Omitting examples in classical Chinese in senior high school

1. In a specific language environment, as long as there is no ambiguity, some components of the sentence can be omitted.

These sentences with some elements omitted are called ellipsis sentences. Ellipsis sentences in ancient Chinese, like ellipsis sentences in modern Chinese, are all ellipsis sentences that link the past with the future, ellipsis sentences that learn from the past and ellipsis sentences that save dialogue, but the components of ellipsis sentences are much wider, such as subject ellipsis sentences, predicate ellipsis sentences, object ellipsis sentences, concurrent ellipsis sentences, preposition ellipsis sentences, clause ellipsis sentences and so on.

(1) Subject Ellipsis In ancient Chinese, the third person pronoun "zhi" could not be the subject. When the third person is needed as the subject, the nouns in the previous sentence are either repeated or simply omitted, so the subject is omitted more in ancient Chinese. 1, inherit the former province.

Such as: illness in phlegm, soup ironing; () In the skin, the needle stone is also within reach; () In the stomach, fire is within reach. (Bian Que meets Cai Huangong) is the host of this province.

The disease occurs on the skin and can be cured by soup ironing; (disease) occurring in muscles; Can be cured with a needle; (Disease) occurs in the gastrointestinal tract and can be treated with Huoji decoction. There are different snakes in Yongzhou wild, () black and white.

(said the snake catcher) is the host of the former guest province. Strange snakes are produced in the wild in Yongzhou, with white patterns on a black background.

2. Mongolia Province. I joined the army and entered the public service.

(The Hongmen Banquet) After the Mongols, they were governors of the provinces. I think I'll be in our barracks, so you can go in again.

3. Dialogue province. For example, Lin Xiangru stopped it, (): "Do you think General Lian is the king of Qin?" () Yue: "() If not."

(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) Due to the dialogue environment, the subject of the dialogue was omitted, even the subject in the dialogue content was omitted. Lin Xiangru resolutely stopped them. (Lin Xiangru) said, "Who is stronger, the general or the king of Qin?" (Scheeren) said: "(Even the generals) are not as good as the king of Qin."

(2) Predicate ellipsis Generally speaking, predicate ellipsis is rare, but it is sometimes seen in ancient Chinese. It should be supplemented in general translation.

1, inherit the former province. For example, Chen Sheng became a general and Guangwu became a captain.

("Chen She aristocratic family") refers to this province. Chen Sheng named himself a general and Guangwu a captain.

2. Mongolia Province. For example, if you can't cancel the murder, you can't punish a person.

After Mongolia, it means province. Killing (being afraid of) is not good, and punishing people for being afraid of torture is not good.

3. Dialogue province. For example, Qi Weiwang wanted to take Sun Bin away, and Sun Bin thanked him and said, "Punishing those who stayed behind can't ()."

(Sun Bin) Omit the predicate "will" in the dialogue environment. Qi Weiwang wanted to worship Sun Bin as the main commander, but Sun Bin refused. He said, "I have been whipped, so I can't be the main commander."

(3) Omit the object 1 and the object of the verb. Ellipsis of the verb object is generally the connection between the past and the province, and ellipsis is often "zhi" for many times. For example, Ye Gong saw it, abandoned () and left.

("Ye Gong Long Hao") is a former guest and a provincial guest. Ye Gong saw it and ran away.

If there is an object-object phrase as a complement after a verb, its object (pronoun) is often omitted. Such as: the right to change clothes, Su Zhui () Yu Xiaxia.

(Battle of Red Cliffs) Translation: Sun Quan got up in the toilet, while Lu Su chased (him) under the eaves. In negative sentences, the object represented by pronouns is often omitted.

Such as: Yangzhou at the gates, advance and retreat can not help (). (Introduction to the South Guide) Translation: At the gates of Yangzhou, you can't advance or retreat.

2. Ellipsis of Preposition Object The pronoun objects after prepositions "to", "to" and "to" are often omitted. (Unconsciousness comes after "Yu". )

For example, the Qi messenger takes () as a surprise, and stealing is the same as (). (Sun Bin) The emissary of the State of Qi regarded (him) as a wizard and secretly drove him to the State of Qi by car.

So the king of Qin did not dare, so he hit (). (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) In this case, the king of Qin was very unhappy and gave (the king of Zhao) a beating.

(4) Omission of the part-time language In the part-time sentence, the pronoun part-time language after the imperative verbs "Shi" and "Ling" is often omitted. For example, Fu Su advised the reason in a few words and made a special envoy to foreign generals ().

Chen She aristocratic family: Because of Fu Su's repeated persuasion, the emperor sent him to the border to lead troops to fight. You must go home and kill chickens with wine.

Just invite (the fisherman) to his home and treat him to kill chickens and cook with wine. (5) Preposition Ellipsis Prepositions in modern Chinese are generally not omitted, but in ancient Chinese, "one" and "Yu" are often omitted when they constitute prepositional object phrases as complements. If objects exist at the same time, they are more likely to be omitted.

1. Omission of the preposition "Yu". Such as: collecting soldiers from all over the world and gathering in Xianyang.

(On Qin Dynasty) "Yu Xianyang" is the complement of "Ju" with the object "Zhi". Therefore, the preposition "Yu" is omitted. Collect all the weapons in the world and concentrate them in Xianyang.

Today, I am here, and the king saw me () and looked at it. (Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) Now that I have arrived, Your Majesty met me in the Piandian.

Qu Yuan, as for the riverside, was released to sing () Zepan. Qu Yuan came to the river, curled his hair, and recited poems as he walked.

2. Omission of the preposition "a". For example, what happens if you buy () 500 gold for a dead horse? ("Warring States Policy? A dead horse still pays 500 gold for it, let alone a live horse. Try () chicken again, and the result is true.

Another chicken was used to test cricket fighting, which is really like fame said. (VI) Ellipsis of Clauses In ancient Chinese, clauses were sometimes omitted, which should be distinguished according to the context and supplemented in translation.

For example, (), although chickens and dogs can't be peaceful. Not only people, but also pigs and dogs are scared and screaming.

Xiang Bo killed people, (), I am alive. Xiang Bo killed a man, and I saved his life.

2. Senior high school classical Chinese sentence patterns, examples. One. judgement

"Lian Po, Zhao Zhiliang will also."

"Xu Gong in the north of the city is also the beauty of Qi."

"Of the four people, my father, Changle Wang's father, my father, An Shangchun's father. “

Manage money for the world, not for profits.

You are a big family.

I am very busy today, this is the autumn of my service.

This is a crucial autumn.

Liang Jiang is Xiang Yan of Chu River.

This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.

And together.

I want fish and bear's paw.

To a non-literary painter.

Secondly, passive sentences

"If you die, you will smile for the world." (... laughed at by everyone)

"(The giant) is in a distant county, and it will be merged by people." (Zi Tongzhi Sword)

"If you are loyal and slandered, can you complain?" (Loyalty is vilified by others, can you not resent it? )

Use "see" or "see". . Yu. . "External passivity

"... only see cheating" (... cheated for nothing)

"I am afraid that I will be bullied by the king and lose Zhao."

"Can't tolerate distance." (Zhang Pu's "Five Tombs"

"I can't raise the land of Jin Wu, I am subject to people." (Zi Tongzhi Sword)

"I still remember that the arrest of Duke Zhou was in the hope of Ding Mao in March. "(Zhang Pu's" Five Tombs "

Three. elliptical sentence

There are different snakes in the wild in Yongzhou, some are black and some are white. ...

"Husband courage also. High spirits, then (drum) and decline, three (drum) and fatigue. ...

Take Xiang Rugong as a great achievement, and worship (referring to Lin Xiangru) as Shangqing. "(Lian Po Lin Xiangru biography)

This man has said everything and heard everything.

The generals fought in Hebei and the ministers fought in Henan.

Inverted placement

It's a pity that you are not kind (wise)! (Yu Gong Yi Shan) "You are too smart."

An Zai can help people. Translation: "Where can you worry about the difficulties of others, son?" "

I was willing to take care of you when I was three years old. I am willing to take care of you should be understood as I am willing to take care of me.

It's too late (Longzhong) translation: "But people at that time didn't recognize him."

Qin people can't help feeling sorry for themselves (on Qin).

Avoid self-confidence (Zou Ji satirizes Qi Wang as "teachable") Translation: "Zou Ji doesn't believe in himself"

However, if you are not the king, there is nothing (Qi Huan's bronze inscription). Translation: "This is not the king of the world, there is no such thing."

Liang asked, "What is your Majesty doing here?" The translation of "Hongmen Banquet" is: "Sean asked the judge:' What did the king take when he came?' "

What does this lady think? Translation: "Ask your daughter what she is thinking?"

Wang Jianzhi said, "What is a cow?" The king saw it and asked, "Where are you taking the cow?" "

What are the disadvantages? (History) Translation: "What hinders (what hinders)?"

The king said, "What about those who are bound?" The king asked, "Where are these people tied up?" "

Who dares to complain? (Said the snake catcher): "Who can blame this?"

And how to place earthwork? Besides, where did you put the mud and stones?

Otherwise, why is this book here? Translation: "If not, why did I (Xiang Yu) come to this step?"

Who are the mourners? (Monument to the Tomb of Five) Translation: "Who are you crying for?"

Why do you always entrust yourself to Zhao? (Crab Dragon Says Empress Dowager Zhao) Translation: "Why do you always stand in Zhao?"

Guo Hu is sympathetic? Translation: "What does the country use to help the elderly?"

Guess! Wes, who are we going home with? "Yueyang Tower" translation: "Oh! Who else can I be with? "

Although I was born, why should I go back to Han? (Biography of Su Wu) Translation: "Even if I am alive, why should I go back to the Han Dynasty?"

Draw a dragon with a hook and carve a dragon (Ye Gong Long Hao) Translation: "Draw a dragon with a hook and carve it with a chisel."

I wrote it down (a trip to Baochan Mountain): "I wrote it down because of this."

Summarize it in one sentence.

All the soldiers in Chu are equal to ten (Goujian Destroys Wu).

Idioms include: day and night.

3. What are the four sentence patterns in classical Chinese? [Edit this paragraph] The so-called judgment sentence is a sentence pattern that uses nouns, pronouns or noun phrases as predicates to judge the subject.

Its common form is as follows: 1 "..., ... and", ... and ",... and", ... and ",... and", ... and ". Such as: "Lian Po, Zhao Zhiliang will also. "

[Exercise 1] List such judgments in the classical Chinese we have studied. (The number of sentences is more than 3) 1 Chen Shengsheng is also from Yangcheng.

(2) a ridge porch, the old south pavilion. (3) Nanyang Liu Ziji, noble's also.

Those people were shocked, but Zhou didn't shoot. (5) Seven strategies and four libraries, the book of the son of heaven.

In the palace, everything is one. ⑦ Liang, my enemy, Prince, my foundation.

I hate these three today, too. Pet-name ruby bribed Qin and lost strength, and the road broke down.

Attending, the effect of fighting is also. 2. Adverbs "Nai", namely "Ze", "Jun", "Shi", "Cheng" and "Wei" are used to express judgment.

For example, "This is the autumn when ministers serve." [Exercise 1] List such judgments in the classical Chinese we have studied.

When you ask what the world is like today, you don't know whether there are Han people. I don't know what year it is today.

(3) that is, people who are now in the grave. (4) Fu Liang think chu will Xiang Yan.

This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower. 6. Either you die or you emigrate.

⑦ This is a sign of kindness, loyalty and purity. Today is a crucial autumn.

Pet-name ruby Now I am a fish. Attending I am a madman in Chu, and the wind is laughing at Kong Qiu.

3. Use the negative adverb "Fei" to express negation. For example, "the collapse of the six countries is not bad for soldiers, but bad for war."

[Exercise 1] List such judgments in the classical Chinese we have studied. (More than 3 sentences) ① Climb high and recruit, and the arm will not be lengthened, and the person who sees it will be far away.

(2) the city is not high, the city is not deep, and the military is not beneficial. (3) Don't be too mountain in the North Sea and so on.

[Edit this paragraph] Passive sentences In classical Chinese, the subject of some sentences is the receiver of the action, which is a passive sentence. Its common types are: 1. See you. See you.

For example, "My parents laugh at generous families." [Exercise 1] List such passive sentences in classical Chinese that we have studied.

I am afraid that I will be bullied by the king. (2) Qin Cheng was afraid that he could not get it, but saw his bullying.

(3) so confused in Zheng Xiu, bullying in yi cheung. (4) Li Zifan, seventeen years old, studies from time to time.

My uncle is poor, so he uses it in a small town. 2. The phrases "for" and "for ..." are passive.

For example, "both parents and clans are slaughtered." (1) and die, laugh for the world.

(2) For this country, no ambassador will be taken away by Wikipedia. ③ Serve the Group in terms of income.

(4) fear is the first thing to do. (5) After that, Chu was conquered and destroyed by Qin for decades.

[Edit this paragraph] Inverted sentences The inverted sentences in classical Chinese are relative to the sentence order of modern Chinese. Based on this, we divide inversion sentences in classical Chinese into prepositional object, attributive postposition, adverbial postposition and verb inversion. 1. Preposition object The so-called prepositional object is a component that is usually used as an object and placed in front of the predicate verb to express emphasis.

For example, the word "zhi" in "letter of disagreement" is a prepositional object. Preposition objects are usually divided into four situations.

(1) In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are objects and prepositional objects. For example: "What is the king doing here?" (2) In negative sentences, pronouns are objects and prepositional objects.

For example, "ancient people were not bullied." (3) Advance the object with the help of "Zhi" and "Shi".

For example, "I don't know the sentence, but I don't understand it." "It is urgent to study hard and it is rare to see it."

(4) Preposition objects in prepositional phrases. For example, "Otherwise, how could the book be here?" 2. Attributive postposition Usually attributive should be placed before the head word, but there are many sentences in classical Chinese that put attributive after the head word.

Earthworms don't have the advantages of their minions, but their bones and muscles are strong. They eat dirt and drink yellow water, and they are also very attentive. " Among them, "benefit" and "strength" are post-attributes.

The attributive postposition in classical Chinese has the following situations. (1) Use "zhi" to postposition the attribute.

Such as: "How many people are there in the world?" (2) Use the postposition of "zhe". For example, "a horse can travel a thousand miles, and a stone stirs up a thousand waves."

3. Adverbials are placed in classical Chinese, and prepositional structures as adverbials are often placed after sentences as complements. For example, "the poor speak better than the rich" and "the rich" are prepositional phrases, which are placed at the end of sentences as complements.

4. verb inversion is rare, often to express a strong sigh. For example, "Sorry, you don't like it."

"Beautiful, I am a young man from China." [Exercise] Judge the sentence patterns in the following sentences.

(1) It is impossible to protect the people and be king. (2) There is no difference in the love between the king and the people.

(3) What is virtue, then you can be king? (4) How do you know I can do it? (5) What a pity! Too vulgar! If you want to go to Suzhou and Bai Letian, you are a fool. Mortals who can't educate their children don't want to be trapped in their own sins.

5. In modern Chinese, the prepositional phrase is placed before the predicate as an adverbial, but it is often placed after the predicate as a complement in classical Chinese. This so-called victory over the imperial court.

("Zou Ji satirizes Wang Qi") ② Qing, shine on you, shine on you. (Xunzi's "Persuasion") 3 The generals fought in Hebei and the ministers fought in Henan.

("Hongmen Banquet") 4 Decorate the shape of tortoise, bird and beast. Elliptic sentences in the classical Chinese "Zhang Hengchuan" generally contain ellipsis. Grasping the ellipsis helps to fully understand the meaning of the sentence.

Elliptic sentences in classical Chinese usually include: 1. Omit the subject. (1) Carry forward the former provinces.

For example, "there are different kinds of snakes in the wild in Yongzhou, some are black and some are white." (2) Inheriting provinces (also known as Mongolian provinces).

For example, "Pei Gong said to Sean,' Gong' I went to join the army, and Gong went. (3) self-reported provinces.

For example, "(giving) love is a stream, and (giving) love is particularly unique." (4) Dialogue province.

For example, "(Mencius) said,' Who is happy when you are alone or get along with others?' (The king) said,' If you are not with others. "2. Omit the predicate.

Such as: "One drum is full of gas, then (drum) will decline, and three drums will be exhausted." 3. Omit the object.

For example, "You can burn it and leave." 4. Omit the prepositional object.

For example, "after reading in public, I will solve the problem of Marten's repeated life and cover up my family." 5. Omit the preposition "Yu".

Today, the clock is put in the water, although the storm can't sound. [Exercise] Fill in the omitted components in the following sentences.

(1) Ran's family lived here, so his surname was Xi and Ran Xi. (2) Therefore, Ximen Bao is a famous imperial edict.

Sanlian.

4. The special sentence pattern of classical Chinese in senior high school (1) uses "zhe" for the special sentence pattern of classical Chinese in senior high school (1) ... Ye Biaoji Lian Po and Zhao Zhiliang will also. (2) At the end of the sentence, use the table of "Zhe Ye" to judge "Xu Gong in the north of the city, who is beautiful in Qi?" (3) posing as a pure father. (4) Use the verb "Wei" or the judgment word "Yes" to express judgment. For example, Ma Chao and Han Sui are still in Kansai, thinking about future troubles. " Manage money for the world, not for profit. ""When you ask what it is now, you don't know whether there are Han Chinese, no matter Wei and Jin Dynasties. "I didn't know Mulan was a girl. You are a big family. (5) Adverbs such as "namely", "nai", "zhe", "du", "sincerity", "righteousness" and "element" express positive judgments, and at the same time, the tone is strengthened, which is also a key autumn. Liang Jiang Xiang Yan, this is the grand view of Yueyang Tower. (6) Judging nouns directly through nouns. For example, "Liu Bei is an expert in the world." ("Battle of Red Cliffs") does not use modal particles, but is completely reflected by word order. For example, this person is brilliant. Note that the "yes" before the predicate in a judgment sentence is generally not a judgment word, but a demonstrative pronoun, which is the subject of the judgment sentence. In some judgment sentences, the "yes" does not always mean judgment. After the Han Dynasty, there were more words to make judgments. Second, the so-called passivity in passive sentences means that the relationship between the subject and the predicate is passive, that is, the subject is the passive and victim of the behavior indicated by the verb, not the active and executor. In classical Chinese, the subject of a passive sentence is the passive and the patient of the behavior indicated by the predicate verb, not the active and the agent. In ancient Chinese, there are two main types of passive sentences: one is marked passive sentences, which are represented by some passive verbs, and the other is unmarked passive sentences, which are also called idea passive sentences. (1) There are four kinds of marked passive sentences in ancient Chinese: (1) Use "Yu" to express the passive relationship. Use the preposition "Yu" to introduce the active person of the behavior, and put "Yu" after the verb. Its form is "verb+Yu+initiative". For example, Wang Jian's Birds in Qin. The sword was captured alive by the state of Qin. The word "Yu" in the sentence is used after the verb "Bird", which leads to the initiative of the action "Qin". "Yu" can be translated as "Bei" This passive sentence has two conditions: first, the subject "Wang Jian" is the affected person; Second, there is the word "Yu" in the sentence; (2) Use "see" to express the passive relationship. It introduces the active person with "Jian" before the verb or "Yu" after the verb. Its form is as follows: the word "see" in the sentence is used before the verb "examine", which means passive meaning, "see examine", that is, the meaning of "being examined" I'm afraid I'll be bullied by the king and lose Zhao. I'm afraid I've been cheated by you, and I feel sorry for Zhao. (3) Use "for" to express passive relationship. The word "for" is placed before the verb to indicate the initiative of the behavior. Killing your wife is not good for you. If I go back on my word, my wife and children will be killed, which is not good for you. (2) The thatched cottage was destroyed by the autumn wind (4) The passive relationship is expressed by "existence" and "existence … existence". Its form is: "being+. "Bei" is used before verbs to indicate passivity. (2) I can't cite the whole territory of Wu, and hundreds of thousands of people are subject to people. [Analysis] "Forced by ... soldiers to take action." (Zi Jian) Here, "forcing soldiers to act rashly" means "forced by forcing soldiers". Note: "Jian" has a special usage, which is similar to the passive form of "Jian", such as "Is Ji Jun honest or angry" (the answer to Sima's suggestion). The "sword" here is not. In addition, there are some special phenomena, such as attributives placed after the head words and quantifiers to modify nouns placed after nouns. Because it is not commonly used, you can't press. 1, hehe! If Yanzi's family is poor! ("Yanzi Chunqiu? Yanzi's resignation is $1,000) 2. Sadly, so is the world! Preposition object (1) In negative sentences, pronoun objects are often put in front. Negative sentences are sentences with negative words, such as "no", "nothing", "Wei" and "Mo". In such a sentence, when the contemporary word is used as the object, it is usually placed before the verb. I am unfaithful and I have no worries. Don't care about me. Don't care about me should be understood as "don't care about me". [Brief Analysis] The pronouns "er" and "I" in the first sentence are the objects of the verbs "cheat" and "worry" respectively. Because both clauses are negative, "er" and "I" are placed in "deception" and "worry" respectively. Put it before "Xu" and after the negative adverb "Mo". From the above examples, we can draw a conclusion that the preposition of the object pronoun in a negative sentence must meet two conditions: first, the object must be a pronoun; second, the whole sentence must be a negative sentence, that is, there must be negative adverbs such as "No, Wei, nothing" or "Mo" in indefinite pronouns.