What is the relationship between Viet Nam and China?

For China people, visiting the Vietnam History Museum is a strange experience. From the 3rd century BC to18th century, you can see commentators proudly introducing the heroic deeds of the Vietnamese people against the "China invaders" in almost every exhibition hall. Seeing their ancestors appear as invaders, China tourists will inevitably feel complicated, but they will get used to it after staying in Vietnam for a few more days. The Erzheng Lady Temple in Hanoi is a famous local scenic spot, dedicated to the heroine Tr?ng sisters who resisted the "aggression" of the Han Dynasty. There are many ancient anti-China heroes in armor on the streets of Ho Chi Minh City. Near the backpacker-intensive old street in Wu Fan, a statue of Chen Daodao stands. Chen Daodao was a famous soldier of the Chen Dynasty in Vietnam, who repelled the Yuan Army twice.

On 2014 65438+1019, dozens of Vietnamese people held anti-China demonstrations in the center of ha noi to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Xisha naval battle and shouted slogans such as "Huangsha (Xisha, China) and Changsha (Nansha, China) belong to Vietnam". In Hue Palace, a world cultural heritage in Vietnam, two huge maps are hung, claiming that Xisha and Nansha Islands belong to Vietnam in Vietnamese, English and Chinese respectively. It is worth noting that "Th??ng Ki?t", "Chen Qingyu" and "Chen" which invaded China waters in 1974 and 1 were all named after anti-China heroes in Vietnamese history. The first invading jackal was named after the general jackal of the Li Dynasty who invaded the Northern Song Dynasty in 1075.

After the Xisha naval battle, "The Ancient History of Vietnam" published by the Vietnamese government press said: "The history of Vietnam is a history of China's aggression". What kind of feud conflict existed between China and Vietnam in ancient times, which made Vietnam so upset?

Is suppressing the county uprising a war of aggression?

"Vietnam" refers to the south of Baiyue. In 2 14 BC, Qin Shihuang settled in Baiyue settlement in Lingnan, and established three counties, namely Guilin, Nanhai and Xiangjun, in which Guilin and Nanhai were located in present-day Guangxi and Guangdong respectively, and Xiangjun included present-day southeastern Guangxi and northern and central Vietnam. According to the Vietnamese side, this is the beginning of China's massive invasion of Vietnam. In fact, there were only some primitive tribes there at that time, and there was no independent regime. Qin Shihuang's occupation of South Vietnam was one of his steps to unify China. The 500,000 troops heading south were ordered to stay in the local area, mingle with the Vietnamese people, and develop production to promote development.

After the death of Qin Shihuang, various regions became independent, so Longchuan, Nanhai County, made Zhao Tuo take the opportunity to stand on his own feet and build "Nanyue State". In BC 1 1 1, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty resumed the great cause of reunification, conquered the "Nanyue State" and divided it into nine counties. From this to the late Five Dynasties, this area was a part of the ancient autocratic dynasty in China for about 1000 years.

At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu changed the system of replacing taxes with tribute in Vietnam and sent officials to collect taxes locally. Luo Wang, Luo Hou, Luo Jiang and other primitive tribal leaders were dissatisfied with this. In 40 AD, a pheasant rebelled against her daughter, and her sister Zheng Er immediately responded. The uprising defeated the garrison of the Han Dynasty, gained 65 cities and became king on its own. The uprising led by him was called "Erzheng Uprising" in history. Zheng's regime lasted for three years and was pacified by the general of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

According to the records in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, the Tr?ng sisters were captured and beheaded, and were named "the first in Luoyang". According to Vietnamese historical legends, the Tr?ng sisters were unyielding and committed suicide by throwing themselves into the river on February 6 of the 43 rd lunar calendar. Every year on February 6th of the lunar calendar, Vietnamese people hold commemorative activities.

After Ma Yuan's rebellion, he abolished the pheasant general system and improved the county system. According to China historians, counterinsurgency promoted the progress of local relations of production. On the other hand, Vietnam evaluated Erzheng Uprising as the beginning of national consciousness awakening, and Tr?ng sisters were honored as goddesses in constant legendary deduction.

At the end of June, a Vietnamese party and government delegation led by Comrade Ho Chi Minh paid its first official visit to China. Mao Zedong mentioned in the first meeting between the two sides that China had invaded Vietnam in ancient times. In June, Zhou Enlai visited Vietnam and personally laid a wreath at Erzheng Temple in Hanoi, paying tribute to "1900 years ago, two queens who died in the Han Dynasty in China against the invading army of Ma Yuan". In the evening, Zhou Enlai announced at a reception hosted by Ambassador Luo Guibo of China: I can assure you that China will always abide by the Five Principles and persist in opposing chauvinism of great powers.

Zhou Enlai chose to visit Erzheng Temple to promote Sino-Vietnamese relations in the new period, but objectively speaking, Vietnam was not an independent country in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but a county in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Ma Yuan's suppression of Mrs Erzheng's uprising is an "internal contradiction" in the Han Dynasty, which is not essentially different from the suppression of peasant uprisings in other provinces, and can not be characterized as "aggression" in theory. Since then, nearly a thousand years of uprisings and repression are similar in nature, such as Lady Zhao's uprising in the Three Kingdoms period, Li Ben's uprising in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Li Fozi's uprising in the Sui Dynasty, two civilian uprisings and two general uprisings in the Tang Dynasty, and so on. In Vietnam's history education, these uprisings are the struggle of the Vietnamese people for national liberation under the leadership of heroes. Even in peacetime, the Vietnamese people never stopped resisting the "expansion policy, assimilation plot and cunning ruling means" of the Northern Han Dynasty.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, Vietnam invaded China more than ten times.

In 939, Wu Quan, a resourceful man, defeated the army of the Southern Han Dynasty and became king by expanding his territory. In 968 AD, Dingbu in Jiaodi area proclaimed himself emperor, and took "Daqu Yue" as the national title. Only then did Vietnam formally establish an independent regime and become a country. Wu Quan was honored as the father of the country by Vietnam, and his image was deified. According to the historical records of Vietnam, when Wu Quan was born, he was "radiant with strange light" and "like Chang Qi, he had bright eyes, walked like a tiger, wisdom and courage, and had the ability to carry a tripod."

In 960, Zhao Kuangyin established the Northern Song Dynasty. In 972, Ding Bu sent envoys to the Song Dynasty, saying that "the ambition of Chinese style is always attached" and requested conferment. Zhao Kuangyin was awarded the title of "King of Jiaodi County". This indicates that Vietnam has become a vassal of China, and Sino-Vietnamese relations have entered a vassal period. Vietnam is not really willing to "attach". In the TV series "Su Dongpo" broadcast on 20 12, there is a plot in which the toe-crossing countries deliberately pay tribute to a strange beast that did not exist in the Central Plains. Song Huizong was ashamed that the civil servants in the Song Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty couldn't name it, and the toe-crossed messenger was very proud. Fortunately, Su Dongpo recognized this as an "elk" and solved a diplomatic crisis. Although this plot comes from legend, it also illustrates the attitude of Vietnam towards China at that time.

1009, Le Thai T established the most prosperous dynasty in the history of Vietnam-the Li Dynasty. The rulers were ambitious and forced Zhancheng, Cambodia and Laos to pay tribute to it. The Northern Song Dynasty was too tired to cope with Liao and Xixia, too busy to take care of the southwest, and the invasion of the Li Dynasty increased again and again.

In A.D. 1069, Wang Anshi carried out a political reform aimed at enriching Qiang Bing, which caused a strong controversy in China. Under the leadership of Vice-State Qiu, 100,000 troops of the Li Dynasty took the opportunity to attack the Song Dynasty and invaded the three countries of Qin, Lian and Yong. "More than 58,000 people were killed or injured, and hundreds of thousands of people were killed or injured in Qin and Lian." Yongzhou was outnumbered. In such a cruel war of aggression, the reason for sending troops turned out to be that the Song Dynasty carried out political reform and harmed the people. Vietnam "raised questions and wanted to save the country." The way to save each other is to slaughter. In modern times, Vietnam claimed that its attack on Song Dynasty was "self-defense", because Th??ng Ki?t thought Song Jun had aggressive intentions, so he "pre-empted".

1076 In March, Pai Kun led 300,000 troops to recover the lost land in Yongzhou and marched into the territory of the Li Dynasty, only 30 kilometers away from its capital, Shenglong. Th??ng Ki?t proposed to make peace, and Song Jun withdrew from the land occupied by the Li Dynasty, so as to restore the relationship between vassal and vassal states. At the Vietnam National History Museum in Ho Chi Minh City, you can see the scene of Li Dynasty's army fighting Song Jun through sand tables and character models. Th??ng Ki?t's "meritorious service" in capturing Song Cheng made him sit on the throne of national hero, and he was appraised as "an outstanding strategist who combined genius strategy and outstanding political and diplomatic ability", but his story of killing China civilians was little known in Viet Nam.

Heroes who love China also love Confucius.

In the early Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan expanded everywhere and launched an army to attack Vietnam three times. Only the first attack on Vietnam won, and the last two were defeated by Chen Guojun, the royal general of the Chen Dynasty in Vietnam. Chen Guojun was named the king of Sing Tao, so it was also called Chen Sing Tao. Mongolian fighters traveled all over Eurasia, but failed to conquer small Vietnam. Since then, they have often been harassed by Vietnamese troops on the southwest border, which makes Vietnam very proud, and Chen Sing Tao has become the number one national hero. At that time, Mongolia had entered the Central Plains to establish the Yuan Dynasty, and China was also blamed for the invasion of Vietnam.

During Yongle period of Ming Dynasty and Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, China sent troops to Vietnam. The reasons for sending troops are basically internal rebellion in Vietnam or aggression by neighboring countries, and the precarious dynasty requests the protection of the suzerain country. Under the etiquette system of suzerain-vassal relations at that time, China did have the obligation to send troops, and could not accuse China of interfering in Vietnamese internal affairs from a modern point of view.

19 in the 1980s, China fulfilled its duty as the suzerain for the last time, helping Vietnam to fight against the French army. In the end, China was defeated and the French won. With the compromise of the Qing Dynasty, the French occupied Vietnam in 1885, and the relationship between China and Vietnam ended. It was not until 1949 that Sino-Vietnamese relations turned a new page and entered an unprecedented honeymoon period, and the leaders of the two countries also forged a brotherly personal friendship.

In China's history books, there is often only one generation of Vietnamese-related affairs. The names of Vietnamese generals who fought against China are rarely recorded because their ranks are very low. But for Viet Nam, China is one of the most important and powerful neighbors. Sino-Vietnamese relations are very important in Vietnamese history. Sacrifice and worship of China heroes have existed since ancient times. Tang Degang wrote in Seventy Years of the Late Qing Dynasty: "My Vietnamese students told me that all Vietnamese' national heroes' were' anti-China heroes' in Vietnamese history. I also told them that in the history of civil war in Zhinan Peninsula, I don't know how many "national heroes" have been produced, which may be 100 times that of those who fought against China, but only "anti-China heroes" can go down in history. You don't even know the names of other heroes. The students smiled and said yes.