1948 Significance of Huaihai Campaign

Huaihai Campaign is the second of the three decisive battles in China People's Liberation War. I have compiled relevant knowledge about the significance of 1948 Huaihai Campaign for you, hoping to help you!

Significance of Huaihai Campaign

The failure of Huaihai Campaign completely lost Chiang Kai-shek's elite main forces in the downtown area, especially Huang Wei's 12 Corps and Qiu Qingquan's 2nd Corps, including the 5th Army and 18 Army, which are called the "five main forces". (The other three units in the five main forces are the 74th Division after adaptation, which was annihilated in1947 in Meng Lianggu in May; The new 1 army and the new 6 th army, which were annihilated at 1948 in the Liaoshen campaign in June, thus losing the backbone force that Chiang Kai-shek relied on to support the war. The north of Huaihe River has been completely liberated, and most of Huainan is also controlled by the People's Liberation Army. Only Anqing, an important city north of the Yangtze River, is under the control of the National Army. The People's Liberation Army has advanced the Yangtze River, and the next attack will be directed at the core area ruled by Chiang Kai-shek. Mdash& ampmdash Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai regions. As far as the national war situation is concerned, among the five strategic groups of the Kuomintang army after the Liaoshen and Huaihai campaigns, the most powerful strategic groups Xuzhou Group and Northeast Group no longer exist, and the North China Group is also in danger. The remaining two groups, Huazhong and Xi, have also been greatly weakened under the constant attack of the People's Liberation Army, while the newly established Tangborn Group in Beijing, Shanghai and Hangzhou is very weak, and these three groups have become major groups. Most areas to the north of the Yellow River are liberated areas, and those from the south of the Yellow River to the north of the Yangtze River are basically liberated areas. The Kuomintang had to rely on the natural barrier of the Yangtze River to occupy half of the south of the Yangtze River, but with the loss of the elite main force, it also lacked enough troops to organize effective defense.

With the military defeat, the political crisis of the Kuomintang has further intensified, and the power struggle between various factions has become increasingly fierce. Taking advantage of the extremely unfavorable situation of the Kuomintang regime, Bai Chongxi put forward the idea of "peaceful settlement" on February 25, 1948, which was immediately supported by the Senate of Hubei, Hunan, Henan and other provinces. In this situation, Chiang Kai-shek issued a New Year's Proclamation on New Year's Day 1949, proposing peace talks with China. However, at this time, the initiative to fight or not is no longer in the hands of the Kuomintang. Without Chiang Kai-shek's approval, Sun Ke, President of the Executive Yuan, led the Executive Yuan to move to Guangzhou, announced that the government would move to Guangzhou, and expressed opposition to negotiations with China, calling for continued war with China in an attempt to rule South China with the support of foreign forces. In Nanjing and Shanghai, the centers of Kuomintang rule, people's hearts have been floating and uneasy. The shipping company was ordered to assemble ships in Nanjing and Shanghai in case of emergency requisition by the Kuomintang government. Government officials at all levels rushed to Hongkong and Taiwan Province Province. Cultural relics of the Forbidden City also began to leave Nanjing and move to Taiwan Province Province.

Previously, 1945 won the Anti-Japanese War, Beiping was recovered, and the Kuomintang government took over the Palace Museum again. The three cultural relics moved southward were concentrated in Chongqing and transported back to Nanjing on 1947. The failure of Huaihai Campaign forced the National Government to step up the withdrawal of important cultural relics from Nanjing. From the end of 1948 to the beginning of 1949, the Nanjing Kuomintang government selected 2,972 boxes of cultural relics from Nanjing warehouse and transported them to Taiwan Province Province. Later, a new museum was built in Shuangxi, outside Shilin, Taipei, and it was publicly exhibited. After 1949, a large number of remaining cultural relics were transported back to the Palace Museum in Beijing for more than 10,000 boxes, but 2 176 boxes were still sealed in the Nanjing warehouse and entrusted to the Nanjing Museum for safekeeping. There are only a dozen people left in the Kuomintang Central Party Department, and 80% of legislators in the Legislative Yuan have fled Nanjing. Even the US military advisory group in China is busy evacuating people and their families. Li Zongren recalled: When the battle of Xu Bang came to an end, China's overall victory was a foregone conclusion, and Beijing and Shanghai shook and people were worried. Many public opinion organs at home and abroad, even senior generals in United operations, think that the future is hopeless.

Under such circumstances, Chiang Kai-shek, who was under siege, had to take the strategy of retreating for progress. After careful planning and deployment, on June 5438+0949 65438+1October 2 1, he announced his retirement, handed over the presidency to Vice President Li Zongren, and returned to his hometown of Xikou, Fenghua, Zhejiang for remote control behind the scenes.

In the post-war review of the Huaihai Campaign, the Kuomintang military command had to admit that the failure suffered by the national army had the greatest impact on the overall situation, especially in East China. Because the National Army was completely annihilated in the decisive battle of Xu Mu, it was unable to fight with the main force of the * * * army. Badawi, head of the US military advisory group in China, said in a report to the US War Department: Because of the humiliation caused by the failure of the Kuomintang government in the north of the Yangtze River, even if time permits, it is extremely doubtful whether the Kuomintang government can get the necessary support in South China and mobilize the manpower in this area to rebuild its army. The complete defeat of the Kuomintang is inevitable. Si Tuleideng, the American ambassador to China, believes that Chiang Kai-shek's military strength has actually collapsed. For a time, the Guangxi department was proud and even wanted to do something big.

The significance of the Huaihai Campaign, as Mao Zedong said in his statement on the current situation on the fourth day after the campaign, namely1949 65438+1kloc-0/4: "Now the People's Liberation Army is superior to the remnants of the reactionary Kuomintang government in terms of quantity, morale and equipment. At this point, the people of China began to vomit a sigh of relief. It is now obvious that as long as the People's Liberation Army makes several major attacks on the remnants of the Kuomintang, the rule of the Kuomintang will soon disintegrate and die. "

The victory of the Huaihai Campaign liberated the vast area north of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and laid the foundation for the PLA to cross the river.

Background of Huaihai Campaign

1948 in the second half of the year, the domestic situation became increasingly unfavorable to the national army. At the beginning of August, the Kuomintang held a military review meeting in Nanjing, and put forward the strategic policy of seeking stability in Northeast China, consolidating in North China, preventing bandits from expanding in Northwest China and strengthening repression in East China and Central China. Starting from the second half of the year, the national army began to implement key defense, and heavily adhered to strategic points and compiled powerful mobile corps, so that the * * * army "ate" strategic points and "chewed" reinforcements. [4]

A month later, China * * * held a meeting of the Political Bureau in Xibaipo, and established the task of "transitioning from guerrilla warfare to regular warfare, building five million troops, eliminating five hundred brigades, and fundamentally overthrowing the Kuomintang reactionaries in five years or so". [5]

Prewar situation

In September, China * * * launched the Jinan Campaign and conquered it. This is the first time that China * * * conquered the fortified city of the national army, and also declared the failure of the key defense plan. During the battle, although Chiang Kai-shek ordered the Kuomintang (KMT), Huang, Qiu Qingquan, assembled in Xuzhou area to clear the way to the north, the powerful aid troops of East China Field Army of China lingered in front of the aid troops in Hua Ye with the size of 6.5438+0.7 million people until Jinan was broken, and the two armies of Huang and Li were still not assembled [6]. Xinhua News Agency124 October broadcast the results of the battle of Jinan: Kuomintang troops were killed or injured 1948: 22423, Wang was captured 6 1873, 23 officers, more than 20,000 people revolted on the battlefield, and numerous ammunition was seized [7]. Associated Press commented: "From now on, the * * * production party will go wherever it wants and attack any city, and nothing can stop it [7].

After the conquest of Jinan, the national armies in Heze, Linyi and Yantai abandoned the city one after another, leaving only a few strongholds in Shandong [8], and there was no need for the * * * army to fight south. At the same time, in view of Qiu Huang and Li Sanbing's indecision, Su Yu sent a telegram to the Central Committee at 7: 00 on September 24, 1948. [9] After careful consideration, the Central Military Commission replied at 9: 00 on September 25th 1948, agreeing with Su Yu's suggestion: "We think it is very necessary to hold the Huaihai Campaign."

The result of Huaihai Campaign

Casualty statistics

Huaihai Campaign was the largest of the three major battles in the strategic decisive battle of the Liberation War, which lasted for 66 days. The Kuomintang army has invested in seven corps, two appeasement zones, thirty-four armies and eighty-six divisions, with about 800,000 men, and dispatched 2,957 sorties. Sixteen columns of the East China Field Army and seven columns of the Central Plains Field Army, together with local troops of the East China Military Region and the Central Plains Military Region, make up about 600,000 people. * * * Destroy the Kuomintang Army Xuzhou General Suppression Forward Command and its five regimental headquarters, 22 military departments, 56 divisions and 1 appeasement area. The regular army and other troops ***555099 people, accounting for about 69% of its combat troops, including 320355 prisoners,171566. Kuomintang generals above senior level were captured 124, 22 defected and 8 revolted. The above results do not include the number of people who broke up and fled. Mainly seized 4265438 guns +05 guns, 65438 light and heavy machine guns +04503 guns, 65438 long and short guns +0565438 guns +0045 guns, 6 planes, 265438 armored tanks +05 cars, 65438 cars +0747 carriages and 65438 shells.

The PLA killed 25,954 people, injured 988 18 people and lost 1 1752 people, totaling136,524 people. The loss ratio between the enemy and us is 4.06: 1. Weapons and equipment losses include 1 tanks, 34 mountain guns, field guns and howitzers, 2 19 mortars and infantry guns, 26 grenade launchers, 1884 light and heavy machine guns, 14588 long and short guns and 67998 various shells. Among the three major battles of Armageddon, the Huaihai Campaign suffered the most casualties of the PLA, exceeding the sum of the other two battles, accounting for 53.8% of the total casualties of Armageddon, and the losses of various weapons and ammunition were also the largest, of which artillery losses accounted for 48.6% of the total losses; The loss of long and short guns accounts for 69.4% of the total loss, the loss of light and heavy machine guns accounts for 6 1.8%, the loss of shells accounts for 68.7%, the loss of bullets accounts for 62.7%, and the loss of explosives accounts for 57.4%. The enemy was wiped out the most, accounting for 35.8% of the total, and the enemy was captured the least. The intensity of the Huaihai Campaign is remarkable.

Among them, Hua Ye wiped out about 440,000 enemy troops, accounting for about 80% of the total number of enemy troops wiped out in Huaihai Campaign; Hua Ye suffered about 965,438+10,000 casualties, accounting for 67% of the total casualties of the People's Liberation Army in the Huaihai Campaign.

Combat readiness loss

A huge battle, in addition to proper command and three military lives, also has a key element is logistics support. In the war of liberation, the producer of * * * did not have modern means to guarantee the campaign logistics, but it brought human resources to the extreme. If the General Front Committee composed of Liu Chen and Deng Sutan played an important role in the organization and command of the campaign, the achievements of the East China Bureau, the East China Military Region and the Logistics Department of the East China Field Army, which are mainly responsible for logistics support, cannot be denied. Among them, Liu Ruilong, secretary of East China Bureau, political commissar of East China Military Region, deputy chief of staff and commander of logistics command of Hua Ye, member of front committee of East China Field Army and director of Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu Financial Office (later logistics commander and political commissar of the Third Field Army) is the main commander of logistics work. During the campaign, people in Jiangsu, Shandong, Anhui, Henan and other places supported the war with great material and human resources. The four provinces * * * sent a total of 5.43 million migrant workers, including 220,000 permanent migrant workers, 6.5438+0.3 million second-line migrant workers and 39.65438+0.0 million temporary migrant workers in the rear. 206,000 stretchers, 880,000 cars, 305,000 shoulder poles, 767,000 livestock and 8,539 ships; We raised 960 million Jin of grain and delivered 434 million Jin of grain to the front. [2 1]

The support of migrant workers is the most touching scene in the battle. By the third stage of the campaign, the ratio of participating troops to supporting former migrant workers was as high as 1: 9. This unprecedented mobilization of human resources in the liberated areas showed extraordinary endurance. For example, in the south-central part of Shandong Province, where the burden of migrant workers is the heaviest, taking the statistics of the Sixth Division as an example, this area dispatched 490,000 migrant workers (170,000 permanent migrant workers and 320,000 temporary migrant workers, excluding many temporary service personnel), accounting for more than 16% of its total population of 3 million. According to the usual practice, the people's war manpower burden generally cannot exceed 65,438+02% of the total population, that is, there is one migrant worker in eight people, and almost all young and middle-aged men have been mobilized except the old, weak, women and children. The mobilized migrant workers account for 65,438+06% of the total population, which can be said to exceed the maximum burden limit. Yongcheng, Xiayi and Su Xian are almost mobilized by the whole people. The slogan put forward by the people is "lose everything, support the front line, endure all difficulties, overcome all difficulties and win the battle."

Many literary and film works about Huaihai Campaign emphasized the extreme importance of people's war and supporting migrant workers, including the film Huaihai Campaign, Wheels Rolling and the novel Lily.

Activity review

The Huaihai Campaign was a decisive strategic decisive battle between the People's Liberation Army and the Kuomintang heavy group under the condition that the troops and equipment were not dominant, and finally ended in the overall victory of the People's Liberation Army. The PLA's brilliant victory under the condition that the troops and equipment are not dominant and the battlefield situation is complicated and changeable is the result of the correct decision of the Central Military Commission and the General Front Committee, the close cooperation between Hua Ye and Nakano, the heroic fighting of commanders and soldiers and the full support of the people. This is also a miracle in the history of war. In the 1980s, the United States Military Academy at West Point sent a delegation to the former site of Huaihai Battlefield, and the evaluation of this result was "incredible". The reason for the defeat of the Kuomintang is that the determination of the high command has changed again and again, and the various corps have not cooperated with each other. The most important and crucial reason is that the Kuomintang government has lost the hearts of the people. For this battle, both sides summed up the reasons for victory and defeat.

Regarding the Kuomintang army, Liu Zhi, commander-in-chief of Xuzhou suppression, believed that in this campaign, there were more strategic failures than tactical failures, and more tactical failures than campaign failures. He always lists thirteen mistakes, mainly including: he hesitated to advance and retreat, and as a result, he took a temporary battle instead of a planned and prepared battle, which led to a disadvantage in strength and posture; Concerned about the defense of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, as a result, we are worried and weak everywhere, which leads to the dispersion of troops; The coordination between war zones is poor, and the transfer of troops is not flexible. In particular, the Huangwei Corps failed to advance eastward to participate in the war as early as possible and lost its fighters. It was an adventure for Du to give up Xuzhou, but he couldn't use his brave and decisive spirit to defeat the army with quick action, putting the whole army in danger. There is a spiritual gap between commanders of various units at ordinary times, and they can't cooperate effectively in wartime, so that even with a huge army, it is difficult to exert the greatest synergy.

The post-war review of the Kuomintang high command said: the main reason for the failure was the strategic error, followed by the lack of improvement in tactics, which made it difficult to support the strategy. Other aspects, such as the maintenance of sustained combat effectiveness, comprehensive display of combat effectiveness and counter-intelligence, have made great mistakes.

* * * As far as the production party is concerned, on October 20th, 65438+1949/KLOC-0, the commander-in-chief Su Yu pointed out at the enlarged meeting of the Front Committee held in Hua Ye that the victory of Huaihai Campaign was due to the correct leadership of the Central Military Commission, Chairman Mao and the General Front Committee, the full support of the party, government, army and people in the rear, the coordinated operations of various corps and arms, and the comrades attending the meeting.

When Chen Yi met with the Soviet Ambassador to China You Jin on February 195 1 1, he introduced the situation of the Huaihai Campaign and summarized the reasons for winning the decisive battle: First, the enemy misjudged that we had no strength and were unwilling to concentrate our forces to fight him. Second, the battle tactics are mainly melee and night fighting, giving full play to the advantages and dividing and destroying the enemy in batches. Third, the huge and profound support of the people's power has actually turned into 5 million to 800 thousand, giving full play to the power of the people's war. Fourth, the battle process is very difficult, just like cutting the neck with a blunt knife, it is difficult to annihilate the enemy at once. Completing the correct decision in a strategic battle depends on the courage, dedication and genius of soldiers. Fifth, it played the role of political offensive. In the battle, five enemy divisions revolted and one division surrendered. In the prisoner policy, we should combine principle with flexibility to divide the enemy. Among these reasons, the support of the people is the fundamental guarantee of victory. As Nakano said in the "Summary of Double Stack Operation", the material supply in the operation was satisfactory, and no unexpected special difficulties were encountered in food and ammunition security or medical rescue. This is a powerful guarantee for the success of this operation. Without this guarantee, winning this operation is unthinkable. In particular, Chen Yi emphasized to Yevgeny that the five million former migrant workers were full of people carrying food, ammunition and the wounded, which was our real advantage. The victory of Huaihai Campaign was pushed out by people in cars.

Huaihai Campaign is a real people's war, and the victory of Huaihai Campaign is also the real victory of the people.