Review the regional geological survey in Beijing and look forward to the deepening and expansion of regional survey in the new period.

Wang Jiming

(Beijing Geological Survey and Research Institute)

Last year, China Geological History Professional Committee held its 2008 academic annual meeting. The theme of the discussion is: under the guidance of Scientific Outlook on Development, understand the positioning and role of regional geological survey, and better play the role of regional geological survey in national economic and cultural construction in the new historical period.

We are fortunate to attend this academic seminar, and put forward some superficial views on the future work based on the practical experience of previous regional adjustment work in Beijing. Please criticize and correct me.

I. Historical Review of Regional Geological Survey in Beijing Area

In the past century, Beijing has conducted three regional geological surveys.

1. The first regional geological survey

Working hours:1916 ~1920;

Work content: Carry out1∶ 50,000 topographic and geological survey in the western mountainous area of Beijing;

Staff: headed by Mr. Ye, attended by *** 13 people;

Main achievements: submitted1∶ 50,000 topographic and geological map of Beijing Xishan, and published "Geological Records of Beijing Xishan".

Because this achievement is the first regional geological survey report independently completed by geologists in China, it is of milestone significance. The Western Hills of Beijing is also known as the "cradle of geological work in China", and the stratigraphic system and structural framework of the western mountainous areas of Beijing have been initially established.

2. The second regional geological survey

Working hours: 1958 ~ 196 1 year;

Work unit: Zhuang Peiren, head of Beijing Institute of Geology (nominally jointly organized by Beijing Geological Bureau and Beijing Institute of Geology);

Main achievements: submit regional adjustment report in the form of map, and ** complete a batch of1∶ 50,000 regional adjustment maps such as Qinglong Bridge map;

Important progress:

1) Suoshutian, Ye Shengji and others (196 1) put forward a division scheme of two groups and seven groups for the ancient metamorphic rock series in Mihuai area, which was officially published in the book Geology of Beijing.

2) Under the guidance of Hao Yichun, the section of Xiaweidian in Mentougou was investigated, and the Cambrian-Ordovician system was systematically studied. From the perspective of biostratigraphy, it is compared with the Lower Paleozoic in Shandong and Tangshan, and it is considered that the characteristics are basically the same, thus directly quoting the division principle and stratigraphic unit name of the two places.

3) Under the direct guidance of Professor Chi Jishang, the study of Mesozoic Yanshanian intrusive rocks has been promoted as a whole. On the basis of detailed geological mapping, the intrusive bodies are reasonably divided and delineated, and the five-level division scheme of "cycle, step, stage, secondary and rock mass" is creatively put forward by analyzing the temporal and spatial changes of magmatic activity and the evolution law of magma. The intrusive rocks of Yanshan tectonic cycle in the area are divided into four steps, seven stages, 10 times and more than 200 intrusive rocks of different sizes. The characteristics of multi-stage, multi-stage and multiple times of magmatic intrusion are emphasized, and the similarity and comparability of magmatic activity products in the same period are highlighted.

And 4) synchronously arranging scanning surfaces of magnetic method and secondary halo metal quantity measurement to obtain data of system magnetic anomaly and secondary halo metal quantity measurement anomaly.

3. The third regional geological survey

Working hours: 1976 to the end of the 20th century;

Work unit: mainly undertaken by Beijing Geological Survey, Beijing Institute of Geology, China Geo University (Beijing), Peking University Geology Department and other units have also undertaken the regional adjustment of some maps;

Main achievements: The system has developed 441∶ 50,000 maps of mountainous and plain areas in Beijing, and also completed the tasks of1∶ 200,000 Huairou map,1∶ 250,000 Yanqing map and Beijing map.

In this round of regional geological survey, the guiding ideology of regional geological survey put forward by the Ministry of Geology and Minerals has been seriously implemented: "... apply new theories, new concepts, new technologies and new methods in the field of contemporary geological science to regional geological survey, reform the traditional regional mapping method, further improve the level of regional geological research in China and catch up with or reach the advanced level in the world."

Through this round of regional adjustment, mineral resources have made gratifying discoveries. As far as metal minerals are concerned, two gold deposits have been discovered, one of which belongs to ductile shear zone type and reaches medium scale. The other is the iron hat type, which is close to medium size. There are two molybdenite deposits, one is a large molybdenite deposit of blasting breccia type; The other is a small silicified sericite molybdenite deposit. The discovery of each deposit has gone through a complicated and tortuous exploration process. This shows that as long as you explore carefully, you can always find something!

On the other hand, it is important to point out that the unit undertaking regional adjustment in Beijing this round, combined with the rich geological data collected indoors and outdoors, has devoted itself to the comprehensive improvement of theory, and has compiled and published many monographs, such as:

Shan Wenlang of China Geo University (Beijing) and other teachers have compiled and published two monographs through Zhoukoudian mapping practice: Theory, Method and Practice of Structural Deformation Analysis and Geological Research in Xishan, Beijing. In the preface written by Mr. Ma Xingyuan, the former spoke highly of it, pointing out: "Based on the regional survey of1∶ 50,000, the author made a comprehensive study on the rich and colorful geological structural phenomena in the shallow metamorphic caprock rock series in Xishan, Beijing, which not only preliminarily expounded the characteristics, formation mechanism and evolution sequence of various structures at different levels, different deformation stages and different deformation fields in Xishan, Beijing, but also systematically summarized some basic principles and methods of structural analysis in metamorphic rock areas.

The Beijing Geological Survey is the main unit to systematically carry out regional surveys in Beijing. On the basis of a large number of practical materials, a systematic thematic summary began in the 1990s. The regional geological monographs that have been officially published include Badaling Granite Complex (199 1) and Volcanic Geology and Volcanic Rocks of Yanshan Period in Beijing (1995). In particular, the book "One Hundred Years of Geological Research in Beijing", based on the rich regional mapping data and scientific research achievements in this area and guided by modern geological science theory, has carried out high-level comprehensive research, reflecting the fruitful achievements made by several generations of geologists in Beijing's basic geological investigation and research in the 20th century, showing the colorful geological features of Beijing and revealing the objective laws of regional geological evolution. It is an excellent comprehensive research result of regional geology.

Beijing Institute of Geology cooperated with China University of Geology (Beijing) to complete the regional survey of Taitai and Huairou sheets1∶ 50,000, and accumulated data to write and publish the book Analysis of Geological Structure System in Xishan, Beijing, and collected 2/kloc-0 papers as a collection of essays.

The above is a very general introduction to the regional geological survey in Beijing in the past 100 years. Due to the limitation of space, it is not very comprehensive. However, it must be emphasized that Beijing is a unique region with rich geological phenomena and connotations. Previous systematic regional geological surveys have achieved fruitful results in understanding basic geological characteristics, deepening theoretical research and discovering mineral resources. The understanding of objective geological bodies can not be clearly understood through one or two geological surveys. At the same time, people's requirements and demands for nature are constantly developing, so the investigation and understanding of objective geological bodies and geological phenomena is endless, and regional geological survey must be deepened and extended.

Second, the deepening and expansion of regional adjustment in the new period.

With the deepening of reform and opening up, China's economic construction has entered a new historical development stage. Facing new opportunities and challenges, what should Beijing do next? We think it is important to solve the following problems.

In the past, the regional geological survey mainly served the exploration of mineral resources, so the geophysical and geochemical exploration work was carried out simultaneously in the application of means. In the summary of results, it is required to explore and expound the regional metallogenic conditions and prospecting prospects through the investigation of regional geological characteristics and metallogenic background. The first two rounds of Beijing's regional adjustment work also carried out this guiding ideology.

In the future, geological work will highlight the service for urban construction, and geological work should highlight the following new service areas.

(1) serves the planning, construction and development of capital megacities.

The construction and development of megacities put forward a series of new topics for geological work, such as:

1) investigates the stability of the earth's crust, and serves the physical engineering of urban development planning, architectural layout and earthquake prevention and disaster reduction.

2) Investigate various geological disasters that may occur in the plain area, monitor and prevent them in a targeted manner, and deal with emergencies in time.

3) Find out the crustal structure at a certain depth underground, so as to serve the rational planning, development and utilization of underground space.

4) Put forward suggestions on landfill treatment of a large number of domestic and industrial pollutants that are constantly produced in cities.

5) Do a good job in the rational development and regulation of water resources (groundwater and surface water).

What we are facing now is a super-large urban agglomeration. According to the master plan of Beijing, the spatial development structure of Beijing is: coordinated development of central city and new towns, with the central city area of 1085km2, and 1 1 new towns to be developed and constructed, among which three new towns, namely Tongzhou, Shunyi and Yizhuang, are mainly developed. In addition, it is necessary to form a regional spatial system with the Beijing-Tianjin urban development corridor as the main axis and the Beijing-Shicheng urban development corridor and the Beijing-Chengde-Beijing-Zhangjiakou eco-economic corridor as the skeleton. The rapid development of socialist modernization has provided great development space and excellent opportunities for geological work, and at the same time, it has also increased great work pressure. How to change passivity into initiative, do a good job ahead of time, and carry out targeted and hierarchical applied geological work according to different scales, different contents and different working depths on the basis of the overall and regional urban basic geological survey of this mega-city group is the key to avoid blindness, repetition, passivity and superficiality of geological work.

(2) Serve the new agricultural modernization and new rural construction.

The Third Plenary Session of the Seventeenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China deliberated and adopted the Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues in Promoting Rural Reform and Development, which is a new strategic deployment of rural reform and development and will surely write a new chapter in rural reform and development.

How does geological work serve the development of modern new agriculture and new countryside? We can start from two aspects:

1) Developing modern agriculture, changing the rural industrial structure according to the requirements of high yield, high quality, high efficiency, ecology and safety, and building urban modern agriculture are the key points for Beijing to promote the construction of new socialist countryside. Therefore, geological work should be based on this major, and provide basic data from different aspects such as water (hydrogeological conditions of agricultural water supply), soil (soil type, nature, geochemical conditions and content) and landform. Compile the corresponding regional map, in order to change the agricultural industrial structure, plan and develop ecological agriculture, characteristic agriculture and leisure agriculture, and carry out the construction service of agricultural standardized production base.

2) Thoroughly crack the dual structure of urban and rural areas, promote agriculture with industry, and bring rural areas with cities to form a new pattern of integration of urban and rural economic and social development. The main content in this respect is to accelerate the pace of rural urbanization. Beijing should accelerate the integration of villages and towns, withdraw villages and merge towns, improve the quality of urban and rural living environment, and build a spatial structure of coordinated urban and rural development. According to Beijing Urban Master Plan (2004 ~ 2020), the construction of small towns is an important part of promoting Beijing's urbanization. Reasonable planning and construction of a large number of towns urgently need to provide corresponding geological data, of which 27 are key towns for planning and construction. Geological work should create a new situation in the practice of building modern agriculture.

3) Carry out a new round of in-depth investigation and evaluation of mineral resources to promote effective comprehensive utilization of resources and develop circular economy.

Development can never be separated from various mineral resources as raw materials, so general survey and prospecting will always be an important part of geological work. To carry out a new round of general survey of key minerals, we must thoroughly study the regional metallogenic geological conditions and background, otherwise we will find mine disasters to make new breakthroughs. It is a prerequisite and an important content to carry out investigation and study on regional metallogenic geological conditions in important metallogenic belts and metallogenic segments.

In order to expand new service fields, we must solve an important understanding problem in a unified way. Some people will question that all the above-mentioned contents belong to a series of new applied geological problems, which are too far away from the geological survey of the basic area. Does this deviate from the direction and task of regional adjustment?

Regional survey is a strategic work, and solving various applied geological tasks is a tactic. There is a difference between the two, which cannot be confused in general. What needs to be solved specifically is to what extent in the new field? What kind of problem to solve belongs to the category of regional adjustment, and more specific in-depth development belongs to the problem of applied geology. These boundaries need to be solved in practice. The theme of this seminar is very good, one of which is "Countermeasures and ideas for scientific, orderly and integrated regional geological survey in China in the new period". To reflect the strategic and comprehensive nature of regional adjustment, we must have a scientific, orderly and holistic thinking. In fact, the past regional geological survey was a preliminary and multidisciplinary comprehensive geological work, and its ultimate goal was to find mineral resources and explore the history of regional geological evolution. The regional geological survey under the new situation, especially the regional geological survey of the city and its surrounding areas, should be a multidisciplinary comprehensive geological work to ensure the earthquake safety of the city, promote the development of the city and the rational utilization of urban geological resources, grasp the current crustal activity law and predict the crustal activity trend. This requires expanding the connotation of regional geological survey, including guiding theory, technical methods and means, technical specifications and requirements. , need to be re-determined, or called "urban regional geological survey". Otherwise, if we only pay attention to local and single-discipline geological work, even if we do a lot of tactical work, we can't achieve satisfactory results. For a small example, Beijing has been engaged in geological work in the plain area for more than 50 years, but the work on the widely developed Cenozoic overburden is often only aimed at water exploration and engineering investigation, focusing on single drilling, ignoring the collection of comprehensive data, and drilling countless holes. But so far, the division and correlation of Quaternary strata have not been well solved, and a geological profile of Cenozoic strata cannot be obtained. How to solve a series of urban geological problems scientifically on this basis?

This seminar was held in a timely manner. With China's economic construction entering a new historical development period, how to face new historical opportunities and promote China's economic development and take-off in the new period needs serious study. While reviewing and summarizing the history and experience of regional geological survey in China in the past, geologists should shoulder the new heavy responsibility of regional geological survey, make it scientific, orderly and complete, and make due contributions to urban construction and development!