A brief discussion on how to do well in expository reading comprehension questions in the high school entrance examination

Hong Kailiang of Laodian Middle School With the development of society and the advancement of science and technology, the application of expository texts has become more and more widespread. Textbooks of various subjects, popular science books, knowledge sketches, commentary (advertising slogans), instruction manuals, etc. It's an expository text. Judging from the examination questions in our province in recent years, the test questions all test expository texts. The vast majority of expository text reading materials come from extracurriculars, and the proportion of expository texts in the entire examination paper is also increasing year by year, and its difficulty is also increasing year by year. . So how to do well in the expository reading comprehension questions of the high school entrance examination? 1. You must master the definition and characteristics of expository writing (1) and what is expository writing. Expository writing is a style of writing that uses explanation as the main mode of expression to introduce and explain things, events, and procedures. (2) Characteristics of expository writing. Expository texts generally have three characteristics: First, they are scientific in content. That is to say, it can accurately reflect the reality and regularity of objective things and give readers a scientific understanding. Second, structural organization. In order to give readers a clear understanding, there must be a certain order and order when describing its characteristics. Common explanation orders include chronological order (program order is also a type of chronological order), spatial order and logical order. Third, the accuracy of language. The expository language must be accurate and give readers a scientific understanding. 2. It is necessary to grasp the requirements and common test points of the new textbooks for expository text reading tests (1) and the requirements of the new textbooks for expository text reading tests. The "Chinese Curriculum Standards" have clear requirements for the expository text reading and tests in the new textbooks. The comprehensive performance is as follows Several aspects: 1. Read explanatory articles, be able to grasp the main points, and understand the basic explanation methods of the articles. Clarify the explanation ideas, understand the main content, and appreciate and consider the role of important words and phrases in the language environment. 2. Read scientific and technological works and pay attention to understand the scientific spirit and scientific thinking methods reflected in the works. 3. Focus on evaluating students' comprehensive understanding of readings, and pay attention to evaluating students' emotional experience and creative understanding. Specifically, students' performance in terms of understanding words and sentences, grasping articles, summarizing key points, exploring content, and feeling about works are specifically tested. 4. Test whether you can grasp the main idea of ??the reading materials, test whether you can capture important information from the reading materials, etc. (2) Common test points: 1. Understanding of description objects and description characteristics. 2. Identify and understand explanation methods. 3. Analysis and understanding of the sequence of explanations. 4. Analysis of the structural characteristics of the paragraphs in the article. 5. Summarize the meaning of the text, the meaning of layers, and the meaning of paragraphs. 6. Evaluate the meaning of key words, key sentences and their expressive functions. 7. Experience in the accuracy of explanatory language. 3. How to do well in the reading comprehension questions of expository texts in the high school entrance examination (1) Perceive the content of the article as a whole, grasp the object of explanation, and distinguish between explanatory texts about things and explanatory texts about affairs. The object of explanation is the topic explained in the article, which is mainly divided into two aspects: First, specific things, including the state, nature, function and characteristics of things. The second is abstract matters, including the essence of things and the internal connections within or between things. When reading expository texts, you must first accurately grasp the object of explanation, so as to correctly distinguish between explanatory texts of affairs and explanatory texts of things. The title of most expository essays is the object of explanation. For example, the title of the 2009 Yunnan High School Entrance Examination question - "Ramble", and the 2008 Yunnan High School Entrance Examination question - "The Sound of Yawn" are themselves the object of explanation. Most descriptive essays use a central period at the beginning to clarify the object of the description. Sometimes, the title does not reflect the object of explanation, so you have to read the material carefully, line up and sort out paragraph by paragraph, go to the source and find out the object of explanation. Pay special attention to the key sentences, such as the central sentence of each paragraph, the transitional sentence and the sentences that appear repeatedly in the article, so that you can find the explanation object. Whether it is an explanatory article about things or an explanatory article about affairs, accurately grasping the object of explanation is crucial to the reading and understanding of the entire article. (2) Analyze the content of the article and grasp the characteristics of the object of explanation. It is not enough for an expository essay to just clarify the object of explanation. To further understand the content of the expository essay, we must also focus on grasping the characteristics of the object of explanation. This is the key to analyzing an expository essay. Only by accurately grasping the characteristics of the explanation object can we deeply understand the explanation object, and use this as a breakthrough to understand the structural level and central content of the article. To grasp the characteristics of the object of explanation, we cannot just stay on the appearance of things, but must understand the inner essence of things. Specifically, we can start from the following two aspects: 1. Start by analyzing the title.

Some titles not only point out the object of the article, but also point out its characteristics, such as "The Dead Sea Will Not Die"; some titles use the form of declarative sentences to guide readers to grasp the characteristics of the object of explanation in a targeted manner, such as "Looking at the Clouds to Know the Weather"; Some titles use vivid metaphors and personification to explain the characteristics of things, such as "Streptococcus suis comes to the world again to cause evil". 2. Start by analyzing the materials. That is, analyze paragraph by paragraph which aspect of the characteristics of the thing the author introduced, and then summarize it. The author has clearly pointed out the essential characteristics of some things in the article. Look for these key sentences when reading. Some expository texts do not have obvious key sentences, so you need to think carefully and refine them when reading. (3) Clarify the structure of the article and divide it into paragraphs and levels. The structure of an expository essay (focusing on paragraphs and levels) is relatively clear, and is usually divided into three parts: the introduction of the object of explanation at the beginning, a detailed explanation in the middle, and a summary at the end. The structure of the expository essay is not complicated. Common structural forms include "general (general) - divided (specific)", "general (general) - divided (specific) - general (general)", "divided (specific) - general (general)" ” formula, parallel formula, progressive formula, etc. For example, the article "Suzhou Gardens" adopts a "total - points" structure. Analyze the structure of the article and focus on the central sentence and connectives, such as "first of all", "secondly", "also", "also", "in addition" and other words. (4) Analyze the order of explanation and find the key phrases that indicate the order. Common explanation orders include: time order (program order is a type of time order), spatial order, and logical order. There are three ways to analyze the order of explanation: 1. Recognize the object of explanation clearly and analyze the order of explanation. 2 Grasp the language signs and "read" the sequence of explanations. 3. Distinguish the priorities and summarize comprehensively. Master the answer format: This article uses the explanation order of XXX to explain XXX, making the explanation more organized and easier for readers to understand. (The first blank should be filled with the specific order of explanation, and the second blank should be filled with the specific names of things or the explained reasons. If it is a descriptive explanatory text, but it cannot be expressed accurately, you can use vague words such as "reasons" and "scientific reasons". Language expression.) Be more specific when answering questions. For example: spatial order (from top to bottom, from inside to outside, total to divided, outside to inside, front to back, left to right, whole to part, and vice versa, etc. Commonly used directional words such as introducing buildings or entities) , logical sequence (first effect then cause, progressive from phenomenon to essence, cause to effect, effect to cause, primary to secondary, shallow to deep, individual to general, etc.), commonly used words expressing cause and effect and the order of events, such as "Because, therefore" "First, secondly"). Chronological order describes the development and evolution of things, such as articles introducing work procedures. (5) Analyze the explanation method and its function of the article. 1. Analysis and explanation methods In order to clearly explain the characteristics of things, appropriate explanation methods must be used. Common explanation methods include: giving examples, classifying, making analogies, making comparisons, listing numbers, defining, making explanations, making charts, etc. . 2. Analyze the role of explanation methods and test question types. After mastering several common explanation methods, we also need to master the role of each explanation method in the text and examine test question types: (1) The role of explanation methods ① Give examples: That is, citing physical objects to illustrate things. Its function is to illustrate things vividly. ② Classification: This is a method of explaining objects one by one according to categories (according to the shape, nature, cause, function, etc.) of things. Its function is to make the content of the explanation clear and avoid duplication. ③ Metaphor: That is, using the rhetorical method of metaphor to describe things vividly. Its function is to vividly illustrate the characteristics of things and enhance the interest of the article. ④ Comparison: that is, selecting specific or well-known things that have some external or internal connection with the thing to be explained to compare with the thing to be explained, or using numbers to compare, so as to highlight the characteristics of the thing being explained. a method. Its function is to put more emphasis on the characteristics of the object being explained. ⑤ List of numbers: A method of explanation that uses enumerated numbers to reflect the characteristics of the explanation. Its function is to describe the characteristics of the object of explanation more accurately and convince readers. ⑥Definition: that is, using concise and concise words to give a comprehensive and detailed explanation of the essential attributes of the thing being explained. It uses a basically fixed judgment sentence pattern to reveal the essential attributes of this thing that are different from other things. The function is to enable readers to have a precise understanding of the concept and to make the explanation object more rigorous. ⑦Explain: Able to introduce or explain the characteristics or characteristics of things or events in a popular way. Its function makes people understand the things being explained more clearly.

⑧Drawing diagrams: This is a method of explaining things and principles using intuitive schematic diagrams, tables and other forms. Its function is to enable readers to understand the things being explained clearly and intuitively. ⑨ Copying the appearance: vividly describing the characteristics/reasons of things to make the description more concrete and vivid. ⑩ Citing materials: It can make the content of the description more specific and substantial. Use quotations to illustrate the characteristics of things and enhance persuasiveness, such as quoting ancient poems, proverbs, and common sayings. The quotation statement is at the beginning of the article and also plays the role of introducing the object of explanation. (2) Common test question types. ① Give an example: Explain the ×× characteristics of something concretely and truly. ②Category: clearly explain the ×× characteristics of things. Explain the characteristics/reasons of things into categories to make the explanation more organized. Make the description clear and avoid duplication. ③ Metaphor: Metaphor is a metaphor in rhetoric. Vividly explain the ×× characteristics of the thing and enhance the interest of the article. ④ Comparison: Highlight the characteristics (status, influence, etc.) of the object being explained. ⑤ Column of numbers: Describe the ×× characteristics of the thing specifically and accurately. Make the description more convincing. ⑥Definition: Use concise and scientific language to reveal the object/scientific reason of explanation, so as to reveal the characteristics/reason of things in a more scientific, essential and general way. ⑦Explanation: Give a detailed explanation of the characteristics/reasons of things to make the explanation more understandable. The difference between defining and interpreting is that definition requires completeness, but interpretation does not require completeness. The characteristics/matter of things should be explained in detail to make the explanation more understandable. Can be reversed. ⑧Draw a chart: Make the reader clear at a glance and explain the ×× characteristics of things very intuitively and vividly. (6) Understand the accuracy of expository language. Accuracy is not inconsistent with diversity and flexibility. Some expository texts are known for their simplicity, while others are known for their vividness. Due to the different objects of explanation and the author's language style, the language of explanation is also diverse, but accuracy is the prerequisite of expository language. To figure out the accuracy of expository language, the key is to understand how words and sentences explain the characteristics of things. So as to understand its function and appreciate its beauty. Corresponding countermeasures can be found from the following five types: Type 1. What is the role of adding dotted words? Countermeasures: Seize the accuracy of the expository text to answer the questions. Format: Accurately/vividly/ vividly explain the characteristics/reasons of the thing "...". Type 2. Can it be replaced with another word? and explain the reasons. Countermeasures: (1) No. (2) The meaning or content of the original word. (3) The meaning or content of the replaced words. (4) How does the meaning change after the replacement? It is not consistent with reality. Type 3. Can restrictive words be deleted? Countermeasures: (1) Express your position (delete or not). (2) Qualitative. For example: words such as "comparatively", "almost" and "quite" express degrees of rhetoric; "about", "probably" and "about" express estimates, and "more" and "more than" express quantities. (3) If it is deleted, the original meaning will become the same meaning, which is not realistic and too absolute. (4) xx words reflect the accuracy, thoroughness and scientific nature of the language. Type 4. Find a word or sentence from the article that can reflect the "accurate" characteristics of the expository language and understand it. Type 5: Reference - "these conditions", "this phenomenon", "the same reason", etc. specifically refer to what in the text. Countermeasures: Generally it refers to the sentence before the pronoun, find the nearest sentence. Sometimes it is important to note that it may not be the entire sentence, but a part of it. (7) Accurately grasp the key phrases in the explanatory text and analyze their role in the text. Whether you can grasp the key phrases in the reading material is directly related to the overall understanding and analysis of the material. To grasp the key sentences, we can consider three aspects: grasp the central sentence, analyze the transition sentences, and recognize the referential components. 1. The central sentence has three forms: first bracket, middle collar, and last couplet, and the first bracket is the most common. Analyzing the central sentence is helpful to grasp the main content of the article (paragraph). Judgments are mostly general sentences. Narrative sentences, descriptive sentences, explanatory sentences, and interrogative sentences are generally not suitable as central sentences. Summarize the central sentence of the paragraph. Countermeasures: (1) Think about the content of the paragraph, pay attention not only to the main ones, but also to the secondary ones. (2) Words that closely express order, such as "first", "secondly", "and" and other words, should be summarized with reference to the sentence patterns of the central sentences in the paragraphs above and below. 2. Transitional sentences play a linking role in the structure of the article, and are also a symbol of the connection between context and content. Analyzing transitional sentences is helpful to grasp the level and focus of the article content.

3. In the high school entrance examination questions, the analysis of referential components is often tested, and the analysis must be comprehensively considered from two aspects: semantics and grammatical structure. (8) Awareness of innovation and answering open-ended questions well. Open-ended test questions have become an important form of cultivating students' innovative spirit and practical ability due to the diversity and non-uniqueness of their answers, and they account for an increasing proportion in examinations. Based on the open test questions from various places, we can see that this type of test questions is roughly tested from the following aspects: 1. Innovative expression of the explanation content. 2. Express your own unique views and opinions on a certain phenomenon. 3. Talk about your own understanding of a certain issue based on reality. 4. Make reasonable inferences and bold imaginations based on the content of the article. 5. Extend the content of the article to real life and explain related phenomena in real life. 6. Propose solutions to environmental problems of human concern, and draft warning slogans, suggestions, advertisements, etc. This kind of question tests students' comprehensive ability and their concern for life. To do this type of questions well, students must first have an accurate grasp of the given materials, and then fully mobilize their existing knowledge and experience before transferring them to the text. Although there is no single answer to the open-ended test questions and you can express your opinions, you should answer from three angles: first, answer the question based on the material, not necessarily the standard answer. Full marks will be given if the answer is correct; in short, This type of test questions not only trains understanding ability, but also trains expression ability. The expression of the answer cannot be completed by just one symbol or one word, but must be written in a sentence or a complete sentence.