The Military of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

The so-called "Austro-Hungarian Empire" was essentially a helpless concession by the ancient Habsburg dynasty to the rise of modern nationalism. In the Middle Ages, when the national sense was not strong, the Habsburg royal family ruled a large number of territories, from the Rhine River to Western Ukraine. The royal family used a long list of titles such as "king, prince, grand duke, duke, count" etc. , govern this vast land and the subjects of different nationalities living on the land. This medieval governance structure was outdated even in the 17th century. The rise of single-ethnic monarchies such as France, Britain, and Prussia formed a sharp contrast with the decline of the Habsburg dynasty.

During the Napoleonic Wars, the royal family lost the throne of the Holy Roman Empire, which had always been a window dressing, and had to be renamed Emperor of Austria. However, by the 1860s, even the Austrian Empire could no longer sustain itself. As the empire After two consecutive defeats against France in Italy and against Prussia in Bohemia, the once-suppressed national liberation movement surged again. In order to win over the Hungarian nobles who had been loyal to the royal family since the days of Queen Theresa, the royal family had to Autonomy was granted to Hungary in 1867. This is the origin of the so-called "Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy", referred to as "Austro-Hungarian Empire". Its full official name is: "The Kingdom and Territory represented by the Imperial Parliament and the Crown Territory of St. Stephen of Hungary" ", this is still a mixed system of medieval and modern times. Therefore, the author believes that the so-called "dual monarchy", although generally speaking, refers to the two geographical parts of Austria and Hungary that constitute the geographical and sovereign alliance. Administratively, however, on a deeper level, it is a very fitting description of the amalgamation of medieval and modern political structures in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

In essence, with the defeat of Sadowa, the empire's hope of restoring its influence in the German region came to nothing. The empire began to work hard to expand its influence to the southeastern Balkans in an attempt to seize the former territory across Europe, Asia and Africa. After the Ottoman Empire, a three-continental feudal theocratic empire, withdrew from the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe, it left the former Turkish-occupied areas dominated by southern Slavs. This left the empire and its close allies for centuries as protectors and protectors of the Slavs. Big Brother's self-proclaimed Russia turned against itself and had to tie himself to a German tank to fight against the powerful Tsar.

With the unfolding of the second industrial revolution, the empire experienced a comeback in the last 30 years of the 19th century, so that before the war, the empire actually relied on its vast territory (second in Europe) and a huge With a population (third in Europe) and strong industrial strength, it seems to be one of the great powers in Europe and even the world. It was this illusion, and the belief in German guarantees, that made the Reich plunge into war without hesitation and then be shattered by it.

The empire’s military bureaucracy did not lack talents. The defeat of Sadowa allowed the empire to quickly absorb the experience of its original enemy and ally, Germany, and establish its own general staff and headquarters. Scale mobilization system.

Reflected in the specific military deployment, the "Local Defense Force" (Landwehr), which was originally used as a reserve army, was upgraded to the status of a regular army. Since this upgrade started at the same time as Hungary's autonomy, Hungary was allowed to establish its own "Local Defense Force" (Honvéd). Therefore, before the war, the Imperial Army consisted of the following three parts:

Imperial Defense Force ("BewaffneteMacht" or "Wehrmacht")

Royal and Royal Land Defense Force (KaiserlichKamp; ouml; nigliche Landwehr, the emperor here refers to the Austrian emperor, and the king refers to the king of Bohemia. However, Bohemia only has the name of a kingdom, but does not have the same autonomy as Hungary). This is the abnormality of the empire. Although the local defense forces in the Hungarian part (also known as the Neletania region) are called local defense forces, they have field capabilities. However, according to legal regulations, their deployment and operations have certain geographical restrictions. Unlike the Imperial Defense Forces, which can Deploy and fight in any area of ??the empire.

The Royal Hungarian Local Defense Force (Honvéd) has the same mission and nature as the Royal and Royal Local Defense Forces. It is the local defense force of the Hungarian part of the empire (the Transletania region) and is also a regular Field troops. In terms of military administration, the Imperial Wehrmacht is under the direct control of the Imperial War Ministry in Vienna, the Royal and Royal Regional Defense Forces are under the jurisdiction of the Austrian Regional Defense Ministry, also located in Vienna, and the Royal Hungarian Regional Defense Force is located in the Port of Pest (part of Budapest, The port area) was under the jurisdiction of the Hungarian Local Defense Ministry, and these two local defense ministries were jointly unified by the Imperial War Ministry in Vienna. In terms of the military order and command system, the Imperial Army, composed of these three parts, is commanded by the Imperial General Staff in Vienna.

The two lines leading upward from military affairs and military orders all point to the same person: the theoretical supreme commander of the imperial army: the Emperor of Austria and the King of Hungary. However, in fact, since the empire has been constitutionalized, the monarch's influence on the imperial minister of war is no longer as much as that of the imperial prime minister. Moreover, since the monarch Franz Joseph I is already old, the military command power is essentially exercised by the chief of general staff. After the disastrous defeat at the beginning of the war, the military command fell into the hands of German advisers. This situation changed after the death of the old emperor. The succeeding emperor Karl I was young and powerful, and he was an experienced and accomplished field army. Officer, which allowed him to take back part of the military command authority.

Unlike the local defense forces, the regiments of the Imperial Defense Forces often change their locations. This is mainly to prevent the Wehrmacht soldiers from establishing too deep a friendly relationship with the local residents, making it impossible to suppress this political situation when a rebellion occurs. Consider that this is also determined by the role of the Imperial Wehrmacht. Unlike the local defense forces, it is a mobile strike force directly under the emperor. This was even more obvious before the general mobilization. It was composed of nobles who were born in the nobility loyal to the Habsburg royal family. The Imperial Wehrmacht, commanded by officers and non-commissioned officers who were basically born into families of lower-level civil servants who were also loyal to the imperial family, was not only a deterrent to civil uprisings, but, according to an official view that was never publicly stated but tacitly acknowledged in private, it was an act of deterrence. Its supplementary force was the strength of the local defense corps, especially those in unstable areas. These troops were composed of disaffected locals and commanded by squires with separatist tendencies and were seen as a threat to the imperial government. A threat that exceeds that of civil riots because they have organizations and weapons and are legal.

This is also a helpless compromise response by a medieval system like the Austro-Hungarian Empire to cope with wars between modern nation-states. Unlike royal mercenary wars in the Middle Ages, wars between modern nation-states require the mobilization of large numbers of citizens to participate in the war. In this case, if it does not establish its own mobilization system, the Austro-Hungarian Empire will be forced to perform universal compulsory military service by a flood of enemies. The army was overwhelmed by the sea of ??troops, so it was necessary to establish its own mobilization system and establish its own reserve and reserve troops. However, the loyalty of these troops was very fragile because they were not maintained by a sense of national identity.

Ironically, it was the Reichswehr that was overwhelmed by mobilization rather than the regional defense forces, which were considered unstable and viewed as a threat. After the general mobilization order was issued, a large number of imperial subjects were added to the Imperial Defense Force, which expanded the Imperial Defense Force from 300,000 to nearly 2 million. However, the results were disastrous. Those noble officers and junior non-commissioned officers who had been loyal to the imperial family due to long-term training and The standing army soldiers were overwhelmed by the sea of ??mobilization troops and became isolated islands. A large number of troops filled with soldiers from ethnic groups with separatist sentiments quickly lost their combat effectiveness. Resistance, surrender and mutiny became commonplace. Only those soldiers from Upper and Lower Austria and Hungary Only the soldiers in the Magyar region and the supplementary troops have combat effectiveness above the standard. It is a blessing that the other troops did not mutiny.

In sharp contrast to the Imperial Wehrmacht are the local defense forces. These troops who fought to defend their homeland often fought to the end and became the backbone of the Imperial Army in the late war. Their representatives were the Tyrolean regional archer units. It is part of the Royal and Royal Local Defense Forces, a local force in the Tyrol (Austria-Italy) border area. Before the war, there were only four regiments. During the border battle when Italy declared war on Austria, this small force Sticking to the Austrian-Italian border and delaying the attack of Italy's famous Alpine infantry and the Italian main force that is disproportionately large (150:1) bought precious time for the Austro-Hungarian army and German reinforcements to move south. Otherwise, Austria-Hungary collapsed in 1915. Therefore, after Karl I succeeded to the throne, he gave the Tyrolean Archer Corps the honorary title of "Royal Archer Corps".

However, the local defense force is not the main force of the empire after all, and there are many legal restrictions on its deployment and use. For example, the above-mentioned Tyrolean local shooter unit is clearly restricted by the Tyrol state parliament to only participate in defense. The battle in Tyrol may be strategically beneficial to the defense of Tyrol, so the unit stood aside during the subsequent offensive operations in Italy until the Imperial War Ministry misinterpreted and extended the legal provisions and declared that the offensive operations in Italy were " It was only strategically advantageous to defend Tyrol that it was mobilized to participate in the war.

It can be seen that although the local defense force has strong combat effectiveness, it can only conduct defensive operations or small-depth offensive operations. The Imperial Minister of War is theoretically higher than the Imperial Chief of General Staff. In addition to the Chief of General Staff, his subordinates also include the Director of the individual services and the commander-in-chief of the field ambulance force, and the Commander of the Imperial Officer Corps (honorary position, honorary national officer) head), chief engineer of military construction, military medical committee (note that its director and the commander-in-chief of the field ambulance force are not the same position, and the committee and the commander-in-chief of the field ambulance force are not a department), director of field religious officers, military technical committee and various Administrative departments.

Although it is a cabinet department, the Imperial War Minister must be an active military member. The Imperial War Department divides the empire into several military administrative areas. Each military administrative area is generally stationed or is expected to establish a combat army with jurisdiction over several divisions and auxiliary forces after general mobilization. The commander of the military administrative area is concurrently served by the commander of the army, and the military administrative area headquarters is composed of Composed of four parts:

Military Department: headed by the Chief of Military Staff, responsible for military affairs.

Military Construction Department: Responsible for military construction affairs.

Managerial Department: Responsible for logistics and military and economic affairs.

Auxiliary Forces Department: including the Army Artillery Brigade Commander, the Director of Military Law, the Field Rescue Director, and the Military and Religious Affairs Committee (due to the extremely complex beliefs of various ethnic groups in the empire, each church and sect has its own clergy accompanying the army) , including army chaplains, army rabbis, and army Imams. Of course, since there are no ethnic groups that believe in Buddhism in the empire, there are no army monks.)

The combat regiments of the Imperial Defense Force have different combat command languages. It is divided into two types: Austrian (German) regiment and Hungarian regiment.

This kind of rough division is also a last resort. The empire has many ethnic groups and mixed languages. It is impossible for an officer to be proficient in all the more than 20 languages ????of the empire (it is said that only the emperor can speak all these languages, which is worthy of the title). The symbol of imperial unity and the bond of connection).

As a result, all soldiers recruited from the non-Hungarian parts of the empire were divided into Austrian regiments that used German as the command language, regardless of whether they were Bohemians or Italians; All Hungarian conscripts were divided into Hungarian regiments that used Hungarian as the command language, regardless of whether they were Romanians, Poles, Croats or Slovenes. This situation worsened after the general mobilization. A large number of peasants speaking various languages ??were recruited into the army. In the end, even the platoon leader could not make the large number of people he collected understand his orders. To the point where the entire grassroots combat command tends to collapse, the entire Imperial Defense Force, the expected main force of the Empire, has turned into a huge monster suffering from terminal nerve ending paralysis, unable to function normally at all, let alone fight.

This situation is much better in the local defense forces. Most of the soldiers in these troops are from their hometowns, and the subordinate commanders are locals. The language problem is not serious. Therefore, in the later stages of the war, the performance of the local defense forces was obvious. Better than the Imperial Wehrmacht. Later in the war, presumably based on this experience, the Royal Hungarian Regional Defense Force was divided into the Royal Hungarian Regional Defense Force and the Royal Croatian-Slovenian Regional Defense Force. In fact, as early as 1868, according to the "Little Affirmative Action" applicable to Croatia (as opposed to the "Great Affirmative Action" applicable to Hungary, according to which Hungary achieved the same status as Austria), Croatian has become a Hungarian language. The language of command and service of Croatian units in the Defense Forces.

Due to the poor performance and the fact that it was out of date and incompatible with actual combat needs after war testing, in 1915, the Imperial War Department canceled the historical honorary titles and affiliated emblems of all troops, and called them directly according to their numbers. force. The Austro-Hungarian Empire's mobilization and replenishment system was different from that of Germany. It did not set up a supplementary regiment with the same number as each regiment to be responsible for the regiment's troop replenishment. Instead, it adopted a reserve army, supplementary battalion, supplementary area and "local reserve". A complex system that combines the four elements of "team".

The Austro-Hungarian Military Service Law stipulates that all healthy male youths must perform universal compulsory military service. Healthy males over the age of 21 are selected and assigned by the conscription bureau to serve in the Imperial Wehrmacht for three years, and then in the reserve. 7 years of reserve service in the army, followed by 2 years of active service in the local defense forces, or 10 years of "alternative reserve" service (a few weeks per year) in the local defense forces. Soldiers who have completed active service in the Imperial Wehrmacht can continue to perform voluntary military service for one year. During the voluntary military service, they will be paid and have the opportunity to attend the junior military school with the battalion. Technical forces and the navy encourage voluntary military service. All other men aged 19 and under 43 who are not drafted into the National Defense Forces, Reserve Army and Local Defense Forces must serve in the local reserve forces.

Unlike Germany's local defense force, which is a reserve force, the Austro-Hungarian local defense force is on active duty.

The Austro-Hungarian mobilization plan is that after the mobilization order is issued, men serving in the reserve army will immediately be transferred to active service in the Imperial Defense Forces, and soldiers serving in the alternative reserve of the local defense forces will be transferred to active service in the local defense forces. The reserve personnel of the reserve team are trained intensively and are responsible for making up for the loss of troops during wartime.

During the mobilization period, the Austro-Hungarian Wehrmacht established few new units and mainly used reserve personnel to fill existing units, mainly the undermanned parts of each unit and supplementary battalions under certain regiments. The battalion has all officers, most non-commissioned officers and a small number of soldiers. During the deployment period after the mobilization order is issued, the battalion is filled with reserve personnel. Most of them follow the regiment to fight, and a small number are formed into new regiments. After each regiment fills up the supplementary battalion and puts it into battle, it immediately establishes a new supplementary battalion to receive and train new recruits from the rear. These newly built supplementary battalions after mobilization remain in the original garrison of the regiment, and are determined by the supplementary area to which the regiment belongs. The local reserve personnel to which they belong are replenished. Usually, after completing training, they immediately join the original regiment to fight and establish new supplementary battalions. The highest record during the war is that a Hungarian regiment of the Imperial Defense Force used 20 supplementary battalions. If Counting the 4 battalions it had before mobilization, and assuming that the regiment had 4 battalions at the end of the war (even if it was full), the entire regiment had been fired five times. This shows that the Austro-Hungarian army had The scale of the battle damage was simply unbelievable. Before the war, the Austro-Hungarian Imperial Wehrmacht had the following infantry units:

62 Austrian infantry regiments

40 Hungarian infantry regiments

4 Bosnia and Herzegovina Infantry Regiment (a newly annexed area by the empire in 1908. For this area, the crown prince and even the entire empire were sacrificed)

28 Field Hunter Battalions (What is a Field Hunter Battalion after Introduction)

1 Bosnian Field Chasseur Battalion

4 Tyrolean Chasseur Regiment (note, this is a unit of the Imperial Wehrmacht, and as mentioned above, The Tyrolean Archer Corps of the Royal and Royal Home Guards were not one unit).

The specific structure of the infantry regiment is as follows:

Regimental headquarters, 4 field infantry battalions, and 16 field infantry companies.

Regiment Headquarters:

A colonel serves as the regiment commander, a school-level officer serves as the chief of staff, 3 to 5 lieutenants serve as staff officers, a deputy regiment commander, and a regiment engineer Director, one regiment comptroller, four assistants to the comptroller, one regiment quartermaster, one regiment armory director, one regiment barracks management director, one regiment bandmaster, one regiment medical director, four A senior military doctor, a regimental sergeant major, and four regimental service corporals.

Four battalion commanders (lieutenant colonel or major), four deputy battalion commanders, one regimental clergy officer and his assistant, trumpeter, 5 first-class privates, 30 privates, and two cadets .

Regiment 1***: 21 officers, 73 non-commissioned officers and soldiers.

The 16 company commanders are all captains, and each company has a company sergeant. The deputy company commander is usually a lieutenant or second lieutenant, and the platoon leader is a warrant officer.

Excluding the strength of the regiment headquarters, the total strength is: 64 officers, 2488 non-commissioned officers and soldiers.

The regiment’s supplementary battalion structure is as follows:

1 major battalion commander, 2 supplementary area recruiting officers, 1 senior military doctor, 1 accounting officer, 3 sergeants Assistant to the comptroller, 1 quartermaster, 1 battalion chief of staff, 4 lieutenants (future company commander), 4 sergeants (future company sergeant major), and 12 soldiers (all veterans, their role is training recruits).

Infantry officers above the rank of lieutenant are issued a saber. The saber is 82 centimeters long. It has a blood groove on both sides and an edge on one side. It is used for commanding and issuing orders, and can also be used for close combat. The comptroller, chief of staff and regimental band leader are issued ceremonial M1863-style sabers, which are unbladed and 65.8 centimeters long and cannot be used for fighting.

Engineer officers, trumpeters and drivers are issued M1862 engineer knives.

Soldier sharpshooters and sharpshooter officers can wear the "shooter mark".

Each regiment has its own regiment flag, which serves as the symbol of the regiment.

Like the infantry units, the artillery units of the Austro-Hungarian Empire were also divided into three armies, the Artillery Unit of the Imperial Wehrmacht, the Artillery Unit of the Royal and Royal Local Defense Forces, and the Artillery Unit of the Royal Hungarian Local Defense Forces. Among them, the artillery force of the Imperial Wehrmacht is the strongest and has the most complete range of subordinate arms.

The Reichswehr Artillery Force can be further divided into:

The Wehrmacht Field Artillery Force

The Wehrmacht Fortress Artillery Force

The Wehrmacht Mountain Artillery Force

The National Defense Force Artillery Technical Support Force

The National Defense Force Artillery Training Team

Among them, the strength of the National Defense Artillery Force is as follows:

42 field cannon regiments

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14 field howitzer divisions (battalion level)

11 mounted artillery divisions (battalion level)

14 heavy howitzer divisions (battalion level)

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11 mountain artillery regiments

6 fortress artillery regiments

10 independent fortress garrison artillery battalions

In artillery units and transport units , the "division" organization is a battalion-level organization.

Each divisional field artillery regiment contains a supplementary battalion, whose functions are the same as those of an infantry regiment. At the same time, each field artillery regiment also contains a basic ammunition team, which has only 2 officers and 9 soldiers. It is also a unit waiting to be filled with reserve personnel after mobilization.

A field artillery regiment with four artillery companies has a total of 16 officers and 404 soldiers.

The Fortress Artillery Regiment is much larger, with 3 battalions and 12 companies, with a total of 54 officers and 1,251 soldiers.

The artillery technical support force is mainly responsible for maintaining artillery, building fortifications for the artillery, setting up observation posts, establishing ammunition storage points, providing security and other tasks. It is also responsible for the four functions of technical engineers, field engineers, scouts and light infantry. Ren is an indispensable assistant to the artillery unit.

Since the artillery technical support force is a technical branch, the position of artillery engineer with the army is established. The chief artillery engineer with the army has the rank of major general, and the senior artillery parts management engineer has the rank of colonel. Artillery officers and soldiers are equipped with revolvers as Self-defense weapons, officers are also equipped with cavalry sabers.

The security troops of the field artillery unit itself and the soldiers of the artillery technical support unit that provides security services to the field artillery unit are equipped with rifles without bayonets.

The light infantry of the fortress artillery is equipped with rifles with bayonets.

The artilleryman's cap has an artillery tassel, but this is a decorative tassel used only in peacetime. During wartime, artillerymen uniformly wear cylindrical soft cloth brimmed combat caps.

At the beginning of the war, the Austro-Hungarian artillery stored a large amount of ammunition, but only a small amount of spare cannons. According to the theory proposed by some idiot, the cannons will not play a big role in future wars. What's worse is that although the Skoda Arsenal, the largest arsenal in Austria-Hungary, still has sufficient production capacity, it does not store raw materials. As a result, after the war began, due to the British naval blockade, the arsenal's raw materials for the production of cannons were quickly depleted. Next, the Austro-Hungarian artillery suffered huge losses in the wars in Russia and the Balkans. This made the Austro-Hungarian artillery almost exhausted by the time Italy entered the war in 1915, so that it was almost impossible to deploy a single cannon on the Italian front. . The Imperial War Department frantically searched for all the heavy firearms that could still be fired to equip its artillery units. Old-fashioned artillery without recoilers were re-issued to the troops, and even a 65mm copper mountain cannon produced in 1861 was reissued to the army. Pulled to the front line. Nearly 300 Russian prisoners of war struggled to pull the gun up the Ortler Peak of the Alps at an altitude of 3,905 meters.

The situation of the fortress artillery is much better. The fortress artillery protected by the fortress does not suffer much losses. Take the 1st Fortress Artillery Regiment of the Imperial Wehrmacht as an example. The 1st Battalion of the regiment has two 305mm heavy mortars. artillery and two 150mm heavy howitzers. The other three artillery battalions each have one 240mm heavy mortar and three 150mm heavy howitzers. They also have one battalion of infantry troops. These troops were still fully organized by the autumn of 1915.

The 2nd Fortress Artillery Regiment added a supplementary battalion in 1915. The battalion possessed a terrifying 420mm howitzer, which was assisted by Germany.

In 1918, all fortress artillery regiments were reorganized into heavy artillery regiments.

The artillery technical standards of the Austro-Hungarian Army are as follows:

Cannon: 40 to 60 times the barrel, and the horizontal flame length reaches 10% of the gun length

Heavy mortar: 6 to 10 times the barrel, vertical flame reaches 70% of the gun height

Howitzer: 10 to 16 times the barrel.

Models:

M61 cannon, 120mm caliber, M61 cannon, 150mm caliber, M95 cannon, 180mm caliber. 150 mm mortar M78, 150 mm mortar M80, 150 mm armored mortar M80, 90 mm cannon M75 and M75/96, 80 mm armored howitzer M94P, 150 mm armored howitzer M94 and M99 , 100mm armored howitzers M99F and M99B, 100mm armored howitzers M5 and M6F, 100mm assault howitzer M9, 240mm heavy mortars M98 and M98/07, 305mm heavy mortar M11, 380mm caliber heavy howitzer M16, 350 mm caliber naval gun L/45M15, 420 mm caliber heavy howitzer M14. The cavalry units of the Austro-Hungarian Empire were also affiliated to the Imperial Defense Forces, the Royal and Royal Local Defense Forces, and the Royal Hungarian Defense Forces. There are three types of cavalry regiments: hussars, lancers, and dragoons. However, in essence, when the war begins, there is no difference in the weapons and equipment of these three types of cavalry. These differences in names are just a historical relic. It's like the empire itself is a historical relic.

The Imperial Wehrmacht has 16 hussar regiments. According to tradition, these soldiers come from the Hungarian part of the empire. However, they are not all Hungarians, but also include Croats, Romanians and Slovaks.

The standard organization of the Hussars is 2 battalions and 6 squadrons, with 27 officers, 925 non-commissioned officers and soldiers, 950 riding horses and 16 draft horses.

In 1916, due to the acute shortage of horses, all hussars regiments were changed to "Hussars Archer Regiments", which were essentially infantry regiments.

The hussars wear a hard cylindrical military cap, with a large bottom and a small top. There is a tassel hanging in the middle of the hat tube, a soaring tassel on the top of the hat, and a hard brim.

The hussar uniform is called the "Attila" uniform. It is said to commemorate the great ancestor of the Hungarians, Attila (there is still debate whether the Hungarians are descendants of the Huns). Its famous feature is the uniform. The front chest has 5 rows of symmetrical buttons, and long fringes are wrapped between the buttons in a butterfly shape.

Each regiment is distinguished from each other by the color of the uniform, the color of the military cap spikes and the color of the uniform buttons and laces. We will introduce them separately when we introduce the regiments in detail later.

The hussars are equipped with the M1890 repeating carbine, and the officers are equipped with the M1870 military revolver. The medics are not equipped with shooting weapons, but all hussars, regardless of officers and soldiers, are equipped with the M1869 cavalry saber.

The Imperial Wehrmacht has 10 lancer regiments. According to tradition, these lancers are recruited from the Austrian Poland region, and their organization is no different from the hussars.

Lancers wear helmets with a small Polish square cap graphic decoration on the top. The front of the uniform has a large piece of traditional lancer uniform cloth. The cloth is trapezoidal, starting from the shoulders and ending at The color of the waist and decorative fabrics varies from group to group. Although the Lancers in the British Army have been converted into infantry or mechanized infantry regiments, they still wear this uniform during military parades.

The Lancers are equipped with M1890 repeating carbines, and officers are equipped with M1870 military revolvers. The medics are not equipped with shooting weapons, but all Lancers, regardless of officers and soldiers, are equipped with M1869 cavalry sabers.

The Imperial Wehrmacht has 15 dragoon regiments, all of which are recruited from Upper and Lower Austria and Bohemia. The dragoon regiments are organized the same as hussars and lancers.

The crest of the dragoon helmet is the same as the ancient Greek helmet, which is an arch-shaped ornament, but generally does not have tassels.

The dragoons wore the same uniform as the infantry, but wore the regimental identification insignia.

Dragoons are equipped with M1890 repeating carbines, and officers are equipped with M1870 military revolvers. Medical soldiers are not equipped with shooting weapons, but all dragoons, regardless of officers and soldiers, are equipped with M1869 cavalry sabers.

The ***41 cavalry regiments affiliated to the Imperial Defense Force are all organized into cavalry brigades and cavalry divisions during wartime. This is different from the cavalry regiments affiliated to the local defense forces. They were all split into infantry divisions and used as divisional cavalry. The so-called field chassing troops are different from Germany's use of chasseurs as military police. The Austro-Hungarian field chassing troops are actually light infantry troops. Traditionally, the soldiers of these troops are recruited from hunters, so they have this name.

Different from ordinary infantry, Field Chasseur troops are required to carry out guerrilla operations deep behind enemy lines, do not rely on heavy firearm support, and do not participate in large group operations.

At the same time, some of the field chassing troops are actually mountain light infantry troops. These troops are recruited from traditional mountain people. They are naturally used to climbing mountains and wading on the ground. They have excellent marksmanship due to frequent hunting. Moreover, it has a certain ability to survive in the wild and is a rare and excellent unit for performing tasks such as mountain infiltration and harassment.

The Imperial Wehrmacht has 29 independent field chasseur battalions and 4 Tyrolean Chasseur regiments. These four regiments and 4 Tyrolean archer units belonging to the Royal and Royal Land Defense Forces The regiments also constituted the empire's mountain troops, but when Italy declared war, the four Tyrolean Chasseur Regiments belonging to the Wehrmacht were fighting on the Balkan front.

The Imperial Wehrmacht also has 4 Bosnian infantry regiments. These regiments wear blue uniforms and red Turkish skullcaps (so-called Fitz hats), equipped with chaplains (for Orthodox Christians) and accompanying troops. Imam (for Muslims).

Since 1878, the empire has occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina. Of course, nominally these two provinces still belong to the Ottoman Empire, the great feudal theocratic empire that spanned Europe, Asia and Africa. In 1882, the Austro-Hungarian War Ministry officially divided Bosnia and Herzegovina into four supplementary districts (Sarajevo, Banja Luka, Dorunja Tuzla and Mostar), and other military districts in the empire. The supplementary areas are different. These four supplementary areas are directly under the Imperial General Staff. The Imperial Wehrmacht first raised a basic company in each of the four supplementary areas, then expanded the companies into battalions in 1885, then expanded the battalions into two battalions in 1889, and again expanded each battalion into two battalions in 1892. This By that time, all 16 battalions required by the four regiments were completed. In 1894, after the establishment of regimental headquarters and supplementary battalions, four Bosnian infantry regiments were completed. In 1903, the Imperial War Office recruited a battalion of field chasseurs from the entire Bosnia and Herzegovina region regardless of supplementary areas. The Austro-Hungarian Navy existed from 1867 to 1918 and was the maritime power of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The official German name is Kaiserliche und Konigliche Kriegsmarine, which is the Imperial and Royal War Navy, and the abbreviation is k.u.k.Kreigsmarine. The Austro-Hungarian Navy inherited the Austrian Imperial Navy. In 1867, when the Austrian Empire was renamed the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the navy also changed its name. When the Austro-Hungarian Empire disintegrated in 1918, Austria no longer had a coastline, so the Imperial Navy ceased to exist. (Today, Austria has a floating force cruising on the Danube, but it is affiliated with the federal police rather than the navy.)

Royal Naval Academy: The talent education system of the Austro-Hungarian Navy was very complete, and at that time it was Very advanced. The Navy has opened a number of academies and provided a considerable number of courses in these academies, providing a strong guarantee for the training of naval military personnel. This chapter only introduces three academies in detail, two of which specialize in training non-commissioned officers, and the other is the Naval Academy, which specializes in training naval officers for the navy.

Royal Academy Schiffrungen: Royal Academy Schiffrungen is a maritime academy located in Sibenik. The college's courses are completed in three years. The courses mainly teach basic military theory, basic naval common sense and relatively simple naval professional knowledge. Students conduct practical exercises on the school's ships and venues. Students who graduate from here will become junior petty officers. Depending on their performance, graduates will become quartermasters, sailors, first class and privates. After graduation, all students (and, of course, current junior petty officers) will begin taking professional courses.

Royal Mechanical College: The Royal Mechanical College is located in Pula. The college's courses are completed in three years. The academy has only two majors for students on campus who will become noncommissioned officers: electrical engineering and electrical engineering. The school had a great reputation, in fact it was one of the best electrical engineering schools in Europe at the time. The promotion method of graduates is basically the same as that of the Royal Schiffrungen College, but the difference is that students of the Royal Mechanical College can receive professional knowledge training immediately after graduation.

Royal Oceanic College: The Royal Oceanic College is located in Rijeka and mainly trains officers for the navy. The entry age for students is generally fifteen or sixteen years old. Graduates will be directly promoted to naval officer corporals. After serving for a period of time as corporals, they can be promoted to senior officer candidates. Most naval officers are graduates of the Royal Marine College.

If the Navy needs more naval officers, the Navy can also openly recruit naval officers among high school graduates. These graduates will participate in an eighteen-month training course, including ten months of theoretical training and eight months of offshore internship. During the course these students are designated as officer candidates. After the course training, students who pass the graduation examination will become corporals in the Navy Reserve. The officers selected by these local universities are all part-time officers, who generally serve as engineers, medical personnel or teaching staff in the military.