Why did Hitler go to the extreme right economically?

In the first four years in power, Hitler did make considerable achievements. Like Roosevelt, he paved the way for people with lower incomes to increase their interests; Like Roosevelt, he intuitively concluded that economists confused by traditional theories knew little about economic recession. Therefore, both leaders flouted tradition, vigorously developed production and reduced unemployment. ("Hitler also foresaw modern economic policies", 1973, economist J. Kenneth Galbraith commented, "... he realized that only by controlling wages and prices at the same time could full employment be realized quickly. It is not surprising that a country suppressed by economic fears will respond to Hitler's call, just as Americans responded to Roosevelt. " Maybe he doesn't know much about the economy or what he is doing. "But economically, if you are on the right track and don't know why, it will be great." ) Hitler also built a highway network, which changed the face of the country-it can unite the whole country in peacetime and help mobilize the whole country in wartime. In order to enable ordinary people to "walk on wheels", he developed the "people's car". This car is durable and cheap, and everyone can afford it. He asked South Polci, Ferdi, to design a four-seater car that consumes a gallon of gasoline every 40 miles. Its engine is cooled by air, so that it won't freeze in winter. He also envisioned other innovations in the future. In big cities, it is necessary to build automated underground parking lots, numerous free trade centers, parks and green spaces, and strictly control pollution. Out of his personal concern for cleanliness (perhaps related to fear of long cancer), he is particularly concerned about pollution; He encouraged industry to work hard to eliminate toxic gases completely. In the Ruhr basin, some factories have installed facilities to eliminate pollution; All new factories must be equipped with equipment to prevent water pollution.

His interest in urban planning even extends to small towns and villages. He told his cronies that the most important thing was space (another concern). "Our architects have taken space into account when making plans, which makes me very happy. Only in this way, we don't need to build more crowded towns that are almost built on houses, as we have seen in Zwickau and Geshenkirchen. If I am sent to such an unattractive town, I will be disappointed and lose happiness, just like I was sent to my motherland. So I made up my mind to make even the simplest town have a little culture and beauty, and then improve the comfort of each town step by step. "

The welfare and training of young people also enjoy priority. The education system has undergone drastic changes, and high schools specialize in natural science. Non-classical courses are as important as humanities college preparatory courses. Some courses, such as ancient language and science, have been influenced by the emphasis on physical education, ethnobiology and compulsory courses in German history and literature. "The goal of our education is to build character," wrote a Nazi educator. "We don't want to educate a few children into primary school students ... so I said,' Let's lose ten pounds of knowledge and increase ten calories!' "

British Ambassador Faith reported to London: "... German students are carefully trained in intellectual education and sports to defend Germany ... However, I am deeply afraid that if this or any subsequent German government asks them to defend Germany, they will be suitable and ready to advance or sacrifice in foreign territories." This symbol begins with "juvenile training"-that is, training teenagers aged 10 to 14 to prepare for the "Hitler Youth League". The author of a pamphlet on this issue wrote, "Juvenile training is a factor of newly acquired, eternal and ruthless truth". "For us, obeying orders or instructions is the most sacred duty. This is because every order comes from the person in charge, and that person in charge is the head of state we trust ... so, German brothers and sisters, we are your pioneers. We, the leaders of German youth, will train and educate your children and shape them into people who are good at action and victory. We let them enter strict schools, exercise their iron fists, improve their courage and cultivate their confidence-confidence in Germany. "

After joining the Hitler Youth League, every boy had a dagger engraved with the words "blood and honor". He was also told that now, he not only wears brown clothes, but also protects them by force. "In other words, we can't tolerate anyone doing anything to us." Not long ago, a member of Hitler's Youth League who fled to Britain said, "We are superior to any non-soldier. If they dare to put on airs, we can give them a beating. "

Before 1933, the purpose of "Hitler Youth League" was nothing more than uniting young people from all walks of life. On the one hand, it persuaded various organizations to break away from the * * * production party through publicity; On the other hand, instill in them the idea of fighting for power and profit. Later, its task became to strengthen their physique, receive political education and train them to serve the head of state and the nation. However, contrary to popular belief, they did not conduct military training. According to Hartman Rotbasher, Hillary's adjutant, "uniforms are clothes organized by young people before the establishment of the Hitler Youth League, not only in Germany, but also in other countries."

In order to prepare the whole people mentally and physically for the future, Hitler took a big step to improve the health level of the whole people in four years, which impressed even foreigners. The infant mortality rate has been greatly reduced, which is lower than that of the British Empire. Sir Arnold Wilson, a British parliamentarian who visited Germany seven times after Hitler came to power, wrote, "Diseases such as tuberculosis have been greatly reduced. Courts for trying criminals have never been so idle, and prisons have never been so empty. It's really a pleasure to see German youth so strong. Even the poorest people's clothes have improved; Their smiling faces prove that they are much happier. "

Working conditions have also improved-more windows, less congestion and better toilets. Under the slogan of "beautifying every place", all offices and studios are kept clean and tidy. There are more flowers and plants for workers to appreciate their environment. These achievements are real, not fantasy. Workers have never enjoyed such privileges. Robert Rey's "Labor Front" initiative "Jorge for Strength" also provides subsidies for workers to attend concerts, theaters, exhibitions, dances, movies and adult classes. The most revolutionary innovation is the travel allowance. Now, even the meanest workers, their wives and children can take luxury tourist boats and enjoy holidays that they never dreamed of. "Workers see that we sincerely want to improve their social status," Rey said. "They saw that it was not the so-called' intellectuals' who were sent to represent Germany, but themselves. We show the German working class to the world. " In Germany, people have also built many ships of different grades, and employers and white-collar workers enjoy the same treatment as workers. Hitler said in his parliamentary speech on October 30th, 65438/KLOC-0: "Germany has undergone fundamental changes and produced results. These influences are democracy in the highest sense-if democracy has any meaning. " The significance of Hitler's remarks is precisely this spirit of social democracy.

Hitler devoted himself to uniting people from all walks of life-Jews certainly did not belong to this category. His socialism excludes neither the rich nor the middle class. "The bourgeoisie must never think that it is a kind of enjoyment of education or capital, and it must never think that it has been separated from workers by Marx's concept of property". He told an interviewer, "the bourgeoisie must adapt to social welfare like workers." In practice, this concept makes workers feel honored and emphasizes Hitler's theory of social equality. Public media publicizes that he is a construction worker, painter, student, an ordinary member, an ordinary person sitting next to the driver, and his food is very simple. He refused to accept any honorary degree. When he talks to the workers in the factory, he always uses the nickname "we" to brag to them that he is also a person without real estate and stocks-but he didn't mention that Mein Kampf made him a millionaire. Even in the army, we can feel this spirit of equality. In the standing army, the comrades' feelings between officers and men are much stronger than before; The SS became a model of democracy. Here, the difference in rank no longer exists. Some people are brothers and sisters to each other, which is unacceptable to most British and American officers. The most egalitarian thing is "youth labor service"-all young men and women aged 17 to 25, regardless of class, must serve "the people and the motherland" for a period of time, whether they are farmers or laborers. This practice was originally intended to reduce unemployment, but it went far beyond Roosevelt's "people's defense group" with similar purposes and became a manifestation of socialism. The walls of reform-through-labour camps are often hung with national flags, portraits of heads of state and other leaders, and encouraging slogans such as "Germany needs you, you need Germany", "People are above everything else, but you are insignificant" and "Labor service is the glorious duty of German youth". In a labor camp, American tourist G·S· Cox found two very interesting slogans. 1. Hitler's Quotations: "Jews are not Germans, but businessmen, not citizens, and exterminators"; *? Second, in parallel with it is Kant's quotation: "Dare to use reason". Cox found that the exercisers were in high spirits. "They are strong and eat well-it's a luxurious life, and some of them haven't enjoyed it for years. They are too busy to comment. "

Perhaps the greatest achievement of Hitler's first four years in power was the unification of the whole country. George Kennan, a diplomat, warned one of his superiors that Hitler did not turn back the clock. "Germany is completely unified. In this respect, the unfinished business of Bonaparte and Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte was completed at Versailles. Now, Hitler is eradicating the remnants of particularism and class differences. It is unrealistic to claim that Hitler accomplished all this by reducing everything to the lowest standard. The unification of Germany is a fact. Hitler may step down, but unity still exists. At the same time, measures to prevent foreign interference will also exist-must exist. Jealousy, instability, inferiority, and the greed that comes with it to rule Europe-these are what most Germans really have. " No objective observer who studies the German problem can erase Hitler's great achievements. Although workers lost their trade unions, employers also lost the right to organize politically. In fact, everyone lost their rights and freedoms, and the country gained equality and prosperity. However, the price paid by Hitler's plan was not limited to the loss of civil liberties: although he pulled the country out of economic recession and ended unemployment in an original way, he insisted on speeding up rearmament at all costs, which imposed a potentially disastrous economic crisis on Germany. The wise Sahit strongly opposed Hitler and the military's efforts to make the German economy independent. First of all, he rejected the plan of the Ministry of War and L.G. France to produce artificial rubber. Then, he rejected Bloomberg's request to increase fuel oil production because he was afraid it would upset the balance of the national economy in peacetime. But at the beginning of 1936, Sahit's influence gradually disappeared. At ordinary times, Hitler has ordered the expansion of the army to 36 divisions, and the national economy has been unbalanced. There are two basic reasons: the import price has increased by 9%, while the export price has decreased by 9%; German agriculture can't meet its own needs because of the poor harvest for two consecutive years. The reserve of raw materials is decreasing, and there is a disturbing shortage of food and fuel in the market. Russia's blockade of the export of these two commodities and Romania's high prices further aggravated the crisis. The supply of fuel for heating, lighting and lubrication and diesel oil are kept at a low level, which cannot be replaced by domestic production. It was this emergency that prompted Hitler to put forward the above-mentioned plan to implement wartime economy in the midsummer of 1936. Many years later, his answer to the fuel depot crisis was adopted by the United States-self-sufficiency. He naturally knew that it was impossible to produce enough raw materials to achieve complete self-sufficiency within the existing territory of Germany. He still insists on doing his best. He insisted that as long as Germany expanded eastward, absolute self-sufficiency was possible. Ignoring Sahit's opinion, he demanded to increase the output of synthetic rubber, iron ore, grease, textiles and light hardware products, and solve the fuel crisis within one and a half years. Experts have repeatedly warned that if this plan is implemented, the production cost will be extremely expensive. He turned a deaf ear to this. He turned a deaf ear to the idea of producing weapons by himself instead of increasing the production of raw materials. On the contrary, he refutes large enterprises with the view that the state will intervene if they dare not participate in the struggle for self-sufficiency. He declared that "finance and economy, as well as all theories, serve the people's struggle for self-reliance." For Hitler, it was just a matter of willpower. He called for economic mobilization "comparable to military and political mobilization." As long as the army is ready for battle within four years, how to mobilize the economy is not his concern. This is his four-year plan announced at the Nuremberg meeting in 1936. In January after the meeting, he chose Goering to take charge of the project. Interestingly, among his collaborators, only one is party member Sr, and all senior positions are held by government officials, business representatives and officers of the General Staff Department who are willing to cooperate. This means that the Nazi party has been excluded from the decision-making of national economic life except Goering, who is only loyal to himself and Hitler. In a speech calling for national mobilization, Goering announced that workers and peasants must fully produce, inventors must be dominated by the state at any time, and businessmen should not "only think about profits, but only about building an independent and powerful German economy." He asked all Germans to serve their country in one language, which will be interpreted by an American president a generation later. "Every day, each of us must ask ourselves what we can do and what contribution we can make to the success of our joint efforts."

Two months later, Hitler personally issued a strong appeal to a group of industrial leaders, asking them to trust Goering and support him in accomplishing this important task. He said: "Goering is the best candidate for this position. He has strong determination and iron will." At the same meeting, Goering told industrialists that the problem now is no longer how to produce cheaply, but how to produce. He doesn't care how foreign exchange is earned. Only those who fail to break the law will be prosecuted.

"I have to condemn these economic abuses," Shashi wrote. "At the same time, I am opposed to this irresponsible behavior of publicly ridiculing the law as much as possible." On his 60th birthday, he said this in a speech together. He also criticized Goering's theory that the only thing that matters is production. If I sow a hundred pounds on a piece of land and get only three-quarters of that, then economically, this is unimaginable nonsense. "This is a declaration of war by an out-of-favor official. A few months later, Sahit was forced to resign as Minister of Economy. This enabled Goering to run amok and try his best to carry out the Fuehrer's plan and turn the national economy into an out-and-out tool for rearmament-to serve the war.

If Hitler died in 1937, that is, the fourth anniversary of his coming to power-despite the serious economic crisis-there is no doubt about it. He will go down in German history as one of the greatest figures. Across Europe, millions of people worship him. Gertrude Stein (who thought Roosevelt was boring) thought Hitler should win the Nobel Peace Prize. George Bernard Shaw published an article in the newspaper, defending Hitler and other dictators. His speech on fascism made his "Fabian Society" (an academic group advocating the realization of socialism in a peaceful and gradual way, 1884 was founded in Britain) and his colleagues angry, and was also fiercely opposed by exiled anti-fascist fighters, and letters with fierce words flooded in. Another outspoken follower is the famous Swedish explorer Sven Hettinger. He wrote that Hitler had indomitable passion for justice, broad political vision and accurate insight. "He really cares about the welfare of his compatriots." Haiting himself is one-sixteenth Jewish, and he is proud of it. On the one hand, he defended Hitler's anti-Semitism, on the other hand, he opposed his harsh measures. He said that as long as you investigate the behavior of Jews since the armistice, you will understand why Germans hate Jews. "Where defeatism and servility are adopted, the main supporters there must be Jews. * * * The pioneers of materialism and Bolshevism must be Jews. This is the rule. " His summary of Hitler's achievements can be said to have been written by Goebbels. "Being able to raise one's own people from the lowest level to a self-awakened, proud, disciplined and powerful person in just four years naturally deserves the gratitude of compatriots and the respect of all mankind."

Hitler not only inspired foreigners as individuals, but also set an example and stimulated the occurrence and development of similar movements throughout Europe. The most important one is the "British Fascist Alliance", the so-called black party. Not long ago, after his wedding to Diana mitford, Hitler attended a luncheon hosted by Sir oswald mosley, the leader of the Black Party. In France, where anti-Semitism has long been an aspect of nationalism, loyalty and sometimes Catholicism, the "French Action Society" led by Charles Mallasz has also flourished and exerted great influence among some talented writers. In addition, there is the old far-right organization "Iron Cross" led by Colonel Fran? ois Delarocque, and there are even five or six such organizations. Although fascism disgusted these conformists in practice, the speeches and achievements of Hitler and Mussolini mobilized them. They are opposed to free countries, democracy and parliamentary system.

In Belgium, Leon Degrelle, a young man later called the son of Hitler's spirit, organized the "King's Party" as a fortress against capitalism. "Our sport," he commented many years later, "is a pike club, not fascist, but spiritual, not political." In his view, monarchism is a response to the disadvantages of the times; This is a movement of political innovation and political justice; This is a struggle against chaos, incompetence, dereliction of duty, vacillation and, most importantly, against Bolshevism.

The influence of fascism spread to America. In the German-American League in the United States, members openly wear Nazi uniforms: white shirts, black ties, high boots and Nazi party emblem.

In China, Chiang Kai-shek secretly organized an elite group called "Blue Society". "Now, fascism is considered backward," said a member many years later, "but at that time, it was an extremely advanced means to revitalize China." Obviously, its primary goal is to defend the survival of the country. "Fascism is the only tool for a dying country to save itself," Social News, a publication of the Blue Shirt Association, wrote in an editorial. "it saved Italy and Germany ... so there is no other way but to follow the spirit of fascist violent struggle, just like Italy and Germany."

Chiang Kai-shek was equally enthusiastic. "Can fascism save China?" He asked this question to a group of members of the blue club and replied, "Of course! Fascism is what China needs now. " Although he denied westerners in public and hated democracy, he believed in Hitler's principle of head of state ("For decades, we were intoxicated with democracy and advocated freedom of thought, but got nothing"). Eight months after Hitler came to power, Chiang Kai-shek warned his party leaders that "the essence of fascism is absolute trust in wise leaders." Unless we fully trust such a leader, it is impossible to revive the country. "So, needless to say, the leader must be a great man with revolutionary spirit, and he will be an example and model for all party member. Furthermore, every party member should sacrifice everything and directly serve the leaders and the Party, that is, serve the society, the nation and the revolution. From the day we joined this revolutionary party, we dedicated our rights, life, freedom and happiness to this party and its leaders ... Because of this, our talents can be called real fascists. "

The achievements of Hitler's four years in power have greatly inspired many people with the same idea. Fascism attracts not only those who are dissatisfied or deprived of their civil rights, but also those who have good intentions and care about their country and people. It attracts a large number of young people and intellectuals-they think it is fresher than bourgeois liberalism and fascism. Although different countries have different brands of fascism, all admirers of fascism (including Hitler and Mussolini) agree that in any case, the spiritual unity of the nation will surely sweep away all difficulties. They believe that any way to achieve this goal is fair and blameless.