Why did Daqin perish quickly after the death of Qin Shihuang?

Qin Shihuang carried out a series of measures to strengthen centralization and consolidate national unity: the emperor has supreme power, and ministers only have the right to participate in and discuss state affairs, but have no decision-making power; The central government mainly includes prime minister, censor and Qiu, which are called three public offices, and are divided into administration, supervision and military affairs. The local county system is implemented, and the world is divided into 36 counties, with unified measurement, currency and writing; Construction of equator, straight road, water conservancy and lingqu throughout the country; Move ten thousand surnames to fill in the border and sentence criminals to guard the border; The Great Wall of Wan Li was built on the basis of the Great Wall built in the Warring States Period to prevent the Huns from invading. At the same time, Qin Shihuang practiced brutal rule, levied a lot of hard labor, built palace gardens and tombs, entrapped Confucian scholars and burned books to entrap Confucianism. At the end of the first emperor, people all over the country were already in general resentment and dissatisfaction.

After the death of the first emperor, II was fatuous, and under the control of Zhao Gao, the tyranny was even worse than that of the first emperor. In July of the first year of II (209 BC), a peasant uprising led by defenders Chen Sheng and Guangwu finally broke out. The flames of the uprising spread rapidly. The anti-Qin struggle was led by Xiang Yu, an old aristocrat of the six countries, and Liu Bang, a junior official of the former Qin Dynasty, respectively. By this time, Zhao Gao had killed Prime Minister Reese and II, and made the first emperor Sun Ziying the king of Qin. In 207 BC, Xiang Yu defeated Qin Jun, and Qin Jun was completely annihilated in the Battle of Julu. In 206 BC, Liu Bang entered the customs, Zi Ying left the city, and Qin died. History has entered the stage of Chu-Han War between Chu King headed by Xiang Yu and Hanwang headed by Liu Bang. In the first 202 years, Xiang Yu was defeated and Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor.

Although the history of the Qin Dynasty was short, it had a far-reaching influence on later generations. Qin Shihuang unified Chinese mainland, and its territory has been basically used to this day, except for the undeveloped border areas in the west, southwest and northeast. A set of centralization established at the beginning of the emperor was basically inherited by later dynasties; The Great Wall of Wan Li built in Qin Dynasty is still a miracle in the history of world architecture. However, the rule of Qin Shihuang was a rare brutal rule in history, so it was quickly overthrown by the people and became a short-lived dynasty.

The sudden demise of the Qin dynasty was not the result of the bondage of production relations. The relations of production in Qin Dynasty fully adapted to the productive forces and promoted their development. The sudden demise of the Qin Dynasty was not the result of the superstructure not completely adapting to the economic base. The state apparatus of the Qin Dynasty effectively protected the feudal relations of production.

The reason why the Qin Dynasty suddenly emerged and died was that the king could not offend himself or others, misjudged his own ability, misjudged the objective reality, indulged his own desires, vigorously pursued some brutal policies, and usurped power by individual conspirators. After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he raised taxes and the tax rate was as high as 50%. The corvee is getting worse, and people who work in stocks account for more than half of the residents. In order to ensure that taxes and labor are in place, the Qin dynasty also enacted harsh laws to supervise. For example, the law clearly stipulates that "the delay is three to five days; Six to ten days, one shield; After ten days, people who leave the corvee are three to five days late and will be reprimanded according to law; If you are late for six to ten days, you will be fined according to law; If you are ten days late, you will be fined a pair of armor. When they arrived in Qin Ershi, the deceased soldier received a heavier punishment and was sentenced to death according to law. Heavy taxes, hard labor and heavy punishment have seriously damaged production. " The poor evade taxes and the rich merge with each other. "The number of refugees has increased greatly, and land merger is serious. Men plow hard and lack food; Women's spinning performance, naked, eventually led to "mourning for the family, so it was called collapse", and the powerful Qin Dynasty soon fell into the predicament of decline and disintegration.

With Qin Shihuang's shrewdness, his youngest son, Qin Ershi, fainted very much. The famous allusion "referring to a deer as a horse" happened at this time. Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor: "Zhao Gao wanted chaos, fearing that his ministers would not listen, he first set up a good show, offered a deer in the second place, and said,' Ma Ye. Laugh the next day:' Is the Prime Minister wrong? Call a deer a horse. Ask left and right, left and right or silent, or say Ma Yishun Zhao Gao. Or those who talk about deer, because of high talk about deer in the shade, obey the law and all the ministers are afraid of high. "

Some time ago, 10 CCTV broadcasted a documentary about Qin Jun, a resurrected army. This paper systematically introduces the process of Qin Jun's rise to extinction. But unfortunately, the main reasons for the rapid demise of Qin were only briefly introduced, without in-depth discussion. The fundamental reasons for the demise of the Qin empire have been described in many articles, such as severe punishment and severe laws, people's overwork, etc., which will not be discussed here, but the main reasons for the rapid demise of the empire have never been disclosed in relevant articles. The main reason for the rapid demise of the Qin empire is that the two elite main forces in the north and south put this matter aside at the moment of the empire's life and death, and did not participate in the fight to suppress the peasant rebels at all. According to historical records, when the rebel army approached the capital Xianyang, Qin Ershi, who ascended the throne, had no formal main resistance, so he had to pardon the prisoners who built the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and ordered them to take up arms to suppress the rebellion. The task of defending the capital can only be entrusted to Qin Jun, who is temporarily composed of prisoners. Surprisingly, this army showed extraordinary fighting capacity. It took them a short time to defeat hundreds of thousands of peasant rebels, and the devastated empire seemed to see hope. Although this army was finally defeated by the peasant uprising army led by Xiang Yu, don't forget that this army was untrained and not led by an outstanding general, but it was still able to defeat the uprising army in the first battle. It can be seen that the fighting capacity of the peasant uprising army at that time was not strong. If Qin Jun's regular main forces had participated in the fighting at that time, the Qin Empire could not have perished so soon. The question is, where is Qin Jun's main force?

In the northern part of the empire, 300,000 elite Qin Jun, led by General Meng Tian, did not retreat south after defeating tarquin, who was brave and good at fighting, but guarded along the Great Wall. When the capital was in a state of emergency, this Qin Jun began to go south. However, no one knows exactly why it moves so slowly. Although the Great Wall is far from the capital, you can reach Xianyang City in a few days by using Qin Zhi Road, the "expressway" at that time (which was also the main reason why Qin Shihuang built Qin Zhi Road). They definitely have enough time to return to the emperor. Although Meng Tian, the general at this time, had been killed by Zhao Gao and his morale was unstable, the soldiers would not really work for the court controlled by Zhao Gao. However, the families of the generals above the middle level of the army should all be in Xianyang, the capital. It is impossible for them not to know the consequences of breaking the city, and they will definitely lead their troops back to Xianyang desperately. It is strange that they didn't go to the south to fight at all. If so, the battle will be rewritten. I feel that even tarquin, who is brave and elusive, is no match for them, let alone the peasant uprising army.

In the southern part of the empire, after Qin Shihuang unified the Qin Dynasty, he opened up the Yangtze River and Pearl River water systems by building a lingqu. After ensuring smooth grain transportation, he sent 500,000 Qin Jun south to fight against the indigenous people in South Vietnam, and finally won the victory and unified Lingnan. When the uprising broke out suddenly, this part of Qin Jun was defending the newly pacified southern territory. At the critical moment of the empire's survival, they chose silence. Sima Qian recorded that the local governor ordered the blockade of all passages between the north and the south, and prohibited troops from fighting in the north. In this way, southern Qin Jun completely abandoned its own great empire. It is understandable that the local governor should do so. They are guarding the south, thousands of kilometers away from the capital, and there is no straight road to the Qin dynasty that they can run. It is impossible to cross Qian Shan and return to Qin Huang in a short time. At that time, the chief executive of Qin Jun had two choices: one was to establish his own country, and the other was to establish a young master to wait for the Northern Expedition. There is no doubt that their fighting capacity has just been pacified in southern Xinjiang, and the only thing that needs to be solved is the problem of grain and grass. No matter which scheme you choose, it will lead to the failure of the subsequent Han army to unify China in a short time. But strangely, they had no choice but to dissolve on the spot. In this way, the Daqin Empire was overthrown by the peasant rebels without a regular main force to participate in the war. His downfall was different from that of previous and subsequent dynasties. Corruption and even the downfall of past dynasties have a process from quantitative change to qualitative change, which will never happen overnight. In the end, the army was overthrown by peasant rebels or invaded by foreign enemies because of its low combat effectiveness. However, after the unification of the six countries, the Qin Empire only existed for fifteen years, and it was overthrown when it still had a strong military force. His downfall seemed to be completed in an instant.