What kind of place is Luoyang?

Luoyang is located in the west of Henan Province, between east longitude11.8' and north latitude1/2.59'. The eastern section of the Eurasian Continental Bridge, which spans both banks of the middle reaches of the Yellow River, is known as the "hinterland of Kyushu" and is in the "middle of the world". Luoyang enjoys excellent geographical conditions. Located in the transition zone from the southern edge of the warm temperate zone to the north subtropical zone, it has four distinct seasons and a pleasant climate. The annual average temperature is 14.2`C, and the rainfall is 546 mm. Zhengzhou in the east, Sanmenxia in the west, Jiaozuo across the Yellow River in the north and Pingdingshan and Nanyang in the south. It is about 179 km long from east to west and about 168 km wide from north to south.

Luoyang is high in the west and low in the east. The territory is criss-crossed with mountains and hills, and the terrain is complex, in which mountains account for 45.5 1%, hills account for 40.73%, and plains account for 65.438+03.8%. There are many mountains around, such as Yushan, Mangshan, Qingyao Mountain, Jingzi Mountain, Zhoushan, Sakura Mountain, Longmen Mountain, Xiangshan, Wanan Mountain, shouyangshan and Songshan Mountain. There are many rivers and canals in the territory, belonging to the three major water systems of the Yellow River, Huaihe River and Yangtze River. There are more than 10 meandering rivers such as the Yellow River, Luohe River, Yihe River, Qinghe River, Cihe River, Tieluan River, Jianhe River and Chanhe River, which are known as "surrounded by mountains, with six rivers running in parallel, with eight passes in ten provinces and thoroughfares in ten cities". Because Luoyang is located in the Central Plains, with mountains and water, Qinling Mountains in the west and Qinchuan in Guanzhong. East of Song Yue; Risks to the north of Taihang and the Yellow River; Look at the bulls in the south. There are thousands of leaves to spare. "Rivers and mountains are the best in the situation, and the situation is the first in the world."

Ancient capital of nine dynasties

The name of the dynasty, the location of the capital, and the time when the emperor established the capital.

1. Xia Yanshi Erlitou Taikang, Zhong Kang, and Qian 2070- Qian 1600.

2. Shang Tang, Waic, Renzhong, Taijia, etc. Shangxi Boyanshi corpse township ditch, BC 1600- 1046.

3. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Luoyi, Chengzhou and Chanhe were kings, and Kang Wang, Zhao Wang and Wang Mu were 1046-771year ago.

4. Luoyi Wangcheng in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (on both sides of the Jian River) was from Kuaiwang, * * * 25 77 1-256 years ago.

5. Luoyang, the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties in the Western Han Dynasty from 202 BC to 65438 BC+099 BC.

6. Emperor Guangwu of Luoyang, the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties in the Eastern Han Dynasty, went to Xian Di, *** 12 for 25 years-190 years.

7. Cao Wei, Luoyang, the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties, was the Emperor Wen of the Yuan Dynasty, ***5 Emperor 22 1 year -265.

8. Emperor Wudi of Luoyang to Yu, the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, ***4 years 265-3 13.

9. Emperor Xiaowen of the Han and Wei Dynasties to Luoyang, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, Northern Wei Dynasty 493-534.

10.606-6 18 Sui Dudong, Yang Di and Gongdi, the ancient city of Sui and Tang Dynasties in Tokyo.

1 1. Wuhou, Zhongzong, Xuanzong, Zhaozong and Aizong, the capital of Luoyang Palace in the Tang Dynasty-Wu Zetian, the ancient city of Sui and Tang Dynasties in Tokyo, had six emperors from 657 to 908 (all of them were lost for more than 40 years).

12.909-9 13 years Taizu, Yong, Modi, the ancient city of Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the western capital.

13. Zhuang Zong, Mingzong, Mindy and Modi, ancient cities in Sui and Tang Dynasties, the eastern capital of late Tang Dynasty, 923-936.

14. Late Jin Dynasty, Xijing, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Gaozu Ancient City, 936-938 (about 2 years)

15. Luoyang, Republic of China 1932.

Luoyang was ruled by the Henan government in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the Commissioner's Office was set up in the Republic of China. 1948 is located in Luoyang, but the county level is under the jurisdiction of Luoyang, and 1956 is a prefecture-level city (a provincial city).

Luoyang is called "the ancient capital of nine dynasties" and "the ancient capital of thirteen dynasties". Among them, 9 in "Ancient Capital of Nine Dynasties" means a lot, and 13 in "Ancient Capital of Thirteen Dynasties" means the number of dynasties when the capital was established.

bill to order

The historical situation of Luoyang is complicated and easily misunderstood.

1. Both Shang, Zhou, Han and Wei dynasties moved their capitals many times, and there may be more than one capital in these dynasties, and Luoyang is one of them. For example, Shang moved the capital several times, so Anyang, Zhengzhou and Luoyang were once the capitals of Shang. Anyang is the most famous. In the 4th century BC/kloc-,Pan Geng, the tenth king of Shang dynasty, moved his capital from "Xuan" in Shandong (near Qufu today) to "Yin" and became the political, economic and cultural center at that time.

2. Some dynasties in China had more than one capital. Due to strategic and economic needs, some great dynasties will set up their capitals, such as the Tang Dynasty, whose capital is universally recognized as Chang 'an. Luoyang is called its capital because the rulers of the Tang Dynasty designated Luoyang as their palace and sightseeing place, so it is called "the East Capital of Luoyang". Although it cannot be compared with Chang 'an in influence and status, it is different from ordinary local administrative units after all.

Luoyang was once the capital of the Republic of China. On 1 1 August 28th, during the Battle of Songhu and the eight-year Anti-Japanese War, the capital was moved twice. For the first time, Luoyang was moved to be the "traveling capital", and for the second time, Chongqing was moved to be the "accompanying capital". Nanjing's status as the legal capital of the Republic of China remained unchanged.

Second, the historical evolution

Luoyang is named because it is located in the sun of Guluo water. "Luo" was originally written as "Luo", and the Three Kingdoms were changed by Wei. In Zhou Chengwang, the Duke of Zhou is in Luoyi, where Chengzhou is located. It was renamed Luoyang during the Warring States Period. Qin County, ruled by Sanchuan County; The post-Han calendar was the politics of Henan County, Sizhou, Luozhou and Henan Province. After liberation (1948), Luoyang County was established. 1955 Some areas of Luoyang County merged. Now it is one of the first historical and cultural cities in the State Council. Heluo area with Luoyang as the center is an important birthplace of Chinese civilization. China ancient myths such as Fuxi, Nuwa, Huangdi, Tang Yao, Yu Shun and Yu Xia. It is widely circulated here. Xia Taikang moved the capital down, and Shang Tang made its capital Xihao; King Wu cut Zhou, and 800 princes would meet him; Duke of Zhou assisted the government and moved Jiuding to Luoyi. Ping, Gaozu Duluo, Guangxu Zhongxing, Wei, Jin and Zen, filial piety reform, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Houliang, Thirteen Dynasties. After the Han and Wei Dynasties, Luoyang gradually became an international metropolis. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, with a population of one million, hundreds of countries paid tribute to Korea, which was very prosperous.

19 12 years, the Republic of China was founded, Henan Province was abolished and Heluo Road was established. Daoyin Gong is located in Luoyang, which governs Luoyang, Yanshi and other counties 19.

1920, Wu, a direct warlord, lived in Luoyang and established the Hunan-Hubei Governor's Office and the Third Army Division Command in Luoyang.

1923, Henan Governor's Office moved to Luoyang, and Luoyang became the capital of Henan.

1932 when the Japanese attacked Shanghai, the Kuomintang government decided to make Luoyang the capital and once moved to Los Angeles for office.

1June, 938, most of North China fell, Luoyang became the northern anti-Japanese outpost, and the Kuomintang first theater headquarters was stationed in Luoyang.

1in the autumn of 939, the Henan provincial government moved the capital to Luoyang again, and Luoyang became the capital of Henan for the second time.

1948, Luoyang was liberated and the People's Democratic Government of Luoyang was established.

1949 65438+In February, Luoyang Municipal People's Democratic Government was renamed Luoyang Municipal People's Government.

From 65438 to 0954, Luoyang was upgraded to a municipality directly under the Central Government of Henan Province.

1955, Luoyang county was abandoned, part of it was merged into Luoyang city, and the rest was included in Yanshi, Jin Meng and other counties.

/kloc-in 0/956, the old city, xigong district and suburb of Luoyang were built, and the Chanhe district was built the following year.

1982, with the approval of the State Council, Geely District was newly established.

1983 Xin' an, Jin Meng and Yanshi were placed under Luoyang city, and Dengfeng city under the jurisdiction of Luoyang was placed under the jurisdiction of Zhengzhou city.

1986, Luoyang was abandoned, and Luoning, Yiyang, Songxian, Luanchuan, Ruyang and Yichuan were changed to Luoyang.

1993, Yanshi county was changed to yanshi city.

In June 2000, with the approval of the State Council, the suburb of Luoyang was renamed as Luolong District.

Three. administrative division

Luoyang now governs yanshi city, Jin Meng, Xin 'an, Luoning, Yiyang, Yichuan, Songxian, Luanchuan and Ruyang, as well as six urban areas, namely Jianxi, Xigong, Laocheng, Chanhe, Luolong and Geely, with a total area of 15208 square kilometers and an urban area of 544 square kilometers.

Four. Minority population

Luoyang is a place where many nationalities live together. There are 32 ethnic groups in the city, among which the population of Han nationality accounts for 98.8% of the total population of the city, and the population of other ethnic minorities accounts for 1.2% of the total population of the city, including more than 500 ethnic groups such as Hui, Manchu and Mongolian. Ethnic minorities are mainly Hui, with more than 60,000 people, accounting for more than 70% of the ethnic minority population. At the end of 2005, the total population of Luoyang was 6,465,438+700,000.

Four. Industrial science and technology

The concentration of large and medium-sized key industrial enterprises is a major feature of Luoyang. At present, there are more than 5,000 independent accounting industrial enterprises, with six pillar industries such as machinery and electronics, petrochemical industry, metallurgy, building materials, textiles and food, and a large number of internationally and domestically famous brand products such as Dongfanghong tractor, Luoyang float glass, Dayang motorcycle, HJD04 program-controlled switch, Baima cotton yarn and peony copper. There are 6 national enterprise technology centers and 4 provincial enterprise technology centers/kloc-0. Taking structural adjustment as the main line, we will invest 654.38+000 billion yuan to fully implement the "654.38+0648" traditional industry upgrading and transformation project of 654.38+06 enterprises and 48 projects, and accelerate the development of three emerging advantageous industries: petroleum chemical fiber, integration of coal, electricity and aluminum, and electronic information. By the end of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, the city's industrial sales revenue will reach about 654.38 billion yuan.

Luoyang has strong scientific and technological strength. The scientific research institutes under 14, such as Tuoyan Institute, Axial Research Institute, Naiyan Institute, 0 14 Center, petrochemical engineering company, etc., produce countless high-tech achievements every year. At present, there are five academicians of the two academies, and scientific and technical personnel account for 20% of the total number of employees. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, there were 1280 scientific and technological achievements in the city, including 43 at the national level and 483 at the provincial and ministerial levels, with an average annual technical transaction volume of more than 300 million yuan. There are 65,438 state-level high-tech development zones, 65,438 provincial software parks, and 487 well-known domestic and foreign enterprises such as Cabo Ceramsite Company, the world's largest natural gas company, have settled in to start businesses. There are 146 high-tech enterprises recognized in the whole province, and there are 295 kinds of high-tech products.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) urban construction

In recent years, with the establishment of China as an excellent tourist city and a national garden city as the leading factor, Luoyang has successively implemented the "75 1 33" project with the main contents of "building 7 roads, 5 bridges,/kloc-0 gardens, transforming 3 scenic spots and improving 3 public welfare facilities". The "Five Image Projects" with green, bright, clean, beautiful and smooth as the main content and the "Creating a Civilized Scenic Spot and a Civilized City" project with scenic spot construction and comprehensive improvement of the urban environment as the main content have greatly transformed the urban import and export roads and urban road network, and built something1470,000 square meters.

The water surface of Luohe Scenic Area is 1.48 million square meters, and public facilities such as urban water supply, sewage treatment, pipeline gas and central heating are newly built, and the comprehensive service function and image quality of the city are obviously improved.

The built-up area of Luoyang City has reached 105 square kilometers, and the total length of urban roads is nearly 300 kilometers. Pay attention to the ecological environment construction, courtyard greening, road greening, square attractions greening and other greening projects have achieved remarkable results, and Peony Square and Luopu Park have been built. A number of public green spaces, such as Youth Palace Square and Central Asia Square, have significantly improved their living environment. The green coverage rate of the built-up area is 37%, and the per capita green space is 7 square meters, which has passed the acceptance of the national garden city. The comprehensive management of the city has been continuously strengthened, and the city appearance is clean and bright. At present, Luoyang is aiming at highlighting the characteristics of famous cities and realizing the coordinated development between the north and the south of Luohe, further expanding the urban framework, improving infrastructure, strengthening the protection of historical and cultural cities, constantly improving the urban environmental quality and cultural taste, and striving to achieve the integration and unity of ancient civilization and modern civilization.

VI. Product Resources

Luoyang is rich in natural resources and has broad development prospects. There are 26 Class A mineral resources, such as molybdenum, aluminum, gold, silver, tungsten, coal, iron, zinc, crystal and lead, with large reserves, high grade and easy development and utilization. Among them, molybdenum reserves rank first in China, and it is one of the three largest molybdenum mines in the world.

There are 2308 species of higher plants 173 families, 830 genera, 198 varieties and 6 forms in Luoyang. Luoyang is rich in wildlife resources. There are 342 species of terrestrial vertebrates in the city, including 90 species of rare animals/kloc-0 and 480 species of natural medicines. Water resources are also abundant, including the Yellow River, Luohe River, yi river River, Chanhe River and Jianhe River, as well as two large reservoirs, Luhun and Guxian.

Seven. tourist resources

Luoyang is located in the mountainous area of western Henan, bordering Song Yue in the east, Qinling in the west, Funiu in the south and Taihang Mountain in the north. Its topography is complex and changeable, which breeds famous mountains and rivers, rivers and lakes waterfalls, caves and hot springs, virgin forests and other scenic spots. North 25 axiom is

The Yellow River, the mother river of the Chinese nation, the world-famous Xiaolangdi water control project, and the 270-square-mile vast water surface are integrated with the mountains, forming a spectacular picture of Qiandao Lake in the north. The East 80 axiom includes scenic spots such as Zhongyue Songshan Mountain and Shaolin Temple, with towering green hills, towering temples and numerous martial arts schools. There are Baiyun Mountain, Longyuwan Mountain, Guohuashan National Forest Park and Funiu Mountain National Nature Reserve within 50 to 160 kilometers in the south and west. Eight provincial forest parks and nature reserves, such as Laojun Mountain in Luanchuan, Shenlingzhai in Luoning, Tianchi Mountain in Songxian and Qingyaoshan in Xin 'an, as well as Jiguandong, Chonggou in Northland Water Town and Luhun Reservoir Tourist Resort. These scenic spots are densely covered and connected with natural landscapes, or majestic mountains and beautiful scenery, or strange peaks and rocks, or narrow valleys and caves, or lush bamboo forests, or clear spring waterfalls, which are majestic, strange and beautiful in one furnace, combining the beauty of the wild with the softness of Ming Xiu, and have the charm of natural scenery in the north and south. With the gradual improvement of infrastructure construction in scenic spots, especially the construction of fast-track tourism from Xiaolangdi to southern natural scenic spots, these long-lost scenic spots are attracting more and more Chinese and foreign tourists.

Eight. rural economy

The adjustment of agricultural structure in Luoyang adheres to local conditions, highlights characteristics, develops regionally and on a large scale, and the pattern of six pillar industries, such as high-quality characteristic grain, fruits, Chinese herbal medicines, tobacco leaves and flowers and seedlings, has initially taken shape. The development of animal husbandry has been accelerated, and breakthrough has been made in dairy production.

Luoyang is rich in biological resources and there are many kinds of agricultural cash crops. There are precious cedars,

Hemlock, lotus, ginkgo, peony and other tree species; There are natural chemical raw materials such as lacquer tree and tung tree; Economic plants include walnut, hawthorn, chestnut, apple, persimmon and so on. It is also an important origin of medicinal materials, with more than 1480 species. Luoyang is an important wheat producing area in Henan province, and Yanshi's wheat cultivation techniques are famous all over the country, with an yield of 1000 kilograms per mu. Cash crops mainly include cotton, tobacco leaves and oilseeds. The local specialties are very famous, mainly including Paulownia in Yanshi, Huanghua pear in Jin Meng, persimmon and cherry in Xin 'an, bamboo and kiwifruit in Luoning, etc. Jin Meng's milk goat and Yichuan's big-tailed cow are very famous at sea, and they have been identified as goat and big-tailed cow production base counties by the state respectively.

Nine, comprehensive strength

In recent years, Luoyang has seized the opportunity of implementing a proactive fiscal policy and developing the western region, deepened reform and accelerated development, and its economic and social outlook has undergone remarkable changes. In 2005, the GDP was11.50 billion yuan, an increase of 15. 1% over the previous year. Total fiscal revenue reached 654.38+02.09 billion yuan, an increase of 32.3% over the previous year. The rural economy has developed steadily, and the reform of state-owned enterprises and the adjustment of industrial structure have been deepened. In 2000, Longmen Grottoes was included in the World Heritage List.

In 200 1 year, it was awarded the title of excellent tourist city in China.

The environment has improved significantly. Conscientiously implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, and make all-round progress in social undertakings such as science and technology and education. The social security system has been continuously improved, people's living standards have been further improved, and spiritual civilization, democracy and the legal system have been further promoted. Won the title of "Double Support Model City" for three consecutive times.

Ten, Luoyang city flower

Peony is a famous traditional flower in China, which is magnificent and beautiful. Since ancient times, it has been rich, auspicious and prosperous, representing the demeanor of the Chinese nation as a big country. "Luoyang is the most suitable flower, and peony is especially strange in the world." Luoyang peony, rooted in the land of Heluo, began in Sui Dynasty, flourished in Tang Dynasty and flourished in Song Dynasty. According to legend, Wu Zetian held a banquet in the Tang Dynasty to enjoy flowers in winter, which made the flowers bloom, but Peony refused and was banished to Luoyang. After I moved to Los Angeles, I was in full swing. When Wuhou heard about it, he ordered the peony to be burned. The branches of the peony were burnt, but the next year it was still blooming, and the flowers were bigger and brighter. Luoyang peony is famous all over the world, and it has gradually become a trend for Luoyang people to cultivate peony and watch peony. As the poets Liu Yuxi and Bai Juyi praised in the Tang Dynasty, "Only peony is the real national color, and the capital moves when it blooms", "The city is full of people when it blooms for 20 days". Premier Zhou Enlai once said that peony should be the national flower.

1982, the Standing Committee of Luoyang Municipal People's Congress officially designated peony as the city flower. At present, there are more than 700 varieties, 23 million plants and 5,400 mu of peony in Luoyang, which are all over the city's garden attractions, street flower beds, government courtyards and suburban gardens. It has four senior ornamental gardens, including Wangcheng Park and National Color Peony Garden. Driven by the progress of science and technology, Luoyang peony has achieved four seasons of flowering, and its full flowering period has been continuously extended. Luoyang brand peony has also continuously entered the international market. Since 1983, Luoyang people have successfully held the 24th Luoyang Peony Fair. With flowers as the media, they have made many friends, set up a stage for culture and sang operas for economic and trade tourism, and achieved good economic and social benefits. It has become an important window for Henan Province to open to the outside world and one of the four famous fairs in China.