Adhd campaign slogan

I have seen such a news headline before: the child was expelled from kindergarten because of ADHD, and her mother said, "I really regret not finding out earlier." 」

The child can't stand, can't sit still and has a bad temper. The child's mother thinks this is the child's nature. Only when the teacher persuaded the child to leave did the mother know that the child had more serious ADHD.

So what exactly is ADHD? What other diseases are accompanied by ADHD? Let's look down together

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. It is mainly manifested in distraction, transitional activities and emotional impulses regardless of the occasion, accompanied by cognitive impairment and learning difficulties, and the intelligence is normal or close to normal.

ADHD is very common in school-age children, but 70% of the symptoms will last until adolescence and 30%-50% will last until adulthood. ADHD often suffers from learning disorder, opposition disorder and emotional disorder, which has a wide range of negative effects on patients' academic, professional and social life. At present, child psychiatrists generally believe that ADHD is a chronic disease that affects life.

PART.0 1 research progress of etiology

The etiology and pathogenesis of ADHD are still unclear, but many evidences show that ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Related gene studies have found that specific neural development networks are involved in the etiology of ADHD.

Neuropsychological research has found that the conversion function of ADHD children is equivalent to that of normal children 2-3 years younger than their age. The motor balance function of ADHD boys lags behind that of normal boys. The neuroimaging study further found that the cerebral cortex of ADHD children matured about 3 years later than that of the normal control group, especially the prefrontal cortex and temporal cortex. The resting brain functional imaging data show that the brain function of ADHD adults is obviously different from that of normal adults, but similar to that of adolescents. All the above results show that the brain development of ADHD patients is delayed, and ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder.

At present, it is considered that ADHD is a syndrome caused by biological factors, psychological factors and social factors alone or in concert.

Biological factors:

Over the years, it has been found that biological relatives of ADHD children have more psychological obstacles than relatives of non-ADHD children, especially depression, alcoholism, conduct problems and anti-social behavior. Family and twin studies show that the risk of family members of ADHD children is five times that of ordinary people, and the risk of siblings is 6- 10 times that of other children. Recently, several large twin studies show that the heritability of hyperactivity and impulsiveness in children is 55%-97%, with an average of 80%. Thus, heredity plays a major role in the pathogenesis of ADHD.

Children with ADHD have a certain proportion of perinatal abnormalities. Infection during pregnancy, poisoning, malnutrition, medication, drinking, smoking, X-ray irradiation and brain damage caused by various reasons may all lead to abnormal neurodevelopment, hyperactivity and behavioral problems in children.

Socio-psychological factors:

0 1 psychological and behavioral factors

Research on the personality characteristics of ADHD children shows that the proportion of deviant children is higher than that of normal children. Compared with normal children, ADHD children are more extroverted. Related research shows that compared with normal children, ADHD children are emotionally unstable, excitable, reckless, with poor self-control and prone to aggressive behavior.

02 family environment factors

Parents' personality characteristics also play an important role in ADHD. Relevant research shows that 76.09% of ADHD children have bad parents, and the incidence of social disorder and alcoholism of parents of ADHD children is higher than that of parents of normal children. The mother of ADHD boy has severe depressive episode or obvious anxiety symptoms, and the father has a history of ADHD because there are more children than normal children.

The formation of children's bad behavior is related to the strengthening of family education. Parents' personality characteristics and children's antagonistic relationship will lead to the occurrence and development of ADHD children's bad behavior. Its way may be directly influenced by demonstration and heredity, or indirectly influenced by parents' parenting style and interaction with children.

03 school factors

Children's insecurity can lead to ADHD. Improper handling of problems by teachers will lead to "excessive situational activities" and inattention. If teachers don't understand ADHD children, beating, cursing or insulting their personality will seriously affect children's development, lead to hyperactivity, and even promote social behavior, leading to juvenile delinquency.

04 social factors

Children are influenced by social environment. Children with ADHD are high-risk groups of conduct disorder and juvenile delinquency, and are more susceptible to social unhealthy atmosphere. Among the social factors, social development, fast pace of life, increased mental work, fierce employment competition and great learning pressure will increase children's social psychological pressure, make them nervous and cause their psychological and behavioral obstacles.

The second part is epidemiological study.

The prevalence of ADHD is generally reported to be 3%-7%, and the ratio of male to female is 4: 1-9: 1. Cross-cultural studies have found that ADHD occurs in almost all countries and cultural backgrounds, but its prevalence rate is different in different countries and socio-economic and cultural classes.

The prevalence of ADHD is mainly related to evaluation tools, diagnostic criteria, sampling methods, reporters, diseases, selected population, countries and population characteristics. It is reported that in DSM-IV-TR, the prevalence of ADHD among school-age children is 3%-7%. The prevalence of ADHD in school-age boys is the highest, and the prevalence of ADHD in adolescence decreases. The prevalence rate of girls is low, but there is no difference between different age groups. The prevalence of ADHD in urban areas is higher than that in rural areas.

The symptoms of ADHD basically appear in preschool age, but they are most prominent at the age of 9. With the increase of age, the probability of learning difficulties and other mental disorders in * * * disease increases obviously: 23%-64% of people with destructive behavior disorders, 65,438+00%-75% with mood disorders, 8%-30% with anxiety, 6%-92% with learning difficulties. Generally speaking, it's about. The existence of * * diseases often leads to serious damage to children's social function, decreased clinical efficacy and poor prognosis. In order to keep the academic level of ADHD consistent with its intellectual ability, about 20% of ADHD children need special education, and 15% of ADHD children need special behavior correction services.

Compared with foreign countries, the forms and tasks of prevention and control in China are more severe. ADHD is the most common behavior problem in children. According to the meta-analysis of seven major studies in China, the prevalence of ADHD is 4.3 1%-5.83%, and it is estimated that there are14610000-1979 million children in China. Among them, ADHD is only 28. 1%, while 7 1.9% patients suffer from * * * disease.

The investigation results of 8 12 ADHD cases from Beijing, Shanghai and Changsha show that more than 90% ADHD parents report that their children have difficulties in learning, observing discipline and completing homework; 62% parents report that their children have some difficulties in getting up on time and getting ready for school. 87.2% parents feel nervous and anxious about ADHD symptoms; 94.8% parents are worried that ADHD symptoms will affect their children's studies; 88.9% parents are worried that ADHD symptoms will affect their children's future career development; 34.2% parents think that family activities have been destroyed, and 26.8% parents' marriage relationship has been destroyed.

ADHD is a lifelong disorder, and more than 60% of patients' symptoms will last into adulthood. Its influence on function involves many aspects such as family, school, society and interpersonal relationship, and often causes other mental disorders. Therefore, the treatment of ADHD should be full-time and "24-7-365" (24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year). If possible, it is best to use drugs with long coverage, and at the same time, the diseases suffered by * * * should be identified and treated. Compared with education, training or behavioral therapy, drug therapy is considered to be the most effective method to treat ADHD.

* Adult ADHD Scale

Note: The above picture shows the ADHD scale, which can be used for self-test and other people's evaluation.