What are the customs of Manchu?

Clothing:

"hair crown" and "flag shoes"

Logo:

Since the 20th century, great changes have taken place in Manchu economy and culture, and many traditional costumes are very rare. However, from movies, TV plays and museums, we can often appreciate the elegance of the old national flag costumes. Among them, the headdress on women's heads is very eye-catching. It is wide and long, fan-shaped and crown-shaped.

In the past, Manchu women, like boys, shaved all the hair around their heads when they were young, leaving only the hair behind their skulls and braiding it behind their heads until they grew up. After marriage, I began to wear a big basin head, a shelf head and two first-class buns, two of which are typical. These two heads tie up the hair on the top of the head and divide it into two locks, each lock of hair is coiled into a bun, and then the rest of the hair at the back is coiled into a long flat bun with a dovetail shape. Usually, a hairpin with a length of 20-30 cm and a width of 23 cm is horizontally inserted into the bun, so it is necessary to wear a crown when celebrating the auspicious day of the zodiac or receiving distinguished guests.

Mark head:

Hair crown is a fan-shaped crown with iron wire or bamboo rattan as the hat frame and green satin, green velvet or green yarn as the surface, which is more than 30 cm long and more than 10 cm wide. It can be fixed on a bun when worn. It is usually embroidered with patterns, inlaid with jewels or decorated with various flowers and long tassels. This kind of headdress is mostly used by Manchu upper-class women, and it is usually used when women get married. Wearing this wide and long hair crown can limit the distortion of the neck and make them straight. Coupled with the long cheongsam and high-end flag shoes, their walking pace is exquisite, especially stable and elegant.

Horseshoe shoes:

In addition to "cheongsam" and "crown", Manchu women's "flag shoes" are also very distinctive. This embroidered flag shoe is made of wood and is called "high-soled shoes" or "flowerpot-soled shoes" and "horseshoe-soled shoes". Its wooden heel is generally about 5- 10 cm high, some can reach 14- 16 cm, and the highest can reach about 25 cm. It is usually wrapped in white cloth and then embedded in the middle of the sole of the foot. The heel bottom usually has two shapes, one is that the top is open and the bottom is convergent, showing the shape of an inverted trapezoidal flowerpot. The other is thin at the top and wide at the bottom, flat at the front and round at the back, and looks and touches the ground like a horseshoe. Hence the names "flowerpot bottom" and "horseshoe bottom", which are also collectively called "high-soled shoes". In addition to embroidery patterns or cicada butterflies on the vamp, the parts of wood that can't follow the ground are often decorated with embroidery or beading. Some toes are decorated with ears woven with silk thread, which are as long as the ground. The high-heeled wooden sole of this kind of shoes is extremely strong, and the upper is often broken, while the sole is still intact and can be reused. High-end flag shoes are mostly worn by aristocratic young and middle-aged women over the age of thirteen or fourteen. The flag shoes of elderly women are mostly made of flat wood, which is called "flat shoes". The front end of the flag shoes is slightly cut to facilitate walking. I don't even wear it now.

Manchu people have the custom of "chopping wood to make shoes" since ancient times. There are many theories about the origin of this kind of high-soled shoes. One view is that Manchu women used to go up mountains to collect wild fruits, mushrooms and so on. In order to prevent insect bites, they tied wooden blocks to the soles. Later, they made more and more complicated shoes and developed them into high-soled shoes. There is also a legend that in order to cross a mud pond and recapture the city occupied by the enemy, Manchu ancestors learned the appearance of a white crane and tied high branches to their shoes, and finally won, achieving the goal of revenge and development. In order not to forget those tragic days, but also to commemorate the contribution of stilt wooden shoes, women put on these shoes and passed them on from generation to generation, becoming more and more exquisite and beautiful, and later became like this.

Historically, Manchu men like to wear blue robes and jackets, with hair and braids left on the back of the head, dome and trousers. On the other hand, women like to wear straight cheongsam, tie bows or "bun", wear rings, hang handkerchiefs around their waist, cover their feet and wear patterned shoes. However, today's "cheongsam" is not the dress of Manchu women in history, but a fashion that absorbs western clothing cutting methods, which is very different from the dress of Manchu women in the past.

Manchu costumes were popular all over the country in Qing dynasty, and now they are the same as Han costumes. Manchu women do not bind their feet. Their shoes are embroidered with beautiful floral ornaments, and the center of the sole is padded with wooden heels with a height of 10 cm. Manchu women can walk with their heads held high and their waists swaying. The hairstyle of Manchu women has changed a lot. When they were girls, they just pulled their hair back. When you get married soon, you should braid your hair and tie it in a bun. After marriage, there are many kinds of hairstyles, such as double bun and single bun. Double bun hairstyle combs the hair into two parts from the top of the head. The front bun is combed into a flat top for wearing a crown, and the back bun of the neck is combed into a dovetail shape and scattered behind the tibia to keep the neck straight all the time. Therefore, Manchu women are more noble and dignified when walking. The picture shows Manchu brides combing their wedding hairstyles. Cheongsam is a costume that Manchu men, women and children wear all year round. Simple cutting, round neck, wide front and back, narrow sleeves, quarter cut and long seam, which is convenient for getting on and off the horse. Narrow sleeves facilitate archery. Because the cuff is attached with horseshoe sleeves, it is also called horseshoe sleeves. After the Manchu gradually got rid of riding and shooting career, horseshoe sleeves have become decorations, and putting down horseshoe sleeves is still the etiquette for Manchu to pay tribute to the elderly and respected people. Women's cheongsam is more decorative than men's cheongsam The collar, front and cuffs are embroidered. With the changes of the times, the style of cheongsam has also changed greatly, and the four-piece cutting system has also been changed to a two-piece cutting system. Cheongsam can well show the figure and curve of women. The picture shows the vest worn by Manchu women wearing cheongsam coats. It is embroidered with exquisite patterns. Manchu women dancing in the court in cheongsam. Men wearing traditional Manchu cheongsam include arrow sleeve robes and vests, as well as Manchu men's hats.

Domicile:

In the past, there was a shadow wall in the general courtyard of Manchu dwellings, and there was also a "single pole" for gods. Manchu traditional houses are generally divided into three rooms: west, middle and east, with the gate facing south. The west room is called the upper west room, the middle room is called the hall and the east room is called the lower east room. There are three health in the west, namely, south, west and north. Xikanggui, Beikangda, Nankang Small. Visitors live in Xikang, elders live in Beikang, and younger generations live in Nankang.

Custom:

Manchu people respect their elders and pay attention to etiquette. When they meet their elders on the road, they should bow sideways and with their hands, waiting for their elders to pass by. Not only the younger generation should greet the elders, but also the younger generation should greet the elders. When relatives and friends meet, in addition to shaking hands, some people will greet each other with a waist. During the Spring Festival, we should worship once every two years, once on the evening of the 30th to bid farewell to the old year, and once on the first day of the New Year, which is called welcoming the new year. Indoor Xikang is not allowed to sit and lie down and pile up sundries at will; Avoid beating, killing and eating dog meat; Guests who do not wear dog skin hats or dog skin mattresses are forbidden to wear dog skin hats or dog skin sleeves.

Manchu people regard the Western Wall as a sacred place to worship their ancestors, and are not allowed to hang clothes and post New Year pictures here. Xikang, commonly known as "Fokang", has an "ancestor board". People, especially women, are forbidden to sit and lie down at will. Usually, guests are not allowed to rest in Xikang, let alone put dog skin hats or whips here. Avoid beating, killing and eating dog meat; Guests who do not wear dog skin hats or dog skin mattresses are forbidden to wear dog skin hats or dog skin sleeves.

Don't cross the tripod of the cooker and fireplace, and don't step on or sit on the cooker or fireplace at will; Do not bake your feet, socks, shoes and boots at the mouth of the stove or by the pond; It is forbidden to throw leftover food, bones, fishbones, etc. Put it in a cooker or fireplace.

Manchu people used to believe in Shamanism. Every year, according to different festivals, they offer sacrifices to heaven, gods and ancestors, with pigs and pig heads as the main sacrifices. When offering sacrifices, you should kill pigs, especially when offering sacrifices to ancestors, you should choose black pigs without miscellaneous hairs (some must also choose black pigs), and you should inject wine into pigs' ears before slaughter. If the pig's ears shake, it is thought that God has received them and can slaughter them. This move is commonly known as the "collar sacrifice." In some places, pig intestines and pig bladders should be put in barrels and hung on poles for crows to eat. It will be lucky if they are eaten within three days. Then cut the whole pig into eight pieces, put it in a square plate as it is, and put it under the ancestral tablet of the western mountain wall in the house. Family members kowtow bareheaded three times according to their generations, then chop up the meat and cook it in a pot. The whole family sits around and eats salt. At this time, if a guest comes, just kowtow three times in front of the ancestral tablet, and you can sit down and have dinner together without thanking you after eating. Manchu people still have the habit of inviting neighbors and friends to taste the first piece of pork when they kill pigs. In the past, when the crops were ripe, Manchu people still had the habit of "recommending new ones" for sacrifice, but now it has been replaced by the custom of "tofu on the fields and cakes on the fields", that is, when the grains are in the fields, they will eat tofu and new beans, and when the fields are over, they will eat rice or bean noodles and new grains to celebrate the bumper harvest. When young Manchu men and women get married, the bride must sit on Nankang first, which is also called "sitting on the blessing". It is not until the evening that a table is put on the ground. The bride and groom have to walk around the table hand in hand for three times and then have a drink.

Daily eating habits:

Manchu people eat three meals during busy farming and two meals during slack farming. The staple food is mostly millet and sorghum rice, japonica rice and dry rice. I like to add red beans or baked beans to rice, such as sorghum rice and dried rice. In some areas, corn is the staple food, and corn flour is fermented into "sour soup". Manchu people in most parts of Northeast China also have the habit of eating rice with water, that is, after cooking sorghum rice or corn (rice+rice), wash it with clear water, then soak it in clear water, take it out when eating, and put it in a bowl, which is cool and delicious. This way of eating is mostly in summer. Ciba is made of sticky sorghum, sticky corn and yellow rice. Include bean flour cake, glutinous rice cake, perilla leaf cake, pineapple leaf cake, beef tongue cake, rice cake, boiled cake, etc. Manchu cakes have a long history and became the staple food of the court in Qing Dynasty. Among them, the most representative is the imperial meal "Chestnut Noodles Wowotou", also known as Xiaowotou. Manchu dim sum Saqima has also become a famous pastry in China. The famous ones are the cakes of Qing Dongling, also known as the cakes of Qing Dongling, the cakes of Beijing snacks, the cakes of Chengde snacks in Hebei, and the lard cakes of Jingzhou snacks in Hubei.

In winter, the weather in the north is cold and there are no fresh vegetables. Manchu people often use sauerkraut as their main vegetable in autumn and winter. It is said that the method of pickling vegetables began in Shunzhi period of Qing Dynasty. Boiling white meat and vermicelli with sauerkraut is a common dish for Manchu people after winter. Sauerkraut can be cooked, stewed, fried and eaten cold. It is unique to use sauerkraut in hot pot. Side dishes can also be used to serve jiaozi. In Manchuria, northeast of China, every family can eat it until the next spring. In addition, daily vegetables include radishes and beans. Manchu people love to eat pork and often boil it in boiled water. This restaurant in Shenyang, Liaoning Province is a Manchu restaurant with a history of 100 years. Its white meat and blood sausage is called authentic Manchu flavor.

Manchu people have many dining customs and etiquette. For example, passers-by can share used cakes and meat, but generally they can't take them away, and they are not allowed to wipe their mouths after eating. When a family eats, the elders don't move chopsticks, and the younger generation never moves chopsticks; It is a habit to invite friends, relatives and neighbors to eat white meat and blood sausage when killing pigs in the New Year.

Ethnic food:

Manchu people live in scattered places, and there are typical foods that are representative everywhere, mainly including:

1 white meat and blood sausage.

② Hot pot (traditional Manchu dishes)

③ Sour Soup Nine is a typical food of Manchu in Xiuyan, Liaoning)

(4) Qing Dongling Pastry (also known as Qing Dongling Pie). It was originally used as a sacrifice when the Qing emperor went to Dongling to worship his ancestors, so it was also called "sacrificial cake". When making sacrifices, there are dozens of cakes filled with fruit, such as fish cakes, spoon cakes, chrysanthemum cakes, batter cakes, fried Korean cakes, glutinous rice cakes, yellow rice cakes, seven-star cakes, egg cakes, buttermilk cakes, wild grape cakes and yamanashi cakes. After the introduction of folk cakes, they are generally divided into large and small cakes. The pie is eight pieces per catty, commonly known as eight pieces of Qing Dongling; Cookies are sixteen pieces per catty, commonly known as eight pieces of Qing Dongling. The varieties of large and small cakes mainly include Taishi cake, muffin, rose cake, Longfeng cake, hawthorn peach and so on. There are also stuffing-free seven-star cakes, eight-point cakes, walnut cakes and crispy cakes.

Traditional festivals:

Many festivals of Manchu are the same as those of Han nationality. There are mainly Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, February 2nd, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. Traditional sports activities such as "Pearl Ball", vault, camel jumping and skating are generally held during festivals.

Pigs should be killed on holidays, and during the Chinese New Year (Spring Festival), every household should kill two or three pigs. On the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month (Laba Festival), eight kinds of food such as sticky sorghum and red beans are used to cook porridge, which is called Laba porridge. Eat jiaozi on New Year's Eve and put a white thread in the jiaozi. Whoever eats the white thread will live a long life. Some people put a copper coin in the jiaozi, which means they have money to spend in the new year. Besides, we should eat handmade meat and special snack Shaqima.

The Golden Festival is a day of "national celebration" for Manchu people. 1635 10 13, Huang taiji issued an imperial edict, officially changing his surname from "nuzhen" to "Manchuria", which marked the formation of a new national identity.

1989 10, at the first Manchu culture seminar in Dandong, the annual 12.3 was officially designated as the "Golden Festival".

Golden Festival: It is a day of Manchu "national celebration". 1635 lunar calendar+10 on the third day of the first month, Huang taiji issued an imperial edict, officially changing the surname "nuzhen" to "Manchuria", which marked the formation of a new national identity. 1989 10, at the first Manchu culture seminar in Dandong, the annual 12.3 was officially designated as the "Golden Festival".

Shangyuan Festival: the 15th day of the first month, commonly known as "Lantern Festival". Like the Han nationality, Manchu also has the custom of hanging lanterns and eating Yuanxiao.

Festivals for Manchu women. Usually on the sixteenth day of the first month. On that night, women traveled in small groups, or walked and rolled ice on the sand, or had fun, which was called "walking with all diseases".

February 2 nd: commonly known as "Dragon Rise Day". On the morning of the same day, Manchu people scattered kitchen ashes in the courtyard, and the ash road was curved like a dragon, so it was called "Zhao Long". Then a ceremony was held in the yard to pray for good weather. The whole family will eat "Longxu Noodles" and "Longlin cake". Women can't do needlework on this day.

Tomb-Sweeping Day: When going to the grave to pay homage to the ancestors, it is not that the Han people put money on the top of the grave after handing out paper money, but that a "Buddha flower" is inserted in front of the grave. "Frodo" is Manchu, which translates into "willow" or "willow branch" in Chinese. According to Manchu belief, willow is the ancestor of man, and man is the descendant of willow. In order to show that there are successors, willows should be inserted in graves.

Dragon Boat Festival: Manchu people eat zongzi and row dragon boats on the Dragon Boat Festival, and the customs are the same as those of Han people.

Mid-Autumn Festival: The Manchu people take July 15th as the Mid-Autumn Festival, which is also regarded as a "ghost festival" to turn over the dead. At that time, temples all over the country will set up Dojo, burn lanterns to chant Buddhist scriptures and hold various ceremony of crossing over.

Mid-Autumn Festival: Manchu families also eat "reunion dinner" in the Mid-Autumn Festival. Besides, when the moon rises, there will be a moon. That is, a wooden screen is placed on the west side of the east of the courtyard, and cockscomb flowers, soybean branches and fresh lotus roots are hung on the screen for the use of moon rabbits. There is a square table in front of the screen with a big moon cake on it. When offering sacrifices, women worship first, and men worship later.

Laba Festival: Manchu people want to soak "Laba vinegar" and cook "Laba meat" on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month. In addition to the food for the whole family, it should also be distributed to relatives and friends.

Off-year: Manchu people have the same custom of off-year as Han people. The 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month is a "small year". At that time, every household would sacrifice to the kitchen god, commonly known as "sending the kitchen god."

On the 30th anniversary of the Manchu Dynasty, couplets, window grilles, hanging slips (in the past, red, yellow, blue and white were pasted according to flags), blessings, door-sticking deities (which absorbed the customs of the Han nationality) and wallets (in the past, the royal palace wanted to give princes and ministers "peace through the years" and the villagers also gave each other gifts). Lantern poles are erected in every yard, with high red lights on them, which light up in the dark and never go out all night.

Jiaozi, who is wrapped in a New Year's Eve dinner, should pay attention to wrinkles and not pinch off jiaozi, the "monk's head" on the side, so as not to lead a bald life. Jiaozi should be placed in a circle, lest the new day come to a dead end. When cooking jiaozi at home, the family mainly shouted: "Are you married?" Others replied at the same time: "Get up!" They compared jiaozi rising from the bottom of the pot to a rising day. Then let the children climb the cupboard and jump three times to show that they "jump high" on the new day.

On this day, the younger generation will kowtow to their elders to pay New Year greetings (in the past, women would bow down and touch their temples), and parents would give their children money to live. Close relatives of clans should also pay New Year greetings to each other, and relatives and friends are invited to the banquet to catch up with the old and talk about the new. On New Year's Eve, we should offer sacrifices to ancestors and gods. God put a crossbar at the gate to prevent ghosts from coming in.

People used to eat jiaozi at midnight on New Year's Eve and put copper coins in the jiaozi. People who eat it will be "lucky at the end of the year". Boys set off fireworks in groups of three or five, play with wooden sleds, or skate happily; Girls and young women wear costumes and play with Galahad (toys made of knee bones of pigs or cows).

In the early morning of the first day, every household set off firecrackers to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new. At the same time, set up offerings, light Tatar incense, worship ancestors and pray for the gods to bless the whole family and all the best in the new year. On the first day of New Year's Day, all families get up early, put on new clothes and congratulate each other on the New Year. This is called "Happy New Year".

From the first day to the fifth day, people get together, sing, dance, walk on stilts and have a good time. In some places, young people spontaneously organize performance teams and perform in villages to celebrate the New Year, which makes the festive atmosphere even stronger.

Spring Festival is a * * * festival for Manchu and Han people, and Manchu people also call it "China New Year". There are about 30,000 Manchu people living in Lanzhou, and they have their own unique Spring Festival customs. "Laba porridge" and "dragon head sacrifice": Manchu people also celebrate the past eight festivals (the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month). According to legend, in the early years, there was a Manchu patriarch who bullied others by force and went door to door to eat and drink all the year round, but the Manchu people dared to speak out. On the eighth day of last month, a farmer named Uzila came up with a good idea. He cooked a bowl of porridge with glutinous rice, brown sugar and dozens of dried fruits, and invited the patriarch to eat. The patriarch was angry when he saw it: "What is this? Sticky! " Usinla told the patriarch that this is called "Laba porridge". After hearing the name of porridge, the patriarch left angrily and never asked for food or drink from house to house again. To commemorate Uzinla, Manchu descendants cook Laba porridge on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month every year. In the past, Manchu people not only made laba porridge, but also sent laba porridge to each other to strengthen the unity between relatives and neighbors. After the fifteenth day of the twelfth lunar month, Manchu people will choose a day to kill Nianzhu and offer sacrifices to ancestors, benefactors and ancestors. Pigs should not have white hair. After the pig is tied, it should be carried to the altar of its ancestors. Before slaughter, the wine should be poured into the pig's ears. If the ear moves as the "leading animal", if it doesn't move, you need to pray until it moves. After the pig is killed, it will be chopped into eight pieces, placed in front of the ancestral tablet, burned with incense, and the whole family will kowtow. After the ceremony, you can eat meat. When eating the first bite of meat, the whole family should sit around the pot instead of the table. Sacrifice ancestors first, then eat New Year's Eve: On the 29th day of the twelfth lunar month, all Manchu families want stick grilles, hanging notes, couplets and the word "Fu". In the past, Manchu people were very particular about posting notes, and the notes they posted were any color of their family. Ancestors originally came from several ditches in Changbai Mountain, so they posted some notes on the top of their ancestors' boards. On the thirtieth day of the twelfth lunar month, every household will erect a "single pole" (also called magic pole) five or six meters high. A square tin rose is hung on the top of the pole, which contains the five internal organs of pigs for crows and magpies to eat. According to legend, this stick was used by the Qing emperor Nurhachi to dig ginseng. According to legend, Li was killed by Nurhachi in the Ming Dynasty, and Nurhachi rode away after being rescued. On the way, the horse slipped and fell on the cliff, and a group of crows and magpies fell on him to protect him. The pursuer thought he had fallen dead and turned away. Nurhachi escaped from danger and fled into the mountains. He used the proceeds from digging ginseng to buy weapons and food, unifying the northeast. Later generations erected a "single pole" during the Spring Festival to commemorate the salvation of crows and magpies. On New Year's Eve, Manchu people worship their ancestors. First of all, you should provide 13 cups of homemade rice wine and 13 plates of homemade cream snacks in front of the ancestral sign in the main hall of your home, and put a new label (in Manchu) on the sign. In front of the "Solo Rod" in the southeast corner of the hospital, the same offerings as those in the room were also provided. Then, the elders of the family led the whole family to worship. After that, sacrifices were offered to ancestors, including rice, vegetables, wine, dried and fresh fruits, snacks and so on. After the ancestor worship, the whole family will go to the parents' home of the highest generation to pay New Year greetings. After the ceremony, the whole family, old and young, sat down for dinner. Generally speaking, Manchu people eat jiaozi on New Year's Eve. Jiaozi should be arranged in rows, which means that next year will be prosperous. When cooking jiaozi, you should burn apricot strips at the bottom of the pot, because "apricot" and "xing" are homophonic. When jiaozi got up from the boiling pot, the person who cooked jiaozi shouted, "Married, married!" The whole family must shout, "Get up! Get up! " After eating jiaozi, some people even let their children jump a few times in the house, which shows that their little life has jumped very high. Some people will pack copper coins or other things in jiaozi to test their luck for a year, so as to increase the festive atmosphere. Lantern Festival and "Aunt Li Fen": During the New Year in China, from New Year's Eve to the fifteenth day of the first month, Manchu people lit lanterns on poles and under the eaves, and then stayed up all night to show that the red light was shining high. If the light goes out, it means bad luck. Some people even put on the lights on the second day of February. The Manchu Lantern Festival is also the Lantern Festival. On this day, every household will hang all kinds of colored lights and hold a lantern festival. In rural areas, some people want to "check the month" that night: 12 Small light bowls made of buckwheat flour are marked with the month, one soybean is put in each bowl, and then steamed in a pot. The expansion of beans in the bowl means that there is a flood this month, while small beans indicate drought, and moderate beans mean good weather. Lantern Festival is also a festival for young Manchu women. On this day, "Gege" (a girl) dressed up and played "Aunt Li Fen". They put pink lotus paper on the filter screen and painted it into a beautiful picture. Then they tied the chopsticks and the filter into a cross, with the vertical (filter handle) being the body and the horizontal (chopsticks) being the hands. Then, they dressed "Aunt Filter" with beautiful colored paper and let "chopsticks" pass through the clothes. After that, onlookers can ask "Aunt Li Fen" any questions. Kenman people are forbidden to eat dog meat and do not wear dog skin hats. When you are a guest in a Manchu family, you can't just sit in Xikang.

Hehe, I'm Manchu ~