first, predicate last" is consistent from the oracle bone inscriptions recorded more than 3,000 years ago to today's modern Chinese. For example: Jin people attacked Qin. -Police catch thieves.

Grammar has national characteristics. The languages ??of each ethnic group have their own characteristics, and each ethnic language also has its own grammatical system. Most nouns in English have singular and plural forms. Chinese mainly relies on specific word order and function words to express grammatical meaning. There are particles and abundant quantifiers in Chinese, but not in English. This is the difference in our national character.

The above are the properties of the grammar of every language we introduce. From our Chinese perspective, the grammatical characteristics of Chinese are:

(1) Word order and function words are important means of expressing grammatical meaning

We can also see this from the previous examples, Our Chinese is an analytical language and lacks morphological changes. The combination of language units mainly depends on word order and function words. English pays attention to rules such as tense and plurality. There is word order, but it is flexible. We can say it differently in different contexts. Look, everyone: I can't get out, the door is locked - I can't get out, I want to get out and I can't get out. Second, if we don’t go out, we can go out now, but we won’t go out. Third, do you want to go out? For example, if you have a break after class later, you can ask, do you want to go out? You can also ask, can you go out for a walk? The same four words, through different combinations, have different emphasis. So our word order is very important.

We have seen slogans like: All for the children, for all the children, everything for the children – which has a deep meaning. "You stand on the stage to sing, not just to sing." (Liu Huan's comment on Zhang Wei in the Na Ying group final of "The Voice of China" on September 29, 2012) - Singing is an expression of mood , and singing is just a form.

The effects expressed are different. Our ancients were very particular about calligraphy and rhetoric. The so-called rhetoric is to refine its sound from the perspective of phonetics, refine its words, its sound color, word form, meaning, etc. from the perspective of vocabulary, and select its sentence patterns from the perspective of grammar, etc. Only in this way can we use our language better. From ancient Chinese, we can also find many similar sentence patterns to express coherent meanings.

Their structure is the same, but due to the difference in word order, "so the messenger is displeased"...so these sentences are not simply arranged, but express the speaker's own thoughts , her subjective attitude. She ranked the three of them as more important. In fact, we also implement this idea when we speak. You always put what you want to emphasize first.

In terms of function words, Chinese function words are diverse, vivid and expressive. Whether to use function words or not, use this or that, and the different positions of function words often express different meanings. For example: sell magazines sell magazines sell magazines.

(2) The structural principles of words, phrases and sentences are basically the same

The several levels of language units: morphemes, words, phrases, sentences and sentence groups, when combined, the combination The methods and means of combination are surprisingly consistent. There are five main types: conjunction, partial, verb-object, complement, subject-predicate relationship, etc. For example, when morphemes and morphemes are combined to form compound words, there can be a joint relationship, such as city, land, greatness, ears and eyes... two similar or related morphemes are combined into one word. We call this relationship a joint relationship. . Second, words can form phrases, which are also a kind of union. For example, workers and farmers are in a parallel relationship. Hard work, bravery, consolidation and development are also a parallel union relationship; for another example, a single sentence and a single sentence are also a parallel relationship. Compound sentences that can form a parallel relationship, for example, we say that the wind stopped, the rain stopped, and the sun came out - this is also a parallel joint relationship, and they are all the same. Let's look at the subject-predicate relationship again. Compound words: Earthquake and asthma - we can all take them apart to explain; phrases: good harvest, sunny sentences: everyone's things are done by everyone - everyone's things, this is a partial phrase, everyone does it, is A subject-predicate phrase that serves as the predicate part. Therefore, from here we can see that the composition of these levels of units is consistent.

(3) The relationship between parts of speech and syntactic components is complex

The verb "swim" is in "he is swimming" (predicate center, predicate), and swimming is good for the body (subject) He likes to swim (object) Our swimmers are struggling hard (attributive). Its shape has not changed. We judge it based on its position. English is different - accusative and nominative.

(4) Quantifiers and modal particles are very rich

There are a large number of fixed quantifiers in Chinese vocabulary, such as: one foot of cloth, half a catty of sugar, three cents, two acres. Land... is rich enough, but there are other sources for our quantifiers. Nouns and verbs can also be used as quantifiers, such as: curse, punch...three picks of vegetables, five bundles of firewood...It is very interesting that our whole body can be used as quantifiers from head to toe, such as: confused, A face of confusion, a body of dust, a kick of a ball... The wonderful use of quantifiers, such as: a glimmer of hope, a crescent moon, a bright moon, a touch of sunset, a wisp of love, meticulousness... These quantifiers can write abstract things. Be specific. Compared with other languages, modern Chinese has a large number of quantifiers, flexible usage, and detailed division of labor, which constitute a characteristic of modern Chinese.

From the above we can see that the grammar of modern Chinese has various characteristics in terms of combined form word order, function words, quantifiers, etc., which makes our modern Chinese grammar have a certain simplicity. It can be seen that our grammar Although there are rules, there are also flexible changes, and the context of expression is also rich and colorful.

In our speech, this kind of flexibility is also reflected in the fact that we can save as much as we can, and it doesn't even matter if there is no verb, such as: one hand money and one hand goods (one hand pays the money and the other hand delivers the goods), this TV, that computer (this is a TV , that's a computer)...Some things cannot be omitted, such as "one ticket for one person, one vote for one person". If it is "one gun for one person", it cannot be omitted as "one gun for one person". We must abide by the rules , and can be omitted without affecting the meaning. Chinese metrical poetry, couplets, dramas, etc. have concise and symmetrical language and endless charm, and are a unique art form of Chinese language.