Disaster prevention urgently needed information

I. Current situation of application and construction of science and technology for disaster prevention and mitigation in China

At present, China has established a relatively complete and wide-ranging ground monitoring and observation network for meteorology, ocean, earthquake, hydrology, forest fires and diseases and insect pests, established meteorological satellites, marine satellites and land satellites, and is building a small satellite constellation system for disaster reduction. In terms of meteorological monitoring and forecasting, an advanced atmospheric detection system consisting of ground meteorological observation stations, space stations, various weather radars and meteorological satellites has been built, and a meteorological satellite data receiving and processing system, a modern meteorological communication system and a medium-term numerical forecasting operational system have been established. A basic meteorological information processing, analysis and prediction system with reasonable division of labor, organic combination and step-by-step guidance has been formed in China. In order to monitor river floods, the state has set up a hydrological monitoring network consisting of a large number of hydrological stations, water level stations and rainfall stations, and established a remote sensing database of warning waters in flood-prone areas in seven major rivers, and applied remote sensing technology to flood monitoring during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period. Great progress has been made in flood control and drought relief engineering technology, and some fields have reached the world advanced level. In addition, modern science and technology are used to actively carry out comprehensive management of small watersheds, such as artificial precipitation enhancement, artificial hail suppression and drip irrigation projects in agricultural areas. These technical measures have played a very positive role in disaster prevention and mitigation to a certain extent. In terms of earthquake monitoring and earthquake resistance, more than 4 seismic observation stations have been set up, and digital transformation has been carried out during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period. The national digital seismic network composed of 48 national digital seismic stations, 2 regional digital seismic networks composed of more than 3 regional digital seismic stations, several mobile digital seismic networks and digital strong earthquake networks constitute the China digital seismic system, and a strong earthquake warning system and an earthquake precursor observation system have been established. A relatively complete monitoring and forecasting system has been formed, the national seismic intensity zoning map and earthquake damage prediction map have been compiled, 52 cities have been identified as national key earthquake-proof cities, comprehensive earthquake damage prevention has been implemented for engineering buildings in areas with national seismic intensity above 6 degrees, seismic fortification has been carried out for new projects in cities and large and medium-sized industrial and mining enterprises, and seismic reinforcement has been completed for several railway trunk lines, major oil pipelines, several backbone power plants, large refineries, a number of key backbone iron and steel enterprises, super-large ethylene projects and large reservoirs. In the prevention and control of geological disasters, we have strengthened the investigation and prevention of geological disasters such as landslides, mudslides, collapses, ground subsidence and ground fissures, and adopted a comprehensive defense system including engineering defense system, biological water and soil conservation defense system, management protection system, social management system and prediction and alarm system, which has achieved certain results. At the same time, we have combined ecological construction with disaster prevention and mitigation, and implemented closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation, returning farmland to forests, returning farmland to lakes and retreating. Twenty-five national key soil erosion control areas have been established, soil and water conservation projects have been implemented in seven major river basins, and comprehensive management of landscape fields and forests has been carried out in more than 1 thousand small river basins with serious soil erosion. Ten forestry ecological projects have been established successively, including "Three North" shelterbelts, shelterbelts in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, coastal shelterbelts, plain farmland shelterbelts, shelterbelts in the Huaihe River and Taihu Lake Basin, shelterbelts in the Pearl River Basin, shelterbelts in the Liaohe River Basin, shelterbelts in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, Taihang Mountain greening projects and desertification control projects. In addition, "Resources 1" and "Resources 2" satellites have been launched, which are widely used in resources exploration, disaster prevention and mitigation, geological disaster monitoring and scientific experiments.

second, the main problems existing in the application and construction of science and technology for disaster prevention and mitigation in China

1. Lack of comprehensive coordination in management

For a long time, the disaster management system in China is basically based on a single disaster type and managed by different departments, and each disaster-related management department has its own system. Because there is no permanent comprehensive management organization, there is a lack of unified coordination among disasters and communication and linkage between departments, which has caused many disadvantages, such as the lack of comprehensive system laws and regulations, technical system policies and overall scientific and technological development planning for disaster prevention and mitigation; Lack of systematic and continuous ideological guidance on disaster prevention and mitigation is not conducive to coordination among departments; Lack of comprehensive emergency response technology system for disaster prevention and mitigation; Lack of comprehensive rescue experts and technical teams dedicated to disaster relief; A relatively perfect scientific and technological system for disaster prevention and mitigation has not been formed; Information disclosure and communication channels are not smooth; Resources and information cannot be * * * enjoyed; Scientific decision-making evaluation support system and financial security system have not yet been established, which directly affects the effectiveness of disaster prevention and mitigation.

2. Insufficient investment. Single funding channel

The annual investment in research and development and application of disaster prevention and mitigation technology in China is very limited, and the investment in disaster prevention and mitigation infrastructure construction, scientific research equipment purchase, disaster prevention engineering construction, basic research on disaster prevention and mitigation, and popularization and application of advanced technologies is insufficient. The main reason is that China's scientific research on disaster prevention and mitigation basically depends on financial allocation, and the source of funds is single. Because the social benefits of scientific research on disaster prevention and mitigation are far greater than the recent economic benefits, it is difficult to attract enterprise funds and social funds to actively invest, resulting in the lag of scientific development and technology promotion of disaster prevention and mitigation. In addition, there is a lack of intermediate links in the promotion of scientific research achievements and an operating mechanism suitable for the laws of disaster prevention and mitigation. The conversion rate of scientific research achievements in disaster prevention and mitigation is low, and the popularization and application rate of some scientific research achievements in disaster prevention and mitigation is less than 1%, which seriously affects the in-depth work of disaster prevention and mitigation in the country and further improves the level of disaster prevention and mitigation in the country.

3. Science and technology resources need to be optimized

China's science and technology resources for disaster prevention and reduction are mainly concentrated in meteorology, earthquake, geology, environmental protection and other fields. Due to the lack of macro-coordinated management and traditional compartmentalization, on the one hand, all fields mainly focus on the development of science and technology for disaster prevention and reduction in this field, and research and development work is mainly limited to solving technical problems in this field. In different disasters and different links of disaster prevention and reduction, science and technology resources are not rationally allocated, and the development of science and technology development and application level is unbalanced. On the other hand, instruments, equipment, materials, data, etc. are all owned by departments, units and even individuals, so it is impossible to realize the * * * use of resources, and the resource conditions cannot be systematically integrated to form an efficient and * * * shared social service system, and it is impossible to form a joint force and an overall innovation advantage.

4. The development of science and technology for disaster prevention and mitigation is slow

First, the level of development and application of science and technology is unbalanced in different disasters and different links of disaster prevention and mitigation; Second, the level of emergency research and operation of various disasters is quite different, and there are many low-level repeated studies; Third, the technical means and equipment are backward, the monitoring ability is not strong, and the short-term forecasting ability is still low; Fourth, there is a lack of scientific evaluation models and methods for various disasters, and the technology of disaster information sharing and evaluation needs to be improved urgently; Fifth, the understanding and prevention technology of some major disasters have been lingering for a long time; Sixth, the existing scientific research is not closely integrated with the actual situation of the country, and the overall support capacity of science and technology needs to be improved.

5. Lack of high-level scientific and technological talents for disaster prevention and mitigation

The scientific and technological talents for disaster prevention and mitigation in China are mainly concentrated in professional management departments and scientific research institutions, and the grass-roots disaster prevention and mitigation institutions generally lack technical application talents, which are not closely integrated with the key points of disaster prevention and mitigation in China, especially the high-level academic and technical leaders and engineering application talents in the field of disaster prevention and mitigation. In addition, the poor research funds and treatment conditions have affected the stability and development of the scientific and technological personnel for disaster prevention and reduction in China.

6. Insufficient science popularization and education

Lack of unified science popularization planning, fixed science popularization education base and regular science popularization activities, which makes science popularization of disaster prevention and mitigation lack of systematization and continuity, resulting in a low level of science popularization education for public knowledge and awareness of disaster prevention and mitigation, and a poor awareness of ecological environment protection in the whole society. 3. Countermeasures and suggestions for scientific and technological support for disaster prevention and mitigation in China

1. Establish a unified and comprehensive organizational guarantee system for disaster prevention and mitigation < P > Set up a unified comprehensive management organization for disaster prevention and mitigation with crisis management nature, which is responsible for making decisions on the major policies of national disaster prevention and mitigation work, and gradually realize the transformation from a single disaster management system dominated by departments to a comprehensive emergency management system that is coordinated by the government and departments.

strengthen the coordination between the competent departments of science and technology and disaster-related management departments, and form cross-departmental, cross-regional, interdisciplinary, multi-level and distributed collaborative management functions and mechanisms.

set up an advisory group that brings together experts from various disasters, professions and relevant management departments; Establish an expert consultation system for disaster prevention and mitigation decision-making, and provide intellectual support for the government's disaster prevention and mitigation decision-making.

2. Improve scientific and technological progress policies and innovation mechanisms for disaster prevention and mitigation

Formulate scientific and technological support measures and policies for disaster prevention and mitigation, increase investment in science and technology, and give support in scientific research, technological development, scientific and technological infrastructure construction, and training and selection of scientific and technological talents; Incorporate popular science knowledge of disaster prevention and mitigation into the national quality education system and work plan, improve the awareness and ability of disaster prevention and mitigation of the whole people, and appropriately introduce disaster prevention and mitigation courses and reading materials into school education at all levels.

Establish an efficient and reasonable allocation mechanism of scientific and technological innovation resources, scientific and technological investment mechanism, achievement transformation mechanism, policy incentive mechanism and talent training mechanism for disaster prevention and mitigation; Strengthen the research of basic science and applied science, and carry out joint research on key technologies and technologies; Accelerate the popularization and application of scientific and technological achievements in the field of disaster prevention and mitigation.

3. Increase investment in science and technology for disaster prevention and reduction through multiple channels

Incorporate the investment needed for disaster prevention and reduction development into the annual science and technology budget, and support research and development, science and technology infrastructure construction, improvement of technical equipment and participation in international exchanges according to a certain proportion. And make the growth rate of science and technology investment in disaster prevention and mitigation not lower than the overall level of science and technology funding growth.

establish a social fund for disaster prevention and mitigation, absorb donations from enterprises, social organizations, citizens and overseas people, and use part of the fund for scientific and technological investment in proportion.

by giving guidance funds, local governments will be encouraged to increase investment in science and technology for disaster prevention and mitigation, and technology development institutions and enterprises will be guided to invest in research and development and industrialization of disaster prevention and mitigation technologies and products.

4. Promote the construction of a platform for sharing scientific and technological resources for disaster prevention and reduction

With the help of the construction of a national platform for basic conditions of science and technology, we will integrate classified disaster information resources of various disaster management departments throughout the country and operate the monitoring network around the clock; With network technology as a link, we will actively promote the application of geographic information system (GIS), remote control system (RS) and global positioning system (GPS) technologies to build a real-time monitoring and early warning system for major disasters covering all villages in China; Make full use of digital technology and network technology, comprehensively integrate disaster information reported by disaster prevention and mitigation units, and build a disaster prevention and mitigation technology and information resource platform including disaster emergency response, disaster information analysis, disaster rescue decision-making, and rescue information feedback.

5. Strengthening the scientific and technological capacity and team building for disaster prevention and reduction

Through the reform of scientific research system and the construction of modern institutions, the scientific research management system of scientific and technological institutions for disaster prevention and reduction, such as project system, chief expert responsibility system and scientific research budget, will be built; Encourage scientific research to be closely integrated with local disaster prevention and mitigation needs, and carry out comprehensive research and management of natural disasters; Encourage scientific research institutions and enterprises to jointly develop disaster prevention and mitigation technologies and equipment to realize industrialization; Cooperate with management departments, try to popularize advanced disaster prevention and mitigation technologies and management methods, and explore the comprehensive management model of regional disaster prevention and mitigation; Participate in the construction of key disaster prevention and mitigation projects, infrastructure construction and experimental demonstration areas.

on the basis of training and selecting high-level talents, we will vigorously train technicians and managers of disaster prevention and reduction in front-line work to improve the working and living conditions of grassroots technicians; Attract and stabilize the talent team through scientific research projects, incentive measures, distribution system, assessment and selection, cultivate competitive research groups, and strengthen the construction of innovative teams; Cultivate reserve talents for disaster prevention and mitigation, and gradually set up professional education for disaster prevention and mitigation in colleges and universities in China.

6. Strengthen scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation in disaster prevention and reduction at home and abroad

Encourage scientific research institutions and management departments in disaster prevention and reduction to carry out exchanges and cooperation at home and abroad, gain advanced applied technology and management experience, and keep track of the latest technology. In the construction of transnational and trans-regional disaster prevention and mitigation projects, the government should actively coordinate and provide help and guarantee for the project implementation.

actually, some disasters can be prevented. Before the earthquake, there will be some signs. For example, livestock such as horses will break free from the reins and run wildly outside; The hibernating snake will gush out of the hole; Bees will fly and flee; Dogs will bark, and some livestock will go out of the circle and run around; Rats move in droves ... These omens can let people know in advance that there will be an earthquake. If these animals are found to have these abnormal phenomena, they must first distinguish between the true and the false, and then report to the Seismological Bureau to prevent them from leaving early. An earthquake doesn't mean you will die. In fact, there are many ways to save yourself. For example, you are trapped under the ruins in an earthquake. At this time, you should not move blindly, but be calm. First, take out your hand and move the ruins slowly. First, keep breathing smoothly, then try to breathe and call for help. If you are at home in the event of an earthquake, you must immediately get into a small room that is hard and has not collapsed to avoid being hurt. Also, stick to a solid wall or squat at the door, and survive after the house collapses to avoid being hurt. If you are in the wild, you must avoid the steep cliff to prevent you from falling down the mountain. There is also the need to prevent landslides, so as not to slide down. If you are in school, you must obey the teacher's instructions, hide under the desk, and pay attention to protect your head. If you are in physical education class, you should avoid tall buildings and get hurt. If you are in the cinema, you should hide under the viewing chair to avoid the shock, avoid the lights hanging on the ceiling and the hanging objects of the air conditioner, protect your head with things, and follow the instructions of the commander to evacuate the scene. There is an earthquake in the shopping mall. Avoid glass cabinets, goods, billboards, lights and other items. If you are in a bus, you should hide under the chair or squat down, keep your center of gravity steady and hold the handrail. Other natural disasters are not as inevitable as earthquakes, and sometimes they are completely controllable. Acid rain is called "death in the air" because the waste gas (sulfide) emitted by people's factories floats into the air. When it rains, it comes down with the rain and becomes acid rain. Acid rain will cause the lake to turn sour and kill fish and shrimp; The forest is getting old; Farmland becomes barren; Once it drips on cultural relics and precious calligraphy and painting, it will be corroded immediately ... It can be seen how harmful acid rain is to people! Greenhouse effect refers to an effect that gases in the atmosphere absorb infrared rays, which leads to an increase in temperature. Its harm is not small, and it will cause many people to lose their lives, especially the elderly and children. The greenhouse effect will make people suffer from lung diseases such as asthma, and it will also cause many diseases, such as encephalitis and high fever. It will also cause droughts, floods, reduced grain and heavy property losses in many places.

There are many natural disasters, many of which are "masterpieces" of human beings. Therefore, we should have this knowledge, and don't hurt ourselves. Not only natural disasters, but also man-made disasters. Such as fires, mudslides, soil erosion, etc., are all caused by human beings cutting down trees themselves and causing unnecessary losses. Therefore, I suggest that you do the following:

1. Protect forests, plant trees and protect water and soil.

2. Factory