The First Architectural Lesson: History of Foreign Architecture (5)

10 1. The German Federation of Industries aims to improve the quality of industrial products to reach the international level. The innovation of architectural design organically combines functional technology with art. Baehrens regards steel-glass structure as "industrial building" and tries to seek artistic expression. His masterpiece "Turbine Workshop" is the first truly modern building in architectural history. "19 14 Cologne Exhibition Office Building (Gropius)" shows the organic combination of steel and glass.

102. Application of reinforced concrete

1850, the French architect Labrouste successfully used staggered iron bars and concrete in the vault of the library of Saint Neviuoere, which laid the foundation of modern reinforced concrete.

After 1890, reinforced concrete has been widely used in buildings.

1894 The Parisian Mon Marthe Church, built by French architect Boudou, is the first church built with reinforced concrete frame structure.

19 10 Swiss engineer Maya built the first flat-floor warehouse in Zurich.

103. The greenhouse in Paris Botanical Garden is the earliest building built entirely of iron and glass.

104. Expressionism first appeared in Germany and Austria, and often used strange and exaggerated architectural forms to express some thoughts and feelings, symbolizing some spirit of the times. People think that the image of art lies in expressing one's subjective feelings and experiences. Mendelssohn-Einstein Observatory-chaotic streamlined shape, irregular window holes, strange shape and mysterious atmosphere.

105. Futurism appeared in Italy after World War I, praising factories, machines, trains, war, industry and speed. Marinetti, the founder writer, advocates creating a brand-new art of the future. The representative figure-St. Ilya-a sketch of the future city and future architecture. Publish the declaration of futuristic architecture-thoroughly criticize the past tradition.

106.de stijl was born in the Netherlands in 19 17. Representative building: Schroeder residence in Utrecht designed by Ritwid.

107. Russia, which is composed of abstract geometric forms, takes the space as the artistic content. Their representative works are the Third International Monument designed by Tetlin and the Vesnin Brothers Project of Leningrad Pravda.

108. Gropius put forward early that architecture should keep pace with the times, "architecture has no end, only constant change", "the concept of beauty changes with the progress of thought and technology", and opposed retro-ism. Philosophical thinking on architectural design--building industrialization+abstract concept.

1) emphasizes the industrialization of architecture and advocates the supply of housing institutions in an industrialized way. Actively advocate the unity of architectural design and technology, the combination of art and technology, and pay attention to function, technology and economic benefits.

2) Emphasize the integration of the three major arts. Integrate art, sculpture and painting organically.

3) His emphasis on architectural function is also manifested in the organization and layout according to the use, nature and relationship of space, the determination of the minimum space according to human physiological requirements and human body dimensions, and the emphasis on the coordination of modeling and function, including the order of plane and good proportion.

Teaching characteristics 1: emphasize free creation in design and oppose imitation. Two: the combination of handicraft industry and machine production. Third, emphasize the communication between different arts, so that students have both practical ability and theoretical literacy. Fourth, link school education with social production. Let Bauhaus become a style-paying attention to meeting practical requirements, giving full play to the technical and aesthetic attributes of new materials and structures, neat and concise modeling, and diverse and flexible composition.

Fagus factory, deutscher werkbund exhibition office building, office building exhibited in Cologne exhibition 19 14, Bauhaus teaching building of Harvard Graduate Center.

109. Bauhaus school building 1) takes the practical function of the building as the starting point of architectural design. 2) Flexible and irregular composition techniques are adopted, and there is no particularly prominent central axis, resulting in criss-crossing and varied overall effects. 3) According to the characteristics of modern building materials and structures, the architectural artistic effect is achieved by using the elements of the building itself. Adopt reinforced concrete frame structure and brick wall load-bearing structure. Achieve simple, economical and practical results. It is a milestone of modern architecture.

1 10. Meyer of Gropius and Fagus Factory cooperated in the design, and the plane and body modeling broke the symmetrical format. The most advanced industrial building before the first world war.

1) asymmetric synthesis

2) Simple and tidy walls

3) Flat roof without overhangs

4) Large area glass wall

5) Cancel the building corner of the column.

1 1 1. Corbusier 1928 organized the International Association of Modern Architecture (CIAM) together with Gropius and Mies. The main advocate of modernist architecture and the important founder of machine aesthetics published "Towards New Architecture" in 1923, proposing that "the house is a living machine". 1926 puts forward five characteristics of the new building: 1) independent columns are used at the bottom of the building; 2) Roof garden; 3.) Free plane; 4) transverse long window; 5) Free facade. The representative works of this period include Savoi Villa (1928- 1930), Swiss Student Apartment and Platform Villa.

The architectural concept is: idealism+romanticism.

A set of building system-slab-column bearing system, social ideal-standardized components, mechanized production, can bear social responsibility. It embodies the indelible classical complex in the depths of European psychology.

After the Second World War, the architectural style changed obviously, characterized by the exploration of free organic forms and the expression of materials, especially the expression of fair-faced reinforced concrete, which was later named barbarism (or neo-barbarism). Representative works include Marseille Apartment, Langxiang Church, Chandigarh Palace and La Tu Hai Monastery.

Corbusier is also an expert in urban planning, and his masterpiece is the planning of Chandigarh, India.

1 12. The ideal embodiment of Savoi villa architecture-the perfect combination of sunshine, air and green space with the new building.

1 13. the load-bearing system of Citroen longlang xiangtang n has a strange shape and a curved wall. There are three small niches around the main space, and the top of each niche is a "tower" that has been pulled up. Stick out of the roof. The facade has changed a lot. Taking the Mediterranean folk houses as the ideological source, the internal spatial relationship is similar to the inner hall and surrounding space of the Pantheon. Its architectural form and space prove that Corbusier has extraordinary imagination and vividly reflects the characteristics of modern western religions. The external form and internal mystery have gone beyond the scope of Christianity and returned to the prehistoric tomb form of Stonehenge, which is considered as a masterpiece of modern architecture.

1 14. By exploring the application of steel frame structure and glass in architecture, Ludwig ludwig mies van der rohe developed a classically balanced and extremely concise style. His works are characterized by neat and almost exposed appearance, flexible flowing space and concise and exquisite details.

Emphasize that architecture should conform to the characteristics of the times and cannot imitate the past. He attaches great importance to the innovation of building structure and construction method, and thinks that "construction method must be industrialized". He takes "less is more" as the principle of architectural treatment, which embodies his architectural view and artistic characteristics. .

Smith's style is mainly manifested as "using steel and glass as a single-minded means".

Flowing Space Modern architecture takes space as its theme. This theory is an important contribution to modern architecture. It breaks the closed space and experiences the functional plane in the flow of space. Masterpiece: Germany Pavilion of Barcelona World Expo. The main feature is that there are two kinds of partition walls, glass and marble, which are flexible in position and form a semi-closed and semi-open space. Indoor and outdoor are interspersed with each other. Simple shape processing, no legs, no transition processing between different parts and different materials. Simple and clear, clean and neat. Highlight the inherent color, texture and texture of the material.

Total space farnsworth residence. It is a rectangular glass box with a small enclosed space in the middle, and other places are open, with a white steel frame and a huge glass curtain wall. It's too simple to add. It is the perfect embodiment of Smith's "less is more". This is also a sign that his internationalist style has reached a new height. Another Embodiment of Internationalism Style —— Brown Building of Illinois Institute of Technology.

Skyscraper. The Seagram Building designed by Johnson in new york is the pinnacle of internationalism. 1) The spacious square in front of the building. 2) External metal structure and vertical lines of black bronze make it look elegant and unique. 3) The top floor is the equipment floor, with the same size and simple appearance except bay windows.

Exquisite technology. Miss raised her design form to a perfect height in 1960s. The federal government building in Chicago and the new National Museum of Art in Berlin. The whole building is empty and lonely, just a huge square space under the roof of a big house. The steel frame and the huge glass curtain wall were extremely simple, which was the holy land of the world architecture at that time.

1 15. Wright 19 from the end of the 20th century to the beginning of the 20th century-grassland style, Roberts House, willetts House. The 1930s-organic architecture theory combined the American's own theory and Shariwen's organic thought. 1940s-1950s-Geometric techniques are abstract, such as Guggenheim Art Museum.

On the connection between Wright and modernist internationalism: Wright's background is the United States, while the background of modernism is the whole of Europe. Europe is set in the French Revolution and the British Industrial Revolution, while the United States is set in the American Civil War. So their economic bases are different. Moreover, in terms of service targets, Europe faces the general public, while the United States, represented by Wright, faces the middle class.

About Smith's circulation space and Wright's circulation space: Smith made a fuss about the division of space, emphasizing the circulation on the "plane" and Wright emphasized the circulation on the space.

Other representative works: Larkin office building, flowing water villa, Johnson company headquarters, Talesin.

1 16. Grassland style refers to the combination of residential design and endless grassland in the western United States. The plane is often cross-shaped, with the fireplace as the center, and the living room, study and dining room are arranged around the fireplace, and the bedroom is often placed upstairs. Indoor space should be divided and connected as much as possible, and have different clear heights according to different needs. The form of body mass consists of high and low floors, large eaves and dark indoor light. The volume composition is a horizontal line composed of walls with different heights, gently sloping roofs, far-reaching overhangs, three horizontal balconies and flower beds, which are unified by vertical chimneys to break the monotonous horizontal line. The texture of the external material and the dark wooden frame are in sharp contrast with the white powder wall. He created an idyllic "prairie style" on the basis of American western architecture and combined with the romantic spirit, which later developed into "organic architecture Theory".

1 17. The plan of Roberts residential building is usually cross-shaped, with a big stove in its center. The room has two different floors, and smallpox is handled flexibly according to the natural slope of the roof. The indoor space is rich. The cross eaves interspersed with each other in appearance set off a lively picture. Closely integrated with the natural environment.

1 18. Flowing water villa, suburban Pennsylvania, reinforced concrete structure. Each floor, together with the railings on the side, is like a tray, supported on the walls and piers. Each floor is different in size and shape, and it is suspended in all directions. Enclose different spaces with walls and glass, which can be open or closed. The most prominent architectural appearance is a series of horizontal walls and several vertical stone walls, forming a staggered composition. The whole building contrasts in color and texture. In addition, its most successful place is its close integration with the surrounding natural environment. It embodies the essence of architecture.

1 19. The Guggenheim Art Museum is plastic for the first time. One floor flows into another floor, instead of the usual overlapping floors, and the unity of intention and purpose can be seen everywhere. But these are contrary to the functional nature of the art museum. Therefore, it is a monument to Wright, not a successful art museum building.

120. The Harvard Graduate Center designed by Rationalist Concord Architects (TAC) is arranged according to the function and terrain, with uneven space and appropriate scale.

12 1. The tendency to emphasize exquisite technology belongs to a trend of thought of "emphasizing rationality" in design methods. With Ludwig ludwig mies van der rohe as the representative, it emphasizes the embodiment of structural logic and free division of space in architectural modeling, which is characterized by taking glass and steel as the main materials, accurate structure and structure, pure and transparent appearance, and reflecting building materials, structures and their internal spaces. Representative works: Farnsworth House in Mies, Lakeside Architecture in Chicago, West Gram Architecture, New National Art Museum in West Berlin. Based on the theory of "less is more" and taking "comprehensive space", "pure form" and "modular composition" as examples of design techniques, the Mies style is formed.

122. Fauvism art

Corbusier-"Rough concrete, heavy components and their rough combination", representative works: Marseille apartment, Chandigarh administrative building, etc.

Smithsonians (UK)-Based on the real expression of structure and materials, it seems to be closely related to Smith's emphasis on the exquisiteness of technology, but from the economic and social point of view, they are very different. Their representative works are Hum Stirton School (steel structure) and the design scheme of the University of Sheffield.

Rudolph: Department of Architecture and Art, Yale University.

University of Leicester Engineering Museum.

Kanz Ge Tan (International Fauvism): Kurashiki Town Hall (also the representative of Japanese pursuit of the homeland after the war).

123. Elegance is committed to the application of traditional aesthetic principles, making modern materials and structures feel regular, dignified and elegant. Mainly in America. Also known as neoclassicism and neo-retro. Pay attention to the exquisite form of reinforced concrete beams and columns.

Yamazaki: World Trade Center, MacGregor Memorial Conference Center.

Johnson: Sheldon Art Museum, Lincoln Cultural Center, new york.

Stone: 1958 American Pavilion of Brussels World Expo, American Embassy in New Delhi.

124. Representative works with great industrial and technical features: Yamanashi Cultural Center (Ge Tan, Zhang Jihe, Kurokawa-Metabolism School), Pompidou National Art and Culture Center (piano and Rogers) and Lloyd's Insurance Company Building in London. The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (British architect Foster).

125. Localism and humanization are the "perceptual" aspects of architecture. It is a development that combines the design principle of "rationalism" with local characteristics and national habits, that is, it emphasizes technology and form, while emphasizing its own characteristics in form.

Alvar Alvar aalto: the representative of "humanization" and nativity in Northern Europe (emphasizing organic forms and using natural materials). Shannatselo town center main building, Wolfsberger cultural center, MIT senior student dormitory.

Ge Tan: Kagawa Pavilion, Cangfu Pavilion, Yoyogi Gymnasium, Hiroshima Memorial Park for Atomic Bomb Victims.