What cultural heritages are there in the world

World heritage refers to the rare and irreplaceable wealth recognized by UNESCO and the World Heritage Committee. It is a cultural relic and natural landscape with outstanding significance and universal value recognized by all mankind. World heritage in a narrow sense includes four categories: world cultural heritage, world natural heritage, world cultural and natural heritage and cultural landscape. Broadly speaking, world heritage is divided into cultural heritage, natural heritage, dual heritage of culture and nature, memory heritage, oral and intangible heritage of mankind (intangible cultural heritage for short) and cultural landscape heritage according to its form and nature. The seventeenth session of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization was held in Paris on 6-6 October 2007/KLOC-0, at which the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted.

China acceded to the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage on February 2, 2002. 199101On October 29th, China was elected as a member of the World Heritage Committee. China declared the World Heritage Project to UNESCO from 1986. From 1987 to July 2008, China was approved to be included in the World Heritage List, with 37 world heritages, including 25 cultural heritages, 7 natural heritages, 4 natural cultural heritages and 1 cultural landscape, ranking third in the world. In addition, there are four intangible cultural heritages listed in Masterpieces of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, and four world memory heritages listed in the World Memory Heritage List.

By the end of 2003, 177 countries or regions have joined the World Heritage Convention and become parties (one of the conventions with the largest number of parties at present). By 2003, 754 World Heritage Sites had been declared by 125 countries in the world. Among them, there are 582 cultural heritages, 23 natural heritages 149 and 23 dual cultural and natural heritages.

UNESCO has noticed that the cultural heritage and natural heritage of all countries in the world are increasingly threatened by destruction. On the one hand, it is caused by aging, on the other hand, the socio-economic conditions have deteriorated, causing more difficult damage or destruction. Any destruction or destruction of cultural or natural heritage will exhaust the world heritage.

The work of protecting this kind of heritage in some countries is not perfect, because it requires a lot of investment, while some countries do not have enough economic and scientific strength. Therefore, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) believes that it is necessary to adopt new regulations in the form of a convention, so as to establish a permanent and effective system for collective protection of cultural and natural heritage with outstanding universal value, so that these world heritages of all mankind can be preserved. Therefore, UNESCO adopted "In June1972165438+1"

Edit the evaluation of world heritage in this paragraph.

The evaluation criteria of world heritage are mainly based on Articles 1 and 2 of the Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Heritage projects listed in the World Heritage List must go through strict examination and approval procedures.

The annual meeting of the World Heritage Committee examines and approves the heritage projects applied for inclusion in the list, mainly based on the evaluation report submitted by the Committee after entrusting relevant experts to conduct field visits to heritage sites nominated by various countries.

The inspection of heritage sites nominated by various countries is mainly organized by the Committee in cooperation with ICOMOS and IUCN. Headquartered in Paris, the former was founded in 1965. It is the only international non-governmental organization engaged in the application and promotion of cultural heritage protection theory, method, science and technology, with more than 80 national members and more than 4,500 individual members. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the latter was founded in 1948, formerly known as the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Its purpose is to promote and encourage human beings to protect and permanently use natural resources. Its members include rich institutions, non-governmental organizations, scientific research and protection institutions in 120 countries. Entrusted by the World Heritage Committee, they respectively inspected the cultural and natural heritages nominated for inclusion in the list and submitted evaluation reports.

Edit the application procedure for world heritage.

According to UNESCO's document, there are nine steps to declare World Heritage: 1. A country must first sign the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage to ensure the protection of its cultural and natural heritage and become a contracting party. 2. Any State Party shall draw up a preliminary list of cultural and natural heritage with outstanding universal value within its territory. 3. Select the heritage to be included in the World Heritage List from the preparatory list. 4. Send the completed nomination form to the UNESCO World Heritage Center. 5. The UNESCO World Heritage Center shall check whether the nomination is complete and submit it to the World Conservation Union and the International Council of Monuments and Sites for review. 6. Experts go to the site to evaluate the protection and management of the heritage. According to the standards of cultural and natural heritage, the World Conservation Union and the International Council of Monuments and Sites review the nominations submitted. 7. The World Conservation Union and the International Council of Monuments and Sites submitted assessment reports. 7. Members of the Presidium of the World Heritage Committee shall review the nomination review report and submit the recommended list to the Committee. 9. The World Heritage Committee composed of 2 1 members finally decided to be selected, postponed or eliminated.

Editing the standards of this world heritage

Two premises: ① authenticity (the most basic premise) ② protection and management (laws and regulations and funds are formulated by relevant management agencies).

World heritage is divided into natural heritage, cultural heritage, mixture of natural heritage and cultural heritage and cultural landscape. World Heritage has clear definitions and standards for nomination by member countries and approval by the Heritage Committee.

1. Cultural heritage

Cultural relics: buildings, sculptures and paintings with outstanding and universal value, components or structures with archaeological significance, inscriptions, caves, settlements and various cultural relics from the perspective of history, art or science.

Architectural complex: from the historical, artistic or scientific point of view, because of its architectural form, identity and position in the landscape, it has outstanding and universal value of individuals or interrelated architectural complexes.

Sites: man-made projects or masterpieces of man and nature and archaeological sites with outstanding and universal value from the perspective of history, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology.

Its criteria are:

(1) represents a unique artistic achievement and a creative masterpiece of genius.

(2) It can have a significant impact on the development of architectural art, memorial art, planning or landscape design in a certain period or in a certain cultural region of the world.

(3) It can provide a unique or at least special witness for a disappearing civilization or cultural tradition.

(4) It can be used as an outstanding example of a building, a group of buildings or a landscape to show an important stage (or stages) in human history.

(5) It can be regarded as an outstanding example of traditional human habitation or use, representing one (or several) cultures, especially under the influence of irreversible changes.

(6) It has a direct and substantial connection with events of special universal significance or current traditions or ideas or beliefs or literary and artistic works (the Committee believes that this paragraph can only be the reason for listing in the catalogue under some special circumstances or when the standards work together with other standards).

2. Natural heredity

From an aesthetic or scientific point of view, a natural feature consisting of geological and biological structures or such structural groups with outstanding and universal value.

From a scientific or conservation point of view, it has a prominent and universal geological and natural geographical structure, as well as a clearly defined habitat for endangered animal and plant species.

From the point of view of science, protection or natural beauty, a natural scenic spot or a clearly defined natural zone with outstanding and universal value.

Its criteria are:

(1) is an outstanding example, representing an important stage in the history of earth modernization.

(2) It constitutes an outstanding example representing important geological processes, biological evolution processes and the relationship between human beings and the natural environment.

(3) Unique, rare or wonderful natural phenomena, landforms or areas with rare natural beauty.

(4) Habitats of rare and endangered animals and plants.

3. Types of cultural landscape:

(1) The landscape intentionally designed and built by human beings. Including gardens and parks built for aesthetic reasons, they are often (but not always) associated with religious or other conceptual buildings or groups.

(2) The organic evolution of landscape. It originated from the initial social, economic, administrative and religious needs, and developed into the present form through the connection or adaptation with the surrounding natural environment. It also includes two subcategories: first, the remains (fossils) landscape represents an evolutionary process that has ended in a certain period in the past, whether it is sudden or gradual. They have outstanding and universal value because their distinctive features are still reflected in the physical objects. Secondly, the sustainable landscape, which maintains a positive social role in the local society related to the traditional lifestyle, is still in the process of its own evolution, and at the same time shows the physical evidence of its evolution and development in history.

Edit this cultural heritage

According to the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, one of the following categories can be classified as cultural heritage:

1. Cultural relics: buildings, sculptures and paintings with outstanding and universal value, components or structures with archaeological significance, inscriptions, caves, settlements and various cultural relics from the perspective of history, art or science;

2. Buildings: From a historical, artistic or scientific point of view, they have outstanding and universal value because of their architectural form, identity and position in the landscape.

3. Sites: man-made projects or masterpieces of man and nature and archaeological sites with outstanding and universal value from the perspective of history, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology.

There are six specific evaluation criteria for world cultural heritage, so long as they meet any one of them (except Article 6, which cannot exist alone), they can be selected into the World Heritage List.

A stands for creative masterpieces of genius: for example, the pyramids and the Great Wall.

B It had a great influence in a certain period or a certain cultural area in the world-for example, Versailles (the oldest and largest palace in Europe, whose layout and specifications have influenced Europe for two or three centuries).

C. special proof of a culture. For example, the Persian city-state palace in Iran was left over from the Persian Empire. The carvings on the wall reflect the situation in Persia at that time, and the tributes from various countries are cultural proof. On Easter Island, there are only huge stone statues left, leaving no other antiquities. Only stone statues were used to study the history at that time.

D. a model of a historical period. Different from the second article, the model refers to more influences, such as the Vatican, which influenced the 6th and 7th centuries, and everything is essential.

E. outstanding examples that are difficult to preserve, such as Indian reservations.

F it has direct and substantial connection with some major events or previous traditional concepts or beliefs or literary and artistic works. This clause cannot be established independently. Such as Jerusalem and the Statue of Liberty.

Edit this part of the natural heritage

The Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage defines natural heritage as one of the following:

1. From the aesthetic or scientific point of view, natural features with outstanding and universal value are composed of geological and biological structures or such structural groups;

2. From a scientific or conservation point of view, geological and natural geographical structures with outstanding and universal values, and clearly defined ecological zones of endangered animal and plant species;

3. From the point of view of science, protection or natural beauty, there are only natural places or clearly defined natural areas with outstanding and universal values.

Natural heritage projects listed in the World Heritage List must meet one or more of the following criteria and be approved:

1, which constitutes an outstanding example representing an important stage in the history of earth evolution;

2. It is an outstanding example representing important geological processes, biological evolution processes and the relationship between human beings and the natural environment;

3. Unique, rare or wonderful natural phenomena, landforms or areas with rare natural beauty;

4. Habitats of existing rare or endangered animal and plant species.

Edit this cultural landscape and others.

The concept of cultural landscape was put forward at the16th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee held in Santa Fe, USA in February, and was listed in the World Heritage List.

In this way, the world heritage can be divided into: natural heritage, cultural heritage, a mixture of natural heritage and cultural heritage (that is, dual heritage, China's Taishan, Huangshan, Emei Mountain-Leshan Giant Buddha) and cultural landscape. Cultural landscape represents the "works of nature and human beings" expressed in Article 1 of the Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Generally speaking, there are the following types of cultural landscapes:

1. Landscape designed and built by human beings. Including gardens and parks built for aesthetic reasons, they are often (but not always) associated with religious or other memorial buildings or buildings.

2. The landscape of organic evolution. It originated from the initial social, economic, administrative and religious needs, and developed into the present form through the connection or adaptation with the surrounding natural environment. It also includes two categories: one is the relic (or fossil) landscape, which represents an evolutionary process that has ended in the past, whether it is sudden or gradual. They have outstanding and universal value because their distinctive features are still reflected in the physical objects. The second is the sustainable landscape, which maintains a positive social role associated with the traditional lifestyle in today's society, and its own evolution process is still in progress, while showing the physical evidence of its evolution and development in history.

3. Related cultural landscape. This kind of landscape is listed in the World Heritage List, which is characterized by its connection with natural factors, strong religion, art or culture, rather than cultural material evidence. In addition, once the historical sites and natural landscapes listed in the World Heritage List are seriously threatened, they can be listed in the List of Endangered World Heritage after investigation and consideration by the World Heritage Committee, pending emergency rescue measures.

Edit this oral and intangible heritage of mankind

The oral and intangible heritage of mankind (referred to as intangible cultural heritage), also known as intangible heritage, is a concept relative to tangible heritage, that is, material heritage that can be passed down. Refers to various forms of traditional cultural expressions (such as folk activities, performing arts, traditional knowledge and skills, and related appliances, articles, handicrafts, etc.). ) and the cultural space closely related to people of all ethnic groups from generation to generation.

The International Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage adopted on June 5438+ 10, 2003 points out that intangible cultural heritage should cover five aspects: 1. Oral legends and expressions, including language as a medium of intangible cultural heritage; 2. Performing arts; 3. Social customs, etiquette and festivals; 4. Knowledge and practice about nature and the universe; 5. Traditional handicraft skills. The convention also points out that the intangible meaning in the concept of intangible cultural heritage is opposite to the material production that meets people's basic material needs, and refers to the intangible meaning of spiritual production aimed at meeting people's spiritual needs. The so-called immateriality does not mean that it is insulated from matter, but refers to its creative activities and the crystallization of its spiritual field in the form of immateriality.

At present, China has a national intangible cultural heritage list, and it is necessary to enter the national intangible cultural heritage list to declare the representative works of the United Nations.

Edit this world memory heritage

World Memory, also known as World Memory Project or World Archives Heritage, is a document protection project initiated by UNESCO in 1992. Its purpose is to rescue the aged, damaged and disappeared documents all over the world through international cooperation and the best technical means, so as to make human memory more complete. The World Memory Heritage is an extension of the World Cultural Heritage Project. World cultural heritage focuses on buildings or sites with historical, artistic, archaeological, scientific or anthropological research value, while world memory heritage focuses on documentary heritage. At present, China has been selected into the World Memory Heritage List, including four ancient books and documents of Naxi Dongba.

The World Memory Heritage List is an extension of the World Heritage Project.

Edit this part of China's world heritage.

China World Heritage List (37 places)

Cultural heritage (25 places)

the Great Wall

the Forbidden City

Beijing summer palace

Tiantan in Beijing

Mo Kao Grotto at Dunhuang

Qin Shihuang Mausoleum and Terracotta Warriors Pit

The remains of Peking Homo erectus in Zhoukoudian

Chengde mountain resort and its surrounding temples.

Confucius House, Confucius Temple and Confucius Forest

Ancient buildings in Wudang Mountain

Potala Palace in Tibet

Old Town of Lijiang

Ancient City of Pingyao

The Classical Gardens of Suzhou

Ming and Qing imperial tombs

Macao historical center

Longmen Grottos

Yin ruins in Anyang

Dazu rock carvings

Dujiangyan-Qingcheng Mountain

Xidihong Village, an ancient village in southern Anhui

Yungang Grottoes in Shanxi Province

Capital and Mausoleum of Ancient Koguryo Kingdom

Kaiping Diaolou and Village

Fujian Hakka Tulou

Natural heritage (7 places)

wulingyuen scenik and historik interest area

Jiuzhaigou scenic spot

huanglong scenic and historic interest area

Parallel flow of three rivers

Giant panda habitat

Karst landform in southern China

Sanqingshan scenic spot

Dual heritage of culture and nature (4 places)

Taishan scenic spot

Huangshan Scenic Area

Emei Mountain-Leshan Giant Buddha

Mount Wuyi

Cultural landscape (1)

Lushan Scenic Resort

* * In addition, there are four oral and intangible cultural heritages of mankind and four world memory heritages:

Oral human and intangible heritage/intangible heritage (4 places)

Kunqu opera

Chinese Guqin Art

Xinjiang Uygur Muqam Art

Mongolian long-tune folk songs

Memory Legacy (4 locations)

Traditional Music Recording Archives (Library of China Academy of Fine Arts)

Secret Archives of Qing Cabinet (China No.1 Historical Archives)

Dajinbang in Qing Dynasty (China No.1 Historical Archives)

Ancient books and documents of Naxi Dongba (Dongba Culture Institute, Yunnan Academy of Social Sciences)

List of World Heritage Protection in China (Part)

Yunju Temple Pagoda and Shijing (Fangshan, Beijing) Beijing Ancient Observatory (Jianguomen, Beijing)

Beihai Park (Xicheng District, Beijing) Anji Bridge (Zhao County, Hebei Province)

Dule Temple (Jixian County, Tianjin) Yungang Grottoes (Datong, Shanxi)

Ding Cun Residence (Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province) Yongle Palace (Ruicheng County, Shanxi Province)

Niuheliang Site (Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province) Yuanshangdu Site (Lightning River, Zhenglan Banner, Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia)

Xi An Beilin Xi An Ancient City Wall Han Chang 'an Ancient City Ruins (Xi 'an)

Liangzhu Site of West Lake in Hangzhou (Yuhang, Zhejiang) Lunan Stone Forest (Lunan, Yunnan)

Tonglushan Ancient Copper Mine Site (Daye County, Huangshi City, Hubei Province)

Jiangnan Water Town (Suzhou Zhouzhuang and Tongli) Shennongjia National Nature Reserve Silk Road (China)

Chengyang Yongji Bridge (Sanjiang, Guangxi, namely Yufeng Bridge) Buddhist Temple Sakyamuni Pagoda (Yingxian, Shanxi, namely "Wooden Pagoda")

Lugouqiao (Fengtai, Beijing) Kaiyuan Temple Tower (Dingzhou, Hebei)

Beikeji (Wutai County, Shanxi Province) Yinxu (Anyang, Henan Province)

Han Daming Palace Site (Xi 'an) Lijiang River in Guilin (Guangxi)

Four Treasures of the Study, traditional medicine, Tibetan medicine and so on. (to be declared)

Edit this paragraph of the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.

(Adopted by the 17th General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in Paris on June 1972+065438+ 10/6, 2006)

The seventeenth session of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization was held in Paris on 6-6 October 2007/KLOC-0. Noting that cultural heritage and natural heritage are increasingly threatened by destruction, on the one hand, due to aging, on the other hand, changing social and economic conditions worsen the situation, making it more difficult to destroy and destroy;

Considering that the degradation or loss of any cultural or natural heritage has the harmful effect of depleting the world heritage;

Considering that the protection of this kind of heritage at the national level is often not perfect, because this work requires a lot of means, and the countries where the heritage is listed as the protection object do not have enough economic, scientific and technological strength;

Recalling that the Organization's Constitution stipulates that the Organization will protect, promote and disseminate knowledge through the protection and maintenance of world heritage, and recommending relevant countries to conclude necessary international conventions;

Taking into account the existing international conventions on cultural and natural heritage; Suggestions and resolutions show that it is important for people all over the world to protect this rare and irreplaceable property, no matter which country it belongs to;

Considering the outstanding importance of some cultural or natural heritage, it needs to be protected as a part of the world heritage of all mankind;

Considering that, in view of the scale and seriousness of the new dangers threatening this heritage, it is the responsibility of the whole international community to participate in the protection of cultural and natural heritage with outstanding universal value by providing collective assistance; Although this kind of assistance can not replace the actions taken by the countries concerned, it will be an effective supplement;

Considering that it is necessary to adopt new provisions in the form of a convention in order to establish a permanent and effective system for collective protection of cultural and natural heritage with outstanding universal value based on modern scientific methods;

At its sixteenth session, the General Assembly decided that an international convention should be formulated on this issue.

This Convention was adopted on June 5438+0972+065438+ 10/6, 2006.

I. Definition of cultural and natural heritage

Article 1 In this Convention, the following items are "cultural heritage":

Cultural relics: buildings, stone carvings and paintings, archaeological elements or structures, inscriptions, caves and buildings with outstanding universal value from a historical, artistic or scientific point of view;

Architectural complex: a single or connected architectural complex with outstanding universal value in terms of architectural style, uniform distribution or combination with environmental scenery from the perspective of history, art or science;

Ruins: from the perspective of history, aesthetics and ethnology, human engineering or natural and artificial joint engineering, archaeological sites and other places with outstanding universal value.

Article 2 In this Convention, the following items are "natural heritage":

Structure or the natural appearance of such a structure group;

Geological and natural geographical structures with outstanding universal value from the perspective of plum or protection, and clearly classified as habitats of threatened animals and plants;

From the point of view of science, protection or natural beauty, a natural scenic spot or clearly defined natural area with outstanding universal value. .

Article 3 Each State Party to this Convention may independently identify and divide the cultural and natural property within its territory as mentioned in Articles 65 and 2 above.

Two. National and international protection of cultural and natural heritage

Article 4 Each State Party to this Convention recognizes that it is primarily the responsibility of the country concerned to ensure the identification, protection, preservation, display and inheritance of the cultural and natural heritage within its territory as mentioned in Articles 65-438+0 and 2. To this end, the state will do its utmost to make full use of its own resources and, when necessary, make use of existing international assistance and cooperation, especially in finance, art, science and technology.

Article 5 In order to take active and effective measures to ensure, protect, preserve and display the cultural and natural heritage within its territory, each State Party to this Convention shall do its best to do the following according to its specific conditions:

1. Adopt an overall policy aimed at making cultural and natural heritage play a certain role in social life, and incorporate heritage protection into the overall planning plan;

2. If there are no institutions responsible for the protection, preservation and display of cultural and natural heritage in China, establish one or more such institutions, equipped with appropriate staff and the means necessary to perform their functions;

3. Develop scientific and technological research and formulate practical methods that can resist the dangers that threaten the national cultural or natural heritage;

4. Take appropriate legal, scientific, technical, administrative and financial measures to identify, protect, preserve, display and repair this heritage; 5. Promote the establishment or development of national or regional training centers for the protection, preservation and display of cultural and natural heritage, and encourage scientific research in this field.

Article 6

1. While fully respecting the sovereignty of the countries where the cultural and natural heritages are located as mentioned in Articles 1 and 2, the States parties to this Convention recognize that such heritages are part of the world heritage, so the whole international community has the responsibility to cooperate to protect them.

2. According to the provisions of this Convention, the Contracting States shall, upon request, help the countries concerned to identify, protect, preserve and display the cultural and natural heritage mentioned in paragraphs 2 and 4 of Article 1 1.

3. Each State Party to this Convention shall not intentionally take any measures that may directly or indirectly damage the cultural and natural heritage mentioned in Articles 65-438+0 and 2 of this Convention.

Article 7 In this Convention, the international protection of the world cultural and natural heritage should be understood as the establishment of an international cooperation and assistance system aimed at supporting the efforts of the States parties to this Convention to preserve and identify such heritage.

The Third Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage

Article 8

1. Within UNESCO, an intergovernmental committee for the protection of cultural and natural heritage with outstanding universal value shall be established, which shall be called the World Heritage Committee. The Committee is composed of 15 States parties elected by the Conference of States Parties to this Convention held during the regular session of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. After at least 40 States parties have implemented this Convention, the number of members of the Committee will increase to 265,438+0 from the date of the regular session of the General Assembly.

2. The election of members of the Committee must ensure a balanced representation of different regions and cultures of the world.

3. A representative of the International Research Center for the Protection and Restoration of Cultural Relics (Rome Center), a representative of the International Council of Monuments and Sites and a representative of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Resources may attend the meetings of the Committee as consultants. In addition, representatives of other intergovernmental organizations or non-governmental organizations with similar objectives may also attend the meetings of the Committee as consultants at the request of the States parties to this Convention that hold the General Conference during the regular session of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Article 9

1. The term of office of the members of the World Heritage Committee begins at the end of the elected regular session of the General Assembly and ends at the end of the third regular session after the current session.

2. However, the term of office of one third of the members appointed in the first election will end at the end of the first ordinary meeting after being elected as a member of this general meeting of shareholders; The term of office of the other third member appointed at the same time will end at the end of the second regular meeting after being elected as a member of this session of the General Assembly. These members were chosen by lot by the President of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization after the first election.

3. Members of the Committee shall appoint persons qualified in cultural or natural heritage as their representatives.

Article 10

1. Each State Party to this Convention shall make every effort to submit to the World Heritage Committee a list of properties within its territory that constitute cultural and natural heritage and are suitable for inclusion in the World Heritage List mentioned in paragraph 2 of this article. This list should not be considered complete, but should include documents about the location and significance of the heritage.