Ask experts to answer: the specific content of "two quality revolutions in the United States"

The first quality revolution was the American's own quality revolution, and the second was forced to meet the challenge of the Japanese.

The first quality revolution in the United States: the traditional concept of quality basically refers to whether the product performance meets the technical specifications, that is, comparing the product quality characteristics with the technical specifications (including performance indicators, design drawings, acceptance technical conditions, etc.). ). If the quality characteristic is within the tolerance range of the specification value (usually called tolerance zone), it is indistinguishable qualified, and if it is beyond the tolerance range, it is indistinguishable unqualified. This is the so-called "GoPost method". Until 1950s, compliance control has been the basic method of quality management and played an important role. This is how the United States conducted quality management in the 1980s. At present, there are still a large number of enterprises in China's industry that adopt this kind of compliance control. ) For a long time, the quality management methods adopted by American industry and many countries in the world are mainly "post method" inspection and control, and the Shewhart control chart is used for process control. The standard deviation σ of product quality characteristics is large, so it is not surprising that the probability density distribution curve of product quality characteristics in Sony factory in the United States is bread-shaped. Shewhart method can only control the manufacturing quality of products, but can't improve the internal quality of products.

Before the industrial revolution, the quality of products was controlled by each craftsman or craftsman himself.

1875 the birth of Taylor system-the beginning of scientific management

The initial quality management-inspection activities were separated from other functions, and full-time inspectors and independent inspection departments appeared.

1925, shewhart put forward the theory of statistical process control (SPC), and applied statistical technology to monitor the production process to reduce the dependence on inspection.

In 1930, Dodge and Luo Ming put forward the statistical sampling inspection method.

In the1940s, Bell Telephone Company made great achievements in the application of statistical quality control technology.

Application of statistical quality control technology promoted by American military suppliers in munitions;

The US military formulated wartime standards Z 1. 1, Z 1.2 and Z1.3-the original quality management standards. These three standards are based on the theories of shewhart, Dodge and Luo Ming.

In the 1950 s, Deming put forward the viewpoint of quality improvement-after shewhart, he systematically and scientifically put forward the continuous improvement of quality and productivity by statistical methods; Emphasize that most quality problems are problems of production and management system; Emphasize the responsibility of top managers for quality management. Since then, Deming has continuously improved his theory, and finally formed the "Deming Fourteen Methods" which has a great impact on quality management.

Began to develop a special method to improve reliability-reliability engineering began to take shape.

During the period of 1958, the US military formulated a series of military quality management standards such as MIL-Q-8958A, in which the concept of "quality assurance" was put forward, which had an impact on western industrial society.

At the beginning of 1960s, Zhu Lan and feigenbaum put forward the concept of total quality management-they suggested that in order to produce products with reasonable cost and high quality to meet the requirements of the market, it is not enough to focus only on the activities of a single department, and quality activities covering all functional departments must be planned.

The TQM theories of Deming, Zhu Lan and feigenbaum are generally accepted in Japan. Japanese enterprises have created the quality management method of Total Quality Control (TQC). Statistical techniques, especially causal charts, flow charts, histograms, checklists, scatter charts, Pareto charts and control charts, which are called "Old Seven Tools", are widely used for quality improvement.

In the1960s, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formulated a series of AQAP quality management standards-AQAP standards were based on MIL-Q-9858A and other quality management standards. The difference is that AQAP introduces the requirements of design quality control.

The second quality revolution in the United States: the United States was forced to meet the challenge of the Japanese, and a new quality management innovation began.

Six Sigma management, which arose in the United States in the 1990s, is like a raging flame burning all over the world. The list of enterprises that implement Six Sigma is like the ranking of the world's top 500 enterprises. Six Sigma not only took root in these excellent enterprises, but also stood the test of time. For a time, Six Sigma has become a hot topic in management circles all over the world. What is six sigma? Simply put, six sigma is a metric unit to measure the quality level, because the quality of six sigma means that even if the average value of your product deviates from the target value (1.5σ), the error rate of your product is 3.4 parts per million. At present, there are not many enterprises in the world that really realize the quality of Six Sigma, and the quality level of Six Sigma has become a symbol of the pursuit of perfection. Six Sigma is an effective management method developed on the basis of total quality management, which guides enterprises to "choose the right person" and do the "right thing" with the "right method". It is an effective method for continuous improvement and breakthrough to closely combine the strength of people (people with black belt qualifications), the strength of process (DMAIC) and the strength of technical methods. Six "articles" on quality management meet customers' needs, ensure stable market share and even increase the market share of enterprises by improving quality, but not for the sake of improving quality. Six Sigma has reduced the cost and increased the profit for the enterprise while improving the quality. The practice of Six Sigma completely broke the traditional old concept that "improving quality means increasing cost". Of course, Six Sigma has a more important role, which is to change the culture of enterprises, inject innovative "genes" and keep enterprises alive.

Six Sigma originated from Motorola. Many people may remember that in the 1980s, Japanese products swept the world with high quality and low price, and American manufacturing enterprises continued to suffer. The war of market competition is burning at the doorstep of American enterprises, and Motorola has also been hit hard. What they can't accept most is that after a Japanese company bought a TV factory from them, it quickly managed and operated with the Japanese management model, which quickly changed the product quality. During the period of Motorola management, the defect rate of TV set was only 1. As a result, they embarked on the arduous road of quality improvement, by formulating quality strategies and taking improvement measures to meet customer needs. Six Sigma is the biggest concept in Motorola's quality improvement activities. Motorola applies Six Sigma management to the whole manufacturing field, which greatly improves the product quality, meets the needs of customers, makes Motorola products a symbol of quality, reduces a lot of waste and rework, and increases profits for enterprises. These achievements enabled Motorola to win the American National Quality Management Award-Bodrics Prize in 1987. Motorola's success has influenced many American companies, followed by United Signal and Texas Instruments. Later, GE pushed the six horses to a climax, and the former CEO of GE was almost addicted to it. During his tenure, Six Sigma became one of the three major strategies of GE. The Six Sigma Black Belt is the only way for a person to improve, and 40% of the employee bonus is linked to the implementation of Six Sigma. New terms such as champion, master of black belt, black belt and green belt have become enviable new positions in enterprises.

Advocates of Six Sigma have developed into Six Sigma management through continuous learning and enterprise practice, and are unique in the field of quality management in the world. Of course, Six Sigma is famous all over the world because it has brought high profits and all-round benefits to enterprises, which can never be done by words. The rapid improvement of American quality in the last five years of 1990s and the promotion of American products in the world in recent years are the best proof. Sigma itself represents the variation of quality (a parameter that reflects the fluctuation between products), because customers' feelings about products are variation rather than your qualified rate. They found the metric unit, the horse level Z, which reflects the change, and defined that Z is inversely proportional to σ value. The smaller the σ value, the smaller the variation of product quality, which means that the higher the quality level, the lower the probability of product defects, that is, the higher the fitness level Z. Moreover, Motorola CEO galvin, United Signal CEO Bositi and GE CEO Welch, the three "three generations of leaders", created and developed six fitness horses, practiced six fitness horses in their own organizations, and established champions, black belts, black belts and enterprises. In terms of training, it has also changed the simple teaching in the past, but concentrated on studying for one week every month, and students returned to their posts to do projects for three weeks, lasting for four months. After the training, the students' projects are also completed. Each project not only has time limit, but also has economic benefits, which makes the quality improvement activities achieve faster, higher and better results. In practice, the six sigma improvement process summarized by Americans has become the continuation and development of our traditional PDCA cycle. In design for six sigma, there are also many different types of business summary processes to guide people. In the use of tools and methods, the United States has combined all the effective methods in the world quality field in the past 100 years into the process. A large number of good quality management methods originated in Japan and other countries have become tools in Six Sigma's treasure chest, and even reliability engineering methods used only in NASA and other fields have been integrated into the design for Six Sigma and Six Sigma improvement. They constantly improved and developed quality management in practice, and finally formed a quality management method with American characteristics-Six Sigma. Six smart horses not only changed the quality of American products, enriched the quality culture, but also affected the quality management in the world.