What are the advantages of learning three-dimensional composition?

The first chapter is an overview of three-dimensional composition.

Section 1 The concept and origin of three-dimensional composition

Concept:

Three-dimensional composition is a basic course of modeling in the field of modern design, and it is also a course of artistic creation and design. In three-dimensional modeling, it is necessary to first define a concept, that is, the difference between shapes (knowledge point 1). In plane modeling, we call the behavior shape of the plane the outer contour of the object image. In three-dimensional modeling, shape refers to the appearance of three-dimensional objects under certain distance, angle and environmental conditions, while shape refers to the overall appearance of three-dimensional objects. That is to say, form is one of many aspects of form, and form is a unity and body composed of many shapes. Form is the all-round impression of three-dimensional modeling, and it is the unity of form and spirit.

As an independent discipline, it studies form creation and modeling design. The subjects involved are architectural design, interior design, industrial modeling, sculpture, advertising and other design industries. In addition to shaping images and spatial patterns on the plane and painting art, other plastic arts should be classified as three-dimensional art and three-dimensional modeling design. Their characteristic is that entities occupy and restrict space, and form new environment and new visual products together with space. Therefore, people gave them the most modern title: "Aerospace Art".

Stereo composition is also called spatial composition. Three-dimensional composition is based on certain materials, vision and mechanics, and combines modeling elements into a beautiful body according to certain composition principles. Is to study the composition law of three-dimensional modeling elements. Its task is to reveal the basic laws of 3D modeling and clarify the basic principles of 3D design.

Three-dimensional composition is a form of expression from two-dimensional plane image to three-dimensional space, and there are both connections and differences between them. The connection is: they are all artistic training, guiding the understanding of the concept of modeling, training the ability of abstract composition, cultivating aesthetics and receiving strict discipline training; The difference is that three-dimensional composition is the composition of three-dimensional solid form and spatial form. The structure should meet the requirements of mechanics, and the material also influences and enriches the expression of formal language. Stereo is a shape with thickness, which is made. At the same time, three-dimensional composition is inseparable from materials, technology, mechanics and aesthetics, which is the embodiment of the combination of art and science.

Origin:

The course "three-dimensional composition" originated from 19 19, which was an art school founded after the establishment of Bauhaus College in Germany.

Knowledge point 2: Bao Xianghao's composition theory

In the history of modern design, Bauhaus's composition theory and its educational system have special significance of the times. Bauhaus School of Design, founded in 19 19, has not only a school building known as a classic design in architectural history, but also a unique design concept and educational thought. It laid the foundation of modern industrial design and became the cradle of modern designers. Some people even commented that this is the real beginning of modern design.

The emergence of Bauhaus's composition theory is inevitable for social development, and the industrial revolution in Europe laid a strong material foundation for its emergence. Social change is the birth of new ideas and concepts. In the process of British industrial revolution from manual production to mechanized production, due to the influence of traditional ideas, the contradiction between product appearance design and product materials, technology, structure and function has deepened sharply, so it is urgent to solve the contradiction between them. With his keen eye, Bauhaus pointedly put forward three basic viewpoints:

First, the unity of art and technology;

Second, the purpose of design is people, not products;

Third, the design should follow the natural and objective laws;

These undoubtedly reflect the concept and consciousness of modern design, have distinct characteristics of the times, and criticize and deny the design trend of thought at that time. Bauhaus's composition theory is a monument in the history of aesthetic education. The success of Bauhaus's theory of composition education lies in its great cohesion in educational thought and aesthetic appreciation, which attracts many masters who have made great achievements in art and makes Bauhaus full of vitality. Under the leadership of President Gropes, De Steyr's representatives in the Netherlands, Dusberg, Kandinsky, paul klee, Holly Nak and Albas, gave lectures successively. They held high the banner of anti-tradition, confronted the representatives of the traditional school, and established a brand-new teaching system. Their ideological connotation interpreted the epoch-making significance, embodied the brilliance of Bauhaus theoretical education and embodied the classics of educational thought.

In educational practice, Bauhaus emphasized that the educational subject (that is, students) should cultivate practical ability and solve the problem of strong and weak practical ability, and the training of hands and brains should run through the whole process of design. It is undoubtedly of far-reaching significance to determine these goals and tasks within the framework of constructivism. Based on this guiding ideology, it also emphasizes not only to cultivate students' independent design ability, but also to cultivate students' creativity.

Persevering efforts laid the dominant position of composition theory in Bauhaus, focusing on architecture and then expanding to industrial design. What truly reflects Bauhaus's value and sense of accomplishment is composition, which has been confirmed in those works full of strong sense of composition form. In a sense, it is the composition theory that determines the historical position of Bauhaus, and the three-dimensional composition is the icing on the cake in Bauhaus's achievements, which is more concentrated and typical. For example, Albas's research on "paper modeling" and "paper cutting modeling", Moholi Nagu's research on volume, space and structure is very in-depth and has made impressive achievements. Once we re-recognize the artistic appeal of composition art and the formal beauty on paper, we will have a special liking for their three-dimensional composition foundation and passionate creation.

Bauhaus's success in composition research also benefits from his use of materials as the basis of creative forms. Products should be not only beautiful in shape, but also beautiful in material. The organic unity and coordination of the two can produce the vitality of design. Only in this way can the design reflect the aesthetic feeling of the product. Laszlo moholy nagy designs materials by discovering their own beauty and recombining them. Whether it is discarded metal parts, machines or other things, he will find the beauty of objects in them. Realize the unity of subject and object through subjective creation, and create real space language. Marcel brower has a unique research on the properties of materials, and constantly explores the substitution of materials, and has achieved success. He used steel pipes instead of wood in furniture, which can not only be mass-produced, but also reflect the modern design concept, so he can't help but admit his spirit of exploration. It is his success that initiated the road of modern design, profoundly influenced the designer's concept of the combination of materials and design, and had a great impact on the traditional concept. Another educator, Eaton, devoted himself to the study of materials and textures and applied them to teaching. He asked students to strengthen their perceptual knowledge and application of materials through their visual and tactile experience.

In the expression of modeling, the main forms of Bauhaus's composition reflect the thoughts of de stijl in the Netherlands. "All works should be simplified to the simplest geometric figures, such as cubes, cones, spheres, cuboids, or squares, triangles, circles, rectangles, etc. Moreover, this structure constructed with geometry has rational logical thinking and standardized colors, which makes it easy for people to learn abstract modeling, master its laws and principles, and then embody it through different designs. For example, lamps, furniture, dyed fabrics, buildings and advertisements all have a strong sense of geometric form. In particular, architecture and industrial design are based on the pursuit of simplicity, which reflects the scientific and reasonable composition. "

The success of Bauhaus does not mean that it is perfect, but its rational thinking just becomes its limitation and has a negative impact on industrial design. Ignoring "organic life" in art, being too rational and lacking humanity in design, and not considering humanization in product design make design embark on the retreat of formalism. However, it inspires modern designers that rational creation is not enough. A designer with modern design concept needs emotional creativity more. When rationality and emotional creativity are combined, it will have a great effect.

Section 2 Significance and purpose of learning composition

Three-dimensional composition is to explore a more reasonable and perfect pure form composition on the basis of pure or abstract form. It combines the unity of sensibility and rationality, and forms an ideal form through imagination according to visual effects.

The key to learning three-dimensional composition lies in creating new forms, improving modeling ability, mastering the decomposition of forms and dissecting them scientifically in order to regroup. The principle and thinking method of stereoscopic composition provide us with a wide range of ideas and create conditions for accumulating more image materials and selecting the best materials from them.

From the superficial to the profound, from natural form, deformation, exaggeration to decorative image, from refining to abstract form, it is a complicated process for us to master the form of composition. Three-dimensional composition is also based on natural life and can be decomposed into points (blocks), lines (strips) and surfaces (plates). As a form required by form, it can be found in natural form. Heaven, earth, sun, moon, mountains, lakes, flowers and plants ... all have unique image forms from macro to micro, and they are everywhere.

As a basic quality and skill training (knowledge point 3), the study of three-dimensional composition is very important in art design teaching. Its training process pays attention to the coordinated use of eyes (observation), heart (understanding, conception) and hands (expression). Studying and discussing the three-dimensional composition according to different visual morphological elements, modeling materials, structural methods and modeling rules is conducive to cultivating students' keen observation and rich imagination, as well as in the creative process.

Three-dimensional composition is a science from design to composition. Let the form change in size, proportion, direction and area, and create according to the law of formal beauty. Its purpose is to cultivate our thinking method of creating and exploring forms. Therefore, three-dimensional composition is a subject with creative value and practical significance. At the same time, the basic requirements and goals of learning are put forward.

(1) the transition from basic courses to professional design courses;

(2) get rid of the influence of various habitual shapes (figurative interference), discuss from a brand-new free perspective, and cultivate the ability to feel and visualize things;

(3) Master the thinking method of three-dimensional composition and provide ideas and schemes. Receive strict training in the cognition of materials, structure and production, follow the basic rules and complete each design work.

The basic characteristics of three-dimensional composition in the third quarter (knowledge point 4)

People live in various three-dimensional environments, from daily use of various items to living environment. Even human beings and the whole universe are in three-dimensional form, so compared with two-dimensional space, three-dimensional space has a closer relationship with people. Although people live in three dimensions. However, I am often used to thinking from the perspective of plane, expressing modeling on the plane, and invisibly having the concept and consciousness of plane modeling. Therefore, from plane to solid. From two-dimensional to three-dimensional, we must have the awareness and concept of three-dimensional space and master the basic principles and knowledge of three-dimensional modeling.

As one of the foundations of art design, three-dimensional composition is a subject that cultivates people's spatial imagination and consciousness, studies and discusses how to use three-dimensional modeling elements and language in three-dimensional space, and creates three-dimensional space forms with personality and aesthetic value according to the principle of formal beauty. Through the scientific and systematic analysis and research of three-dimensional form, we can master the basic knowledge of three-dimensional modeling and the method of expressing drums, thus creating new artistic forms.

Three-dimensional composition has strong rational characteristics because of its own composition, and it is embodied by decomposition and combination. The so-called decomposition is to decompose a complete modeling object into several basic modeling elements, which is actually to restore the modeling to its original basic state; The combination is based on the principle of three-dimensional modeling, which directly recombines the most basic modeling elements into a new modeling.

Abstraction is another remarkable feature of stereoscopic composition. Abstraction is of positive significance to the expression of three-dimensional forms. It shows the elegance of form through reasonable composition. Although there are differences between abstract form and concrete form, the principle of formal beauty embodied in abstract form, especially the passionate artistic feeling from the designer's heart, will inevitably bring artistic feelings to people's senses. However, abstraction does not completely exclude concreteness, and many novel shapes in concrete forms can be used for reference and abstract enlightenment of three-dimensional modeling.

Systematization plays a very important role in the expression of stereoscopic composition. Because the expression of three-dimensional composition is not single, it involves many other comprehensive problems, such as the three-dimensional composition of buildings, involving many factors such as machinery, technology, technology and materials. Therefore, the above problems must be fully considered when studying modeling and production forms. Different materials should have their corresponding processing technologies and methods. Different materials and technologies will have different effects on the same form, and the unique properties of materials will also affect the form because of the different properties of processing machinery. In order to make three-dimensional composition have ideal morphological expression, we need to think carefully, study and control systematically, and then create novel forms.

The fourth quarter three-dimensional structure design concept (key points)

Design is a unique and conscious creative behavior of human beings, and it is a process of thinking and expression for planning and upgrading all aspects of life. Design involves not only the research of combining production technology with art, but also many fields of natural science, including environment and architecture, industry and products, visual transmission and display, from buttons and pins to spacecraft. Design involves all aspects of human life, and it is a comprehensive science for human beings to engage in material production and spiritual and cultural production.

Composition education began with the brand-new course of "Three Constitutions" offered by Gansburg University in the 1940s, and started with the viewpoint that all works should be simplified as geometric figures as much as possible, such as cubes, cones, spheres, cuboids or cubes, triangles, rectangles, etc. It was initiated by de stijl of the Netherlands, which extended the expression of geometric figures to professional design.

The generation essence of three-dimensional form is constructed by the action of external force and the movement change of internal force, and the form composition is the design idea of three-dimensional creation based on the combination of form elements or materials according to the principles of visual effect mechanics or psychomechanics. It is a space composed of three-dimensional elements such as points, lines, surfaces and objects, such as movement, rotation, swing, expansion, distortion, bending, cutting, expansion, folding, penetration, expansion and mixing.

Chapter II Elements of 3D Structure Modeling (Emphasis and Difficulty)

The first 1 solid composed of nodes, lines, surfaces and bodies

1. The point formed by point solid is to expand the geometric zero-dimensional point without entity to the three-dimensional body with entity, forming various forms of "visual position" and "tactile position". The tension of a point is to seek the heart, and people's eyes are focused on this point.

2. The three-dimensional structure of lines extends the last line in geometry without materiality into a three-dimensional body with materiality. Lines are formed by the locus of points, including the most basic straight lines, curves and polylines.

First, straight line

Curve b

C, dotted line

3. FaceFold a geometric two-dimensional surface without actual volume into a three-dimensional surface with actual volume. The surface is formed by the moving track of the line, and it can also be obtained by expanding the area of the point, which has the feeling of thinness and ductility.

I. Semi-solid composition (2.5-dimensional composition)

B, plate structure (skeleton structure)

4. Shape is a three-dimensional shape without weight and real mass in geometry, which is expressed by a three-dimensional shape with weight and real mass and has a strong sense of space. The body is formed by the trajectory or enclosure of curved surfaces, and can be divided into regular bodies and irregular bodies. Regular bodies are cubes, cones, cylinders and spheres, which have a steady, dignified and eternal visual experience. Irregular bodies, such as rocks and pebbles, can be seen everywhere in nature, with a cordial, natural and warm feeling.

Section 2 Three-dimensional Composition of Color, Texture and Space

1, color

Natural color

Manually processed color

2. Texture

3. Space

Homework:

1, semi-solid component (2.5-dimensional component)

Requirements: Use all methods of multi-folding, multi-cutting, multi-folding, non-cutting, multi-folding and texture kneading for bending, 2 pieces for each piece.

Size: 100 x 100 mm

2. Plate structure (skeleton structure)

Requirements: 1 snake belly fold is subjected to variation and buckling treatment.

On the basis of skeleton structure, the 1 piece was cut twice.

Size: 200x200mm

Chapter III Formal Elements of Three-dimensional Structure (Emphasis and Difficulties)

First, repeat the composition

Second, diversity and unity.

Third, rhythm and prosody.

Fourth, comparison and reconciliation.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) symmetry and balance

Sixth, Lenovo artistic conception.

First, repeat the composition

Repetition refers to the unified effect of orderly rhythm formed when a unit repeats regularly or appears one after another, which is the most basic and harmonious form of expression.

1, absolute repetition means that the size, direction, position and arrangement of the basic form are orderly repeated.

2. Relative repetition is divided into similar unit repetition and different unit repetition.

A. Repetition of similar cell shapes

The shape, size, length, height, width or arrangement direction and position of the basic shape change gradually, and the visual effect is better. There are approximate repetitive composition and progressive repetitive composition.

B. Repetition of different cell shapes

It refers to the form in which more than one basic shape with different shapes or sizes is used to form an alternating and repeated unit.

Second, diversity and unity.

It is the application of the dialectical law of unity of opposites in natural science and social science in art, and it is a universal principle in all artistic fields.

Third, rhythm and prosody.

The rhythm in three-dimensional composition shows that the basic shape changes orderly and regularly according to the designed skeleton ups and downs, interlacing, gradual change, thickness and so on.

Rhythm is an emotional feeling caused by rhythm, which can only be understood but difficult to express. It has no form. When the size, direction, position, color, light and arrangement of the body change, it can produce rhythmic beauty.

1, gradient rhythm

Step 2 stagger the rhythm

3. Launch rhythm

4. Fluctuating rhythm

Fourth, comparison and reconciliation.

Contrast means that there are opposite or contradictory elements in the shape. Contrast elements include the contrast of shape, color and quality, such as straight and curved, round and square, dynamic and static, bright and dark, yellow and purple.

Harmony refers to the unity and coordination between the shape, color and quality of modeling elements. The harmony method of three-dimensional form refers to the order in which more than two modeling elements form beauty.

1, Comparison and Coordination of Linearity

2. Form contrast and harmony

3. Contrast and reconciliation of directions

4. Contrast and harmony between entity and space.

5. Contrast and harmony between color and environment

6. Comparison and coordination of materials

Verb (abbreviation for verb) symmetry and balance

Symmetry refers to the vertical or horizontal center line of an object as the axis, which corresponds to its shape up and down or left and right, also known as uniformity.

The equilibrium phenomena in the invisible axis need not be exactly the same, but they have the same feeling in terms of quality and quantity. He has a constantly changing sense of vitality, which is horizontal, eccentric, alternating and irregular.

Sixth, association and artistic conception

Association is an extension of thinking, which leads thinking from one thing to another, and it is a psychological ability to recreate ideas and create natural images.

Artistic conception is the psychological requirement of people's understanding of form and appearance, that is, emotional need, and it is the comprehensive result of long-term observation of life.

Chapter IV Composition of Wire Rod

A wire is a profile characterized by its length. In the wire structure, it can be divided into soft wire and hard wire. Flexible cords include cotton, hemp, silk and chemical fiber, and metal wires such as iron, copper and aluminum. Hard wires include: wood, plastic, other metals and other long strips.

(Knowledge point 5) Features of wire composition: The wire itself does not have the function of occupying space to express the body. But it can show the effect through the aggregation of line groups. Then it is surrounded by various curved surfaces to form a certain closed space three-dimensional modeling. This can be converted into a three-dimensional space.

A, flexible wire and frame composition

1, flexible wire with wooden frame

2, wooden pallet metal frame

3, soft wire wall decoration

Second, hard wire composition.

1 linear combination

2. Rotating combination

3, frame group and

Chapter V Three-dimensional Composition of Surface Materials (Emphasis and Difficulties)

I. Semi-solid composition (2.5-dimensional composition)

The second is the plate-type cutting and folding structure.

Third, the column structure

Fourthly, geometric monomer composition.

Five, imitate the ecological composition

Column composition

Column structure refers to the hollow surface material structure, that is, the folded surface structure. It is a three-dimensional modeling of a closed space composed of surface material carving, cutting and bending.

1, column end change

2, cylinder edge line changes

3. Cylindrical change

4. Composition of cylinder

Basic form of cylinder

Machining method of cylinder (emphasis and difficulty)

(1), straight-line bending and buckling treatment

②. Composition of curve buckling

(3) Curved body modeling of curved surface

(4), trimming, warping and buckling.

(5), cylinder cutting and compression.

(6) Modeling of displacement and rotation

(7), a variety of comprehensive modeling

Homework:

Face column structure

Requirements: 1 straight line or curve buckling and buckling processing operations.

There are 1 ridgeline and cylinder cutting and buckling processing operations.

Size: 120 x 120 x 350 mm

100x100x350mm

Geometric monomer composition

It is a closed three-dimensional form composed of multiple continuous surfaces, and it is an important part of the three-dimensional form. Its three-dimensional modeling is characterized by a spherical structure composed of equilateral, equilateral and regular polygons. This regular polyhedron has five basic shapes. Namely regular tetrahedron, regular hexahedron, regular octahedron, regular dodecahedron and regular icosahedron. These five basic shapes are the basic forms of various polyhedron modeling. With this shape, you can gather and form or cut and change, and form a variety. A variety of three-dimensional space modeling.

1, variation synthesis of polyhedron

(1) Machining deviation of cutting vertex angle

② concave-convex change processing and composition.

Homework:

1, polyhedron becomes a.

Requirements: Cut off the polyhedron with the vertex angle of not less than twelve faces, and then carry out secondary processing, cutting, bending or adding.

Size: diameter150mm

2, polyhedron concave-convex variation constitutes a.

Requirements: Carry out secondary processing on the basis of 20-32 polyhedrons, and only add non-cutting fastening processing to form new shapes with various concavities and convexities.

Size: diameter150mm

Bionic structure

Bionic structure is a kind of structure that uses surface materials to process and express various objects in nature.

1. Types of bionic structures: figure modeling, animal modeling, plant modeling and various other scenery modeling.

2. Key points of bionic structure manufacturing:

(1), you must go deep into life.

(2) In the way of expression, that is, summarizing its great image characteristics, abandoning its tedious details and exaggerating the rhythm of its modeling, so that the work can be decorative and deformed at a higher level, and can be highly summarized into abstract geometric forms according to its natural image characteristics, thus producing a larger decorative modeling.

(3) In terms of processing means, due to the complexity of bionic structure, we must comprehensively use all the technologies learned in the previous sections, not limited to some processing forms. Such as: straight line bending, curve bending, free curve bending, cutting, stretching, buckling and so on. Especially when bending, we should be familiar with and master the basic laws of modeling. Namely:

If you want to highlight some shapes, you must cut some.

B, to make the local convex at the same time, there must be a concave part to balance.

C, free-form surface processing: according to the shape change of the surface structure, making a free-form surface pre-folding processing line.

D, some parts should be appropriately displayed cutting processing.

3. The content and processing method of bionic structure (knowledge point 6):

(1) Decorative drawing modeling and mask modeling.

② Decorative modeling of large animals.

(3) Ornamental modeling of poultry and foxes.

(4) Decorative modeling of birds.

(5) Decorative modeling of aquatic animals.

(6) other scenery decoration modeling.

Homework:

Bionic structure

Requirements: Decorative models with figures or animals as the main part.

Decorative shapes with plants or scenery as the main part.

Size: 200x200mm

Chapter VI Composition of Monomer Agglomeration (Difficulties)

Agglomeration is a single three-dimensional shape, which is flexibly combined according to the author's ideas to form an independent shape. This kind of work has the nature of design, its shape is generally as complete as possible, and it can express some intention. Some works can also be directly applied to the composition draft of creative design.

Key points to be grasped in the composition of monomer reunion;

(1), to design the basic shape of monomer, it must be exquisite and concise, and avoid too many trivial changes; Must have a certain thickness, so that the whole shows a certain sense of quantity.

(2) In the connection between monomers, it is necessary to deal with the overall effect and the connection between monomers. One of the characteristics of agglomeration is the beauty of repetition, and the other is the beauty of rhythm. In the application of repeated or similar shape arrangement sequence, it should be avoided that the distance is too large and it appears loose and cannot form a whole. Its spacing can form a gradual form. Shape and shape can be from small to large or from dense to sparse, showing beautiful rhythm.

(3), in the overall relationship, we should pay attention to the integrity of the image, but also have a proper proportion, in the relationship between height, length and density, we should randomly interspersed to form the first, second and third order.

(4), to highlight the performance center. There should be a focus to attract the attention of the viewer. Make the work have a master and a second time, it is virtual and real. In the main performance part, its image should be perfect and varied, and the secondary part should play a certain role in echoing and setting off.

(5) Keep the center of gravity stable. In the overall shape, the center of gravity is stable, and it can be arranged in various shapes such as symmetry, rotation or balance.

Form of condensed components

(1), CD combination

(2), plate gradient combination

(3), tubular agglomeration combination.

(4) Block aggregation and combination.

Flour aggregate composition

Wire aggregation composition

Bulk aggregate composition

Comprehensive composition (key and difficult points)

Homework:

Monomer aggregation composition

Requirements: adopt one structural form of surface material, wire or block material for monomer polymerization to form a whole. The material is not limited. It is suggested that this brick be made of paper.

Dimensions: 300 x 300 x 500mm or 200 x 200 x 400 mm.

Chapter VII Application of Three-dimensional Composition in Design Field

1 graphic design field

2, the field of industrial design

3. The field of fashion design

4. Architectural design field

5, the field of packaging design

6. The field of furniture design