The answer mode of argumentative, expository and literary works in junior high school

1. Extract and summarize the central argument of the article.

2. Understand the deep meaning and expressive function of keywords in a specific context.

3. Check the types and functions of parameters.

4. Differentiate the methods, ways or angles of argumentation.

5. Explore and analyze the language of the article.

6. According to the meaning of the text, list factual arguments from your own reading and life accumulation, or talk about your own personalized reading enlightenment and sentiment.

2. Question analysis:

1. What is the central point of this article?

(1) frequently appears in the following positions: title, beginning and end.

(2) The second paragraph of the article: If the first paragraph lists various phenomena in life, arguments may appear in the second paragraph.

(3) There is a transitional sentence connecting the preceding with the following in the middle of the article, which is an argument.

(4) There are arguments in the article. There is no central argument. We should integrate the sub-arguments and sum up the central argument ourselves. However, this situation rarely occurs in the senior high school entrance examination.

2. What are the following words with dots in the text?

We can use four-step "problem-solving skills" to solve a problem: first, find the word in the original text, and then contact the context to find what it refers to. This kind of problem basically appears in front of the word, not far away. The answer can generally be extracted directly from the original text, and sometimes it is necessary to summarize and delete the stem of the question.

Example: "Hawking is a myth. Disabled people and scientific giants are integrated in him. His popular science masterpiece A Brief History of Time is regarded as a milestone in the history of human science. His study of "black holes" has given mankind a profound understanding of the universe. Such a feat is associated with a highly disabled person. It can really give people a great shock. " What do you mean by "such an achievement" in this passage?

A: "Such a feat" means that his popular science masterpiece A Brief History of Time is regarded as a landmark masterpiece in the history of human science. His study of "black holes" has given mankind a profound understanding of the universe.

3. Point out what argumentation method is used in the following paragraphs? What's the role?

(1) argument: By quoting X, Y's point of view is fully and forcefully proved, and the persuasiveness of the article is enhanced.

(2) Demonstration with examples: By citing the example of X, the viewpoint Y is proved concretely and forcefully, thus making the demonstration more concrete and convincing (or enhancing the interest of the article and attracting readers).

(3) Metaphorical argument: compare X to Y to prove Z's point of view, thus making the abstract and profound truth vivid and easy to understand.

(4) Comparative argument: Through the comparison of X and Y, Z's point of view is clearly and forcefully proved, which makes the argument more convincing and enhances the interest of the article.

Example:

For example, "Life is a big stage. We are all performers. However, a truly excellent actor wins more applause by virtue of the sincerity and richness of his inner world, not just by virtue of his gorgeous appearance to please the audience. As Mr. Fu Lei, a famous translator in China, said, "As long as a person is sincere, he can always impress others. "What is the method of argument used in this article? What is the function?

A: (1) Metaphorical argument. The author compares life to a stage and demonstrates that honesty is valuable, thus making the abstract and profound truth vivid and easy to understand.

(2) argument. Citing Mr. Fu Lei's words, it effectively demonstrates the argument that honesty is valuable and enhances the persuasiveness of the article.

4. Tell me about the argumentation process of a certain paragraph or paragraphs.

(1) First (both positive and negative) quote * * examples or arguments. Then all conclusions (or points to be proved) are scored-the total score.

(2) What advice should I put forward first? Then use * * examples (both positive and negative) or reasonable arguments to demonstrate. Finally, the conclusion of * * (or the reason for * *) is "total-subtotal".

The answering skills of this type of question. (1) Point out the argument of the paragraph. (2) Answer what the argument is. (3) Use conjunctions well. (4) Answers should be accurate, concise and fluent.

5. What role does the following sentence (or paragraph) play in the full text?

(1) Common functions: lead out the next article (full text), summarize the previous article (full text), and connect the preceding with the following.

(2) The function of the opening paragraph of an argumentative paper: (1) serves as the theoretical argument or factual argument of the article. (2) Lead to an argument or topic. (3) Enhance the interest of articles and stimulate readers' interest in reading.

Function of the first paragraph:

(1) Put forward * * * central argument (or lead to * * * topic) by writing * * * examples (quoting famous sayings).

(2) By quoting interesting stories of famous people (allusions, legends, poems, fables), put forward * * arguments (or lead to * * topics) to attract readers' reading interest.

(3) Take * * cases (famous sayings) as factual arguments (rational arguments) to prove the * * argument of the article and enhance the persuasiveness of the argument.

6. Are the positions of the two paragraphs interchangeable? Why?

Let's see if these two paragraphs have anything to do with the last paragraph. If not. Let's see if there is a sequential relationship between these two paragraphs, such as time and logic. We can analyze and answer.

Two answering skills: (1)No. Because these paragraphs are in one-to-one correspondence with the word * * in the paragraph *.

(2) no. Because these paragraphs have a logical order or time relationship.

(or does not conform to people's cognitive habits from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. )

7. Write an appropriate argument for this article according to the article.

First, read the paragraph carefully. Find out what the argument of this paragraph is. Then see if the topic asks you to supplement factual arguments or theoretical arguments. Search whether your usual accumulated arguments meet the requirements. According to the requirements of the topic, and pay attention to the connection with the context, pay attention to the use of related words, so as to compile appropriate factual arguments or rational arguments.

8. What arguments are used in the article? What's the role?

Including factual argument and rational argument.

Facts: typical cases, historical facts and statistical data;

Truth: generally, it is the verified truth, famous sayings, epigrams and proverbs. Principles, laws and formulas of natural science.

Answer skills: * * argument is used, and * * * argument is proved.

9. What is the structure of this article? (How is it discussed)

1), parallel type. List several aspects of the central argument. There are often arguments.

2), progressive. Gradually deepen and develop; From beginning to end, interlocking. (pay attention to the order)

3), contrast. Positive and negative contrast.

4), comprehensive.

10. Can the words added in the text be deleted? Why?

Answer skills: (1) No (2) This word means * * *. ③ It means * * * after deletion. (4) This kind of expression is not rigorous and the language is not rigorous, which makes the argument unconvincing.

Language of argumentative writing:

1) rigor; 2) Prompt "Dan", "OK" and "True"; 3) Emotional color of words; 4) Mood and sentence patterns (rhetorical question, rhetorical question, imperative sentence, willing statement sentence, parallelism sentence, double negation, etc. )

1 1. Combine the author's life experience and his own reality to evaluate the author's point of view, or talk about his own personalized reading enlightenment and sentiment.

Although the form of this kind of questions is open, fundamentally speaking, the questions are generally closely related to the central argument or sub-argument. So as long as you find the argument of the article and stick to the problem solving, you can get half the score. Then we can discuss it according to the requirements of the topic and our social reality. The language is concise, coherent, appropriate and reasonable, and we can all get the scores of such topics.

Answer skills: (1) argument. (2) Explain the origin of the argument with the article. (3) Connecting with reality (using theoretical arguments or factual arguments) (4) Calling for action.

Explanatory genre

First, explain the basic knowledge of the text.

1. Concept: Explanatory writing is a practical style with "explanation" as the main expression, which is used to introduce or explain the state, nature, structure, function, production method, development process and internal affairs of things.

2. Difference from other styles: Argumentative writing convinces people by reasoning, and philosophy is its main feature; Narration is emotional, and image is its main feature; Explanatory writing teaches people with knowledge, and knowledge is its main feature.

3. Classification of explanatory texts

Description: Suzhou gardens, for example, show the characteristics of "ensuring that no matter where tourists stand, there is always a perfect picture in front of them".

Caption: For example, the Dead Sea does not die. Scientifically, the reason why the Dead Sea does not die is that the salinity of seawater is very high.

Two. reading skills

(a) reading the text should pay attention to the following aspects:

The first trick: be good at finding the right person.

The second trick: be good at summarizing the characteristics of the object.

The third measure: be good at analyzing and explaining the order.

The fourth trick: be good at analyzing and explaining methods and their functions. Clearly explain the characteristics of the method and analyze its specific role in the article.

The fifth measure: be good at analyzing the language of expository writing.

The sixth trick: be good at analyzing the purpose of quoting ancient books or famous sayings. First of all, we should understand the meaning of the quoted ancient books or famous sayings. Now, we should contact the content of the explanation and see what is the internal relationship between them, so as to understand the purpose of their quotation. What is the function of telling stories at the beginning or in the middle of the explanation? The purpose of telling a story at the beginning of an article is often to arouse readers' interest in reading or to draw out the object of explanation. Telling a story in the middle of an article or paragraph is often to enhance the readability of the explanatory text, but also to explain the source or function of things.

The seventh trick: be good at completing open questions. According to the requirement of "paying attention to understanding the scientific spirit and scientific thinking method embodied in the works" in the "New Curriculum Standard", it is explained that the examination of the essay is bound to guide students to pay attention to human beings, nature, ecological environment, scientific and technological progress and future development, and is conducive to cultivating students' scientific attitude, scientific thinking, scientific quality, scientific spirit and scientific method.

(2) Explanatory reading generally involves 1 1 types of questions:

1, check object:

Answer skills: First, understand the topic, many explanatory topics themselves indicate the object of explanation, such as "China Stone Arch Bridge" and "Suzhou Garden". Second, grasp the first enclosed sentence and the central sentence. Explanatory texts often need to use the first enclosing sentence and the central sentence to prompt the key points, including explaining the characteristics of things. On the other hand, if you need to add a title to the paragraph of the explanatory text, you can also use the explanatory object as the title.

The answer forms a phrase: This article introduces the … (object plus features) of ….

Example: Understanding the weather from clouds introduces the relationship between clouds and weather, and how to understand the weather from clouds.

2, the characteristics of the things being explained:

Answer skills: try to find the original sentence from the original text. If not, pay attention to the meaning of the paragraph and the central sentence

Chinese stone arch bridge has three characteristics: long history, beautiful shape and solid structure.

3. Interpretation method: 1. Common interpretation methods include: example, classification, definition, imitation, explanation, analogy, column number, column diagram and quotation.

2, the role of common methods:

1. Example: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things by giving specific examples, making the explanation more specific and convincing.

(2) Classification: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in different categories to make the explanation more organized.

③ Comparison: Compare the differences between _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

(4) Interpretation: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand.

⑤. For example: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and so on.

6. Imitation: Give a vivid description of the characteristics/events of things, so as to make the explanation more specific.

⑦ Definition: To reveal the object/science in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics/science of things more scientifically, essentially and generally.

⑧ Numbering: Use specific data to explain the characteristics/facts of things, so as to make the explanation more accurate and convincing.

⑨ Charting: Explain the characteristics/events of things by means of charts to make the explanation more concise and intuitive.

⑩ Quotation: Quotation has the following forms-

First, cite specific cases; (The function is the same as the example)

B, citing specific data; (Functions in the same column)

C. quote famous sayings, aphorisms and proverbs; The function is to make the explanation more convincing.

D, citing myths and legends, news reports, riddles, anecdotes, etc. The function is to enhance the interest of the explanation.

(The reference description is at the beginning of the article, which also leads to the description object. )

4. Explain the order: introduce the characteristics or reasons of things in an orderly manner.

Time sequence: that is, arrange the order of explanation according to the time sequence of things' occurrence and development, so as to write down the development and changes of things. This order is generally used for biographies, scientific observation records, and explanatory words to explain the occurrence, development or production process of things or events.

Spatial order: That is, according to the spatial existence form of things, from outside to inside, from top to bottom, from front to back, or from far to near. This order of interpretation is generally used to explain the shape and structural characteristics of things.

Logical order; That is, the order of interpretation is arranged according to the internal relationship of things or things and the process of adults understanding things. From total to total (or from total to total), from main to secondary, from phenomenon to essence, from cause to result, from individual to general (or from general to individual), from abstract to concrete, from whole to part (or from part to concrete) and so on.

Description of buildings, scenic spots, etc. Usually follow spatial order's description. When introducing the characteristics of each stage of a thing or production process, time sequence is often used. When introducing abstract things, it is often necessary to adopt logical order.

In recent years, most of the selected paragraphs in expositions are scientific and technological expositions, and these expositions are generally rational expositions, so they are mostly in logical order.

5. Summary of paragraph meaning:

Sentence pattern: explain … introduce …

Methods: Find the central sentence; Combine this paragraph, summarize, summarize, combine, combine punctuation, pay special attention to semicolons, and refine carefully.

6. The referential meaning of "such": refers to the closest sentence or the above sentence.

7, paragraph sentence order:

Why can't I change the order of paragraphs?

Cannot be interchanged: The original text introduces things in the order from … to …, which is illogical after interchange.

The fifth and sixth paragraphs of March to the Desert refer to the above-mentioned order of guerrilla warfare and positional warfare.

In the total score relationship, the sub-saying part is in harmony with the previous total saying part. Look at the weather from the clouds

8. Language accuracy: type 1. What is the function of adding words? Grasp the accuracy of the explanation and answer the questions.

Countermeasures: A: It accurately/vividly explains the characteristics/reasons of things "……". Type 2. Can you use another word instead? And explain why.

Countermeasures: A: (1) No (2) The meaning or content of the original word. (3) The meaning or content of the changed words. (4) What changes have taken place in the meaning after the change, which is not in line with reality.

Type 3. Can restrictive words be deleted?

Countermeasure: A: (1) statement (delete or not delete). (2) qualitative. Such as: "comparison", "almost" and "equivalent"; Estimate the number of tables such as "about", "possible" and "about". (3) If it is deleted, what will the original meaning become? It is unrealistic and too absolute. (4) The word XX embodies the accuracy, thoroughness and scientificity of language.

Type 4, find a word from the article that can reflect the "accurate" characteristics of explanatory language and experience it.

Type 5: reference-what do these conditions, this phenomenon and the same truth refer to in the text? Countermeasures: generally refers to the sentence before pronouns, find the nearest sentence. Sometimes it should be noted that it may not be the whole sentence, but a part.

9. Explain the structure of the text.

The common forms of expository structure are: total score, total score, total score, total score, parallel and progressive.

10, check whether you can capture important information from the reading materials and summarize the contents of the paragraphs; Summarize the main points of the full text.

Tip: Read the original text carefully, and you can usually find the answer from it.

(Example: What great geological changes have taken place in the Dead Sea?

Answer: (1) The layered structure of seawater disappears; (2) Hydrogen sulfide in seawater disappears; (3) Salt deposition increased.

1 1, divergent innovation: In recent years, open-ended examination questions have become an important form to cultivate students' innovative spirit and practical ability because of their diversity and uniqueness of answers, and their proportion in the examination is also increasing. It can be seen from the comprehensive open examination questions in various places. This kind of test questions are probably examined from the following aspects:

(1) describes the innovative expression of the content.

(2) express your own unique views and opinions on a certain phenomenon.

(3) talk about your understanding of a problem in combination with reality.

(4) Reasoning and bold imagination according to the content of the article.

(5) From the content of the article to real life, explain the related phenomena in real life.

(6) Propose solutions to environmental problems of human concern, and write warning slogans, suggestions and advertisements. This kind of questions examines students' comprehensive ability. It examines students' concern about life. To do this kind of problems well, students should first have an accurate grasp of the given materials, and then fully mobilize the existing knowledge and experience. Then move to the paragraph. Open questions, although there is no unique answer, can express their opinions. But when answering questions, we should answer them from three angles:

(1) is to answer questions about materials. Not necessarily according to the standard answer, give full marks if you answer correctly;

(2) It is the inspiration and feeling after reading the materials. Such an answer is also personalized;

(3) Starting from the materials, or putting forward different opinions. Or spread to other aspects.

Anyway. This kind of test questions not only trains the comprehension ability, but also. Train the expression ability, the expression of the answer can not be completed only by a symbol or a word, but by writing a complete sentence or paragraph. While answering questions, it helps to increase students' awareness of subjective participation, expand the space for students to express their opinions independently, and encourage students' innovative consciousness and inquiry spirit.

(3) Grasp the object of explanation.

Look at the topic, the first sentence and the last sentence are still questions. If it is a description of things, what is explained is both the object of explanation. If it is a rational discussion, the object of explanation is the object plus features, and the answer forms a sentence: introduced … introduced … introduced how to understand the weather from the cloud.

Investigate and explain the characteristics of things.

Answer skills: try to find the original sentence from the original text. If you can't find it, pay attention to the meaning of the paragraph and the central sentence. For example, the stone arch bridge in China has three characteristics: a long history, beautiful shape and solid structure.

(D) Explanatory writing analysis

1, combined with interpretation method

Normative answer mode is as follows:

The main explanation method adopted in this paper is ... to explain ... (content: the characteristics of things or things) so as to explain ... (function: refer to the previous explanation method to clarify its function)

2, combined with rhetoric.

Normative answer mode is as follows:

This is a vivid explanation article, which uses a lot of rhetorical devices to explain … (content), making the explanation of the article vivid.

3, combined with expressions.

Narration and description make the description more specific; Lyricism and discussion make the explanation more emotional. Then from this point of view, the writing of the explanatory text is analyzed, and the standard format of the answer is as follows:

In this paper, a variety of expressions are comprehensively used, besides explanation, there are also … (selected from "narration, description, explanation and discussion" according to the content), such as … (specific examples), that is, the use of … (expression) makes the explanation more concrete/emotional.

(5) Explain the function of the paragraph.

(1), structure, content and function: lead out the following, connect the preceding with the following, and summarize the full text/previous article.

Sometimes at the beginning of the article, it also plays the role of leading out the object of explanation/explaining things.

(2), combined with interpretation.

Explain ... (features or things) by the method of interpretation of ..., so as to explain ... (functions).

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