Graduate Notes on Chinese Music History

Ancient Chinese History (1)

1. Ancient times:

1. Musical form: song, dance, and music are integrated into one (the basic factor is rhythm), and are closely related to the development of productivity (ancient songs, ancient music and dance).

① "Playing Song" - Hunting.

②"Eight Ques"——Farming and animal husbandry.

③ "Wax Ci" - a sacrificial song.

④ "Cloud Gate" - the Yellow Emperor's worship music and dance (totem).

⑤ "Xianchi" - Yao Chongtian music and dance (constellation).

⑥ "Xiao Shao" - religious music and dance in the Shun period. 2． Musical instruments: ① Bone flute - Jiahu bone flute, Wuyang County, Henan Province, is the oldest musical instrument and is the basis of 9,000 years of Chinese music culture. 20 branches, dating back 9,000 years. The sound holes are different, five, six, seven and eight. Most of the seven-note flutes are well preserved.

② Bone whistle, Tao Xun (one hole in Hemudu, Yuyao, Zhejiang), and Xun.

③Drums - Shanxi Taosi drum, Yongdeng earth drum, Shang Dynasty bronze drum with two-bird gluttonous pattern. two. Xia and Shang Dynasties.

1. Music development: Different from ancient music and dance in nature, it has class imprint.

① "Da Xia": Praise for Xia Yu's flood control.

② "Da Yi": Praising Shang Tang's defeat of Jie.

③Wu Le: pray for rain, expel ghosts and epidemics, and go to war. 2． Musical Instruments:

Qing - made of stone. Big stone chime with tiger pattern. Shanxi Taosi Xia Qing.

Biling chimes - chimes made in the Shang Dynasty in the Forbidden City, in sets of three. "Yongqi", "Yaoyu", "Yongyu".

Xun - Shang Dynasty, five holes.

Zhong - pottery bell. Bronze bell from Shang Dynasty.

Chime bells - Chime bells from the Shang Dynasty in Anyang, Henan Province, in groups of three.

Bi Nao - Yin Ruins, a set of five pieces. three. Western Zhou Dynasty. (Slavery society reached its peak)

1. The essence of the ritual and music system of the Zhou Dynasty is the hierarchical system. (Can be used to fill in the blanks or explain nouns, such as: county.)

a. This is reflected in the strict regulations on the size and arrangement of dance teams and bands.

① Band - the emperor - Gong County; the princes - Xuan County; the ministers and officials - Pan County; the scholars - Te County.

(The ritual and music system of the Zhou Dynasty is reflected in the strict regulations on the size and arrangement of dance teams and bands. The emperor’s band is arranged on all sides and is called a palace county.) ②Dance Team-Eight Yi for the Emperor; Six Yi for the princes; Decreasingly.

b. The steps of ceremony, sacrifice, and feast. 2． Music and dance:

① Music and dance of the Six Dynasties: used by the rulers of the Western Zhou Dynasty for sacrifices and banquets, the highest example of Confucian elegant music.

Huangdi——Yunmen Dajuan;

Yao——Daxian;

Shun——Xiao Shao (Nine Shao); , as good as possible." The origin of perfection.

Xia——Daxia;

Shang——Dawu;

Western Zhou Dynasty—Dawu. ②Xiaowu: Colorful Silk Dance, Feather Dance, Oxtail Dance, Long Sleeve Dance. (Highly entertaining, the relationship between props and dance) ③Sanle: folk music. ④The music of Siyi: music and songs from surrounding tribes. ⑤Religious music and dance: Tan dance. 3. Eight-tone classification method: A method used by the Zhou Dynasty in my country to classify musical instruments according to the different materials used to make them. There were more than 70 kinds of musical instruments in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

Gold means bells and cymbals; stone means chimes and singing balls; earth means xun and fou; leather means drums and harps; silk means qin and harp; wood means harp and harp; 珏 means sheng and yu; Bamboo ~ Xiao, Chi. 4. The establishment and functions of the palace music institutions of the Western Zhou Dynasty:

(The ancient music education system began in the Qin Dynasty) The Zhou Dynasty established Dasi Yue, the first music school in ancient my country. Functions:

① Music education for children of the royal family and nobles, including "music, virtue, language, music and dance".

② Musical performances: all large-scale banquets and sacrifices in the palace.

③ Administrative management: Dasile has more than 1,000 people, with a clear division of labor and various departments, each performing their own duties.

Purpose: To maintain the rule of the Zhou Dynasty. 5. Rhythm.

① Twelve Laws - During the Western Zhou Dynasty, it was officially recorded in documents. The complete twelve semitone structure: Huang Zhong, Da Lu, Tai Cu, Jia Zhong, Gu Xian, Zhong Lu, Ruibin, Lin Zhong, Yize, Nan Lu, Wu She, Ying Zhong. ②The pentatonic scale - recorded in the Western Zhou Dynasty, Gong Shangjiao Zhengyu. ③Spiral Palace - Western Zhou Dynasty Tune Theory. Any of them can be arranged as palace sounds to form a new tune.

Four. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period

1. Rhythm

① Three-point profit and loss method - recorded in "Guanzi·Diyuan Chapter", it appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It is a theory of calculating musical temperament based on string length. It is the earliest method of calculating musical temperament.

Gong → Zheng → Shang → Yu → Jiao. ②The method of eight-part mutual generation - recorded in "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals·Yinlu Chapter". On the basis of the five laws of the three-point profit and loss method, continue down to the twelfth law, and every eight students have the same law. (See the Twelve Laws. For example: Huang Zhong is the palace, Lin Zhong is the battle.) 2. Chimes from the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (2,400 years ago): (Inspiration from its scale)

Leigudun Site in Suixian County, Hubei Province. It is the largest in scale, has the widest musical range, is larger in number, has more accurate rhythm, and is better preserved. Among my country's twelve-tone music system, it is the earliest extra-large fixed-tuned instrument with a chromatic scale relationship.

①***65 pieces, upper, middle and lower layers, arranged in three groups. The top one is Niu Zhong, number 19; the middle number is Yong Bell, number 45. There is a copper pewter given by King Hui of Chu. It marks the high development of music in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. ②The total vocal range is five octaves: from A in one group of big letters to C in three groups of small letters. Among them, G in the large group of characters to G in the second group of small characters, three octaves, and twelve rhythms are complete. There are 2,800 gold inscriptions on the bell, which record the comparison of the names of the laws, ranks, and changing sounds of the states of Chu, Qi, Jin, Zhou, Shen, and Zeng. The importance of the study of temperament: it reflects the musical cultural exchanges of this period, provides empirical data for the study of ancient temperament, and has practical results in the rotation of the palace. The law of cutting and the law of Guxian. ③Most Yong bells can produce two tones (drum part and tunnel part), which are major third and minor third. Triggered researchers' thoughts on the practical application of the two-tone law ④ The upper button bell rhythm system is similar to the three-point profit and loss method - the three-point profit and loss method has been used in practice. The three groups in the middle and lower levels are approximately pure temperament - compound temperament, which can be modulated. 3. "The Book of Songs": produced in the late Spring and Autumn Period, the earliest collection of poems, divided into styles, elegances, and songs, with 305 existing poems. Various musical works spanning 500 years from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the late Spring and Autumn Period.

Wind - the best, with more than a dozen musical forms and rich expression techniques. 160,15 national songs.

Ya - 105, the work of aristocratic literati. Divided into Daya and Xiaoya.

Ode - 40, offering sacrifices to ancestors in the ancestral temple.

◇"Chaos" (noun): "Shang Song·Na". "Western Zhou Dynasty·Dawu".

"The chaos in Guanju is so foreign that it leads you to it" - Confucius. It shows that there is a "chaos" method.

This is the final climax of the whole song. It becomes the third section in Xianghe Song and Xianghe Daqu. 4. "Chu Ci" - the genre created by Qu Yuan, is inseparable from the Chu land. Use Chu dialect, customs, and music to create. Later generations should imitate according to Chu language and Chu style. "Chu Ci" - a collection of poems and poems mainly composed by Qu Yuan. 5. Musical thought: Confucianism, Mohism, and Taoism.

Confucian Confucius: founded Confucianism and private school. "Changing customs and changing customs is not good at music", emphasizing the social function of music. "Le Yun Le Yun, bells and drums are like clouds." Although he only said a few words about music, his emphasis on "virtue" had a significant impact on his later Confucian music thought. Xunzi: "Lectures on Music", absorbed into Yue Ji. Mohist Mozi: "Fei Yue" and "Three Debates". It is believed that music causes "the hungry to have no food, the cold to have no clothes, and the old to have no rest", causing rulers to lose their country. Proceeding from the interests of workers and small producers, we oppose the luxurious life of the ruling class and believe that music will increase the people's suffering and disaster, waste material and human resources, and may lead to the decline of the country. Ignore that music has different functions for society and human beings. Taoist Lao Tzu: "The big sound makes the sound loud" and "the five sounds make one deaf". Advocate for nature and oppose sculpture. Zhuangzi: Advocate for the sounds of nature. 6． The most important work on musical aesthetics by early Confucianists in my country.

"Le Ji" (Gongsun Nizi) is the culmination of pre-Qin Confucianism. my country's earliest work on music aesthetics with a relatively complete system. It absorbed Xunzi's "Lectures on Music".

①The essence of music: Music is the art of expressing emotions;

“Every sound is generated by the human heart, and the movement of the human heart is caused by things.” Position ,the difference.

②Political relationship: Yin'an Zhenghe;

③Social function: correcting social atmosphere; consistent with Confucius' views, discussed in layers.

④Aesthetic understanding: It is indispensable for giving people a pleasant feeling. five. Qin and Han

Qin: Bringing together the joys of the six countries to Qin.

1. Han: Yuefu:

Established in the Qin Dynasty, a gold and silver button bell unearthed near the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin is engraved with the word "Yuefu", which confirms that the Yuefu institution was originally established in the Qin Dynasty. The Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, and during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Yuefu was expanded and reached its peak. "Collecting poems and reciting them at night": Poetry collectors collected folk songs everywhere, and after returning to the palace, they held candles and reviewed them at night, which made the Yuefu flourish. Then process, adapt, create, write lyrics, and research. Li Yannian's "Twenty-eight New Sounds" is the earliest record of the combination of Western music and Han music. 106 years later, during the reign of Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty, its prosperity turned into decline. Significance: Preserving folk music promoted the prosperity of folk music in the Han Dynasty and had a profound impact on the development of its music culture. 2. Popular music in Han Dynasty

Xianghege by Tuge (singing a cappella) ~ Dange (one person sings, three people harmonize) ~ Xianghege ~ (Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties) Qing Shang music.

Advanced form: Xianghe Daqu.

Structural form: three-section song and dance, Yan - Qu (add explanation after the section) - Trend (chaos).

The three harmonies of Xianghe: flat, clear and se. Later it was called the three tunes of Qing Dynasty and Shang Dynasty. Percussion music mainly includes wind instruments and percussion instruments, as well as singing. It is formed by the fusion of traditional music of northern nomads and Han people. It is divided into drums and blows (panpipes and jias are the main instruments, often used in palaces and banquets); horizontal blows (drums, horns, music for ceremonial guards and horses). Baixi is a collection of various folk arts in the Han Dynasty, including horns, acrobatics, magic, singing and dancing, etc. There are singers and instrumental accompaniments. 3. Instrumental music includes pipa, Qiang flute, bamboo flute, bamboo flute, panpipe, and Mawangdui guqin (slightly smaller in length, with seven strings) 4. Rhythm.

The Sixty Laws of Jingfang——After the three-point profit and loss method generates the twelve laws, it continues downward. To solve the problem that Huang Zhong cannot be restored. By the time the fifty-three laws have been restored. Attached are the astronomical almanac, yin and yang and the five elements. Invented the musical instrument "Jingfangzhun" with thirteen strings, like a zither. The three harmonies of Xianghe are: flat, clear and se. Drum score: "Li Ji·Tou Hu". Three symbols: □, ○, half. If you count it as music score, it is the earliest music score in our country.

6. Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

1. Qing Shang Yue

Qing Shang Yue is a general term for the songs of Han, Wei, Xianghe, and southern folk music in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. (Three tunes of Qing and Shang Dynasties)

Wu Song - a folk song popular in Jiankang in the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties.

Xiqu - a folk song popular in Jiangling in the Southern Dynasties. The performance includes dance music and Yige. 2. Great fusion of music culture

a. Songs and dances from a few neighboring countries quickly became popular in the Central Plains [Qiuci, Xiliang, Korea, and Tianzhu].

b. Minority musical instruments were brought into the Central Plains: Quxiang pipa, five-string pipa, 筚篥 (guanzi), fangxiang, cymbals, and Jiegu.

c. With the introduction of Buddhism, Buddhist music merged with Chinese folk music to establish a Chinese Buddhist music system.

d. Qiuci: Su Zhipo introduced the Five Dan Seven Tune theory, and the Sui and Tang Dynasties formed the Eighty-Four Tune Theory.

It laid a solid foundation for the glory of Sui and Tang music. 3. Main musical thoughts: "On Soundless Music". .

Written by Ji Kang, a famous scholar in the Wei and Jin Dynasties and one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest. and "Yue Ji" (the representative of Confucian music thought) became the two major trends in music thought in feudal society. Music - objective existence, sorrow and music - subjective existence.

① It is opposite to the Confucian musical viewpoint - expression theory. "Heart and sound are called two things."

② The feelings of sadness and joy come from the influence of objective things, and music only induces their expression. It affirms the entertainment and aesthetic functions of music and denies the educational function of music advocated by Confucianism. Oppose ignoring the artistry of music and equating simplicity with political talk. It is a representative treatise on music aesthetics in ancient my country, involving ideas such as the nature of music, music functions, and music aesthetics. 4. The development of musical temperament.

① He Chengtian, an outstanding temperament expert in the Southern Dynasties, created the "New Rhythm", which is very close to the Twelve Equal Rhythms, aiming to eliminate the shortcomings of "the yellow bell cannot be restored" and the inability to rotate the palace.

②Xunxu, a Western Jin Dynasty rhythm scholar, discovered the "tube correction number" in the flute rhythm and used the tube correction to produce more accurate twelve flutes.

③Pure temperament - Guqin has the "emblem" position, which is determined by pure temperament. With the emblem, notation can be recorded, which promotes the rapid development of Guqin art. 5. Song and Dance Drama (Easy to Master) - Staying on singing and dancing, you have the embryonic form of drama.

It emerged in the late Southern and Northern Dynasties, with plots, characters, songs and dances, accompaniments and singing.

It is directly related to Baixi and prepared for the formation of highly comprehensive opera art. Repertoire: "Big Face" appeared the prototype of opera facial makeup. "Bo Tou" and "Ta Yao Niang" ("Su Zhonglang")

Ancient Chinese History (2) 7. Sui and Tang Dynasties

1. Court Yan Music - the focus of the development of music in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. ①Specially refers to the music used by the emperor and princes to entertain guests, and the system is grand. ② Its development is based on the coexistence of multi-ethnic music, and its inheritance and compatibility ③ reflect the highest achievements of music in this period, ◇Multi-buqi: Sui, Jiubuqi; Tang, Shibuqi, Yan Yue (Jingyunhe Qingge) is the first among all the parts. ◇Sitting and standing part performers: There are 3-12 sitting part performers, performing in the hall. The six parts of music and dance are elegant and lyrical. There are 64 to 108 actors performing in the hall, and the eight-part music and dance are majestic.

2. Musical forms in the Sui and Tang Dynasties: Daqu and Faqu Daqu: Also known as "Yanle Song and Dance Daqu", it is a large-scale music and dance that combines instrumental music, singing, and dance with a multi-section structure. It is a high-level development of the Han Dynasty Xianghe Daqu and the Qing Shang Daqu. Its characteristics: a trinity of song, dance and music, with a huge structure and complex and changeable rhythm and speed. "Broken Formation Music", "Yushu Backyard Flowers", "Liangzhou" and "Neon Clothes and Feather Dances" are divided into three parts: preface - instrumental music, free rhythm. Middle sequence - singing, instrumental accompaniment, lyrical adagio. Break - dance, lively and fast. Dharma music: named after the Buddhist Dharma Assembly, it mainly focuses on Chinese music and instrumental music. Features: Light. "The Song of Colorful Feathers". "The First Preface to the Colorful Clothes": Jiang Kui of the Song Dynasty discovered it from a pile of old papers, added lyrics, and included it in the "Baishi Taoist Song Collection" as the "No. 1 Preface to the Colorful Clothes". 1. Music institutions in the Tang Dynasty Taichang Temple was the highest administrative organization in the Tang Dynasty. The Music Department and the Propaganda Department were affiliated to Taichang Temple, supervising elegant music and secular music. a. The Da Le Department, a strict management organization that trains and assesses palace artists, has a maximum number of 11,447 people. b. The Propaganda Department specializes in the management of ceremonial and propaganda music. c. The teaching workshop is directly managed by the palace and specializes in cultivating palace Yanyue performance talents. The level of singing, dancing and instrumental music is relatively high. d. Liyuan, a music institution established in Jinyuan, mainly teaches and performs French music (instrumental music). Selected from Taichang musicians, more than 300 people, "The Play of Silk and Bamboo" 2. The main form of folk music in the Tang Dynasty. Song: A new type of folk song in the Sui and Tang Dynasties that can be filled with various lyrics. Representative works include Wang Wei's "Three Stacks of Sunshine" (listening and identification). This piece of music became a qin tune in the Ming Dynasty; the version in "Introduction to Qin Studies" in the Qing Dynasty was the most popular. In the later stage, the song developed into long and short sentences.

Bianwen: a form of rap used for religious propaganda in Buddhist temples in the Tang Dynasty. The original version of the "Vulgar Doctrine" is called the Bianwen. Prose and verse appeared alternately.

There are two types of content: ①Telling stories from Buddhist scriptures and Buddhist teachings such as "Mu Lian Bian Wen" and "Hell Bian Wen"; ②Telling folk stories, legends and historical stories. "Wang Zhaojun's Bianwen" and "Meng Jiangnu's Bianwen". 3. The music rhythm "Eighty-four Tune" was developed by Wan Baochang and Zheng Yi in the Sui Dynasty based on Su Zhipo's "Five Dans and Seven Tune" theory. Its proposal established a relatively complete system of Gong Tiao theory.

"Twenty-eight tunes", the palace tune system used in Yan music in the Tang court, has two versions: "seven equal tunes and four tunes" and "four equal tunes and seven tunes". "Off tune", same palace system, tonality conversion. "Transpose", the music remains unchanged and the key is changed.

4. Important stringed instruments: Xi Qin: similar to Erhu, with non-parallel axes. Rolling the zither: pulling it with pieces of bamboo. eight. Song and Jin 1. Tune (word-melody music): Art songs developed on the basis of folk songs, mostly with long and short sentences. The genre and form originate from Tang Dynasty music, and the creative techniques are mostly composed of lyrics based on music. Commonly used techniques: reducing characters, stealing sounds, breaking them up, and breaking the tone.

"Baishi Taoist Songs": Jiang Kui, including 17 lyrics and music, including 14 self-written songs, 2 lyrics for ancient songs, 1 lyrics for Fan Dacheng's song, with Song folk calligraphy as an appendix; Sacrificial Divine Comedy , appended with LV character score; qinge, appended with subtracted character score; and there are 14 lyrics of "Saint Song cymbals and drum songs". His representative works are "Yangzhou Slowness" and "Apricot Blossom Sky Shadow" (listening and identification). 2. The development of citizen music in the Song Dynasty: The economy continued to develop and the urban population increased dramatically, which brought about changes in the social structure. ①Performance venues: "Wazi" and "Goulan", tea houses, wine shops, and song halls. Size: Some can accommodate thousands of people. Quantity: "More than 50 large and small hooks" in Bianjing. Art forms: small singing, drama, Zhugong tune, etc. ② Song Zaju is quite distinctive and can be found in both urban and rural areas. Sing to earn money: two forms. Mao Ling - Mao Da - two music cards are used alternately. Goulan artists: Li Shishi, Xu Poxi, Feng Yinu. ③ Later development - the emergence of professional organizations: Shuhui - a guild organization for writing scripts and scripts. Society - A guild for professional performing arts. There are special singing clubs and drama clubs respectively. ④Characteristics: The transformation of music, the mainstream from the court to the folk; the establishment of opera, replacing song and dance, entering a new historical period.

3. Song Dynasty Instrumental Ensemble (a brief understanding of the name) ①Folk ensemble forms: fine music, clear music, small instruments, drum boards (clappers, drums, flutes).

② Palace ensemble forms: Jiaofang Music, Suijun Fanbu Music, and Horse Queen Music. 4. The development of rap in the Song Dynasty (an important sign of maturity in the Song and Yuan Dynasties) a. In the Tang Dynasty, performances were performed in temples, and in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, they were performed in cities and rural areas. b. The form is popular and widely loved by people. c. Large-scale long-form rap presented in rich form. Main forms: ① Guzici - It is an art form that alternates between rapping and singing and is mainly about singing. It is named after the accompaniment of drums. The same tune is sung repeatedly with multiple lyrics. ② Zhugong Diao* - a large-scale rap form created by Goulan artist Kong Sanli in the Northern Song Dynasty, which pushed my country's rap art to a new level. Use a variety of palace tunes to express more complex storylines. The main accompaniment instruments are: drums, clappers, and flutes. "Romance of the West Chamber Zhugong Diao" was written by Dong Jieyuan. It is currently the most complete preserved work and represents the high maturity of rap music. "Liu Zhiyuan Zhugong Diao" "Tianbao Legacy Zhugong Diao" ③ Tao Zhen - rural rap form. The themes and lyrics are popular, mostly seven-character sentences. 5. The difference between Song Dynasty drama and Yuan Dynasty drama.

① The Song Dynasty is composed of Yan, Zhengzaju and Sanduan, with fixed roles: Fu Jing, Fu Mo, Gu and Dan. A type of comedy that is mostly dialogue and has little music. A type of song and dance drama that focuses on singing and dancing, with music throughout the play. ② A Yuan Zaju is 40% off, and sometimes wedges are added, so that several volumes can be connected in series. Each fold uses several tunes of the same palace tune; one volume has four different palace tunes. It is composed of Qu, Binbai and Ke. The main part is singing, with one person singing the lead vocals. It belongs to the form of Qupai, also known as Beiqu. Outstanding repertoire: Guan Hanqing's "The Injustice of Dou E" and "Saving Feng Chen"; Ma Zhiyuan's "Autumn in the Han Palace" and "Yueyang Tower"; Zheng Zuguang's "A Chinese Girl Leaving the Soul"; Bai Pu's "Horse on the Wall". Wang Shifu's "The Romance of the West Chamber". 5. Musical Instruments: Ji Qin - Xi Qin, a bowed string instrument. Later it was improved into the Mawei Huqin. ——In the Tang Dynasty, it was called "Ya Zheng", and in the Song Dynasty, it was renamed "Zheng". It is a bowed string instrument. 6. Music theory: "Eighteen Rhythms", founded by Cai Yuanding in the Southern Song Dynasty. After generating the twelve laws, continue to calculate the six laws. Theoretically, it solves the problem of non-uniform interval relationship after the three-point gain and loss scale is transposed. Theoretically more perfect.