How should we understand the global history perspective, social history perspective, civilization history perspective, revolutionary history perspective, and ecological history perspective respectivel

How should we understand the global history perspective, social history perspective, civilization history perspective, revolutionary history perspective, and ecological history perspective respectively in the history subjects of the college entrance examination? Each of them includes some...

Definition

The view of civilization history, often called the research paradigm of civilization history, is a theoretical model for studying history. Period of production

Originally produced during the Enlightenment.

Essence

The view of civilization history believes that a history of the development of human society is essentially the history of the evolution of human civilization.

Horizontal

The connotation of the history of human civilization includes material civilization, political civilization and spiritual civilization; human civilization can be divided into ancient Greek and Roman civilization, ancient Chinese civilization, and Western capital in scope. Socialist civilization, socialist civilization and other systems: First, we must pay attention to the characteristics and main achievements of different types of civilizations; second, we must pay attention to the exchanges, reference, integration and collisions between different types of civilizations.

Vertical

Human civilization has experienced the age of fishing, hunting and gathering, the age of agricultural civilization (including the Neolithic Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age), and the age of industrial civilization (including the age of manual workshops and the age of steam). , Electrical Age and Information Age).

The process of transformation from agricultural civilization to industrial civilization is the process of modernization.

The view of civilization history, often called the research paradigm of civilization history, is a theoretical model for studying history. Originally produced during the Enlightenment. The view of civilization history believes that a history of the development of human society is essentially the history of the evolution of human civilization. From a horizontal perspective, the connotation of the history of human civilization includes material civilization, political civilization and spiritual civilization; human civilization can be divided into several systems such as ancient Greek and Roman civilization, ancient Chinese civilization, Western capitalist civilization, and socialist civilization in scope: 1. We should pay attention to the characteristics and main achievements of different types of civilizations, and secondly, we should pay attention to the exchanges, reference, integration and collisions between different types of civilizations. From a vertical perspective, human civilization has gone through the age of fishing, hunting and gathering, the age of agricultural civilization (including the Neolithic Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age), and the age of industrial civilization (including the age of manual workshops, the age of steam, the age of electricity, and the age of information). The process of transformation from agricultural civilization to industrial civilization is the process of modernization.

The concept of civilizational history has a long history in the West. It was only introduced to China in the 1990s and sparked a research craze. The civilizational view of history has existed in China for a short time, so it is urgent to re-examine Chinese history from the perspective of the civilizational view of history.

The concept and division of civilization

The view of civilization history believes that human history is essentially the history of the development of human civilization. The development of human civilization and its own civilization are the basic clues to historical development. The process of human creation and accumulation of civilization and the results obtained are the basic content of history. Civilization refers to the progressive state of human society, including both material civilization and spiritual civilization. It is produced on the basis of a certain social production mode and continues to develop with the progress of society. In the history of human civilization, slave society, feudal society, and capitalist society have all produced corresponding civilizations.

The concepts of material civilization, spiritual civilization and political civilization and their interrelationships

Material civilization is the beneficial results formed in people's practical activities to transform the objective world, which is manifested in the material production mode and the progress of material life, including the history of material production civilization, material exchange civilization, material life civilization, etc.; political civilization is the beneficial results formed by people in their political practice activities, which is manifested in the progress of social and political systems and political life, including political The history of conceptual civilization, the history of political system civilization, the history of political organization civilization, the history of political behavior civilization and the history of political technology civilization, etc.; spiritual civilization is the beneficial results formed by people transforming the subjective world while transforming the objective world, which is manifested in social spiritual products and The progress of spiritual life includes the history of scientific and technological civilization, the history of academic and ideological civilization, the history of literary consciousness civilization, and the history of religious civilization.

(1) "Civilization" can be divided vertically into agricultural civilization (Neolithic Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age) and industrial civilization (manufacturing workshop age, steam age, electrical age, etc.), and horizontally into They are material civilization, political civilization, and spiritual civilization, and their classification standard is productivity. Vertical agricultural civilization and industrial civilization include the material civilization, political civilization and spiritual civilization of that era.

(2) Pay attention to the achievements of civilization that still have great influence today, trace history from reality, connect history with reality, explain how modern civilization is inherited and evolved, and combine history with reality. For example, we need to understand the great significance of traditional Chinese thought in real society, the operational methods of democracy formed in ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and the practical significance of law, etc.

(3) We must correctly evaluate the achievements of various civilizations and correctly understand the relationship between the achievements and costs of human civilization. Every step forward in human civilization has to pay a price, such as wars, catastrophes, struggles for power and temporary setbacks in history... These costs are secondary compared with the results brought about by the progress of civilization. We cannot talk too much about the costs, so that It ignores the sincere pace of human beings' perseverance in pursuing civilization.

(4) Taking the type of civilization as the basic research unit, recognizing the diversity of civilizations and the diversity of historical development; we must not only see that the development of human society has the same laws and trends, but also While seeing the uniqueness of each civilization, we should also pay attention to the relationship between different types of civilizations.

(5) Incorporate Chinese civilization into world civilization for investigation, examine the evolution of Chinese civilization within the context of the development of human civilization, and at the same time look at the development of other world civilizations from the perspective of Chinese civilization.

The basic point of view of the global historical perspective is to look at the history of human society as a whole. In their respective and interactive development, various regions and civilizations in the world have gradually broken away from isolation and dispersion, and gradually integrated into a closely connected global unity. This global integration process is the objective dominant trend of historical development. According to this historical view, world history is by no means the sum of all countries, regions, ethnic groups and cultures. It focuses on the entire human race and the global whole, which requires studying world history from the perspective of the global whole. This historical concept breaks the traditional historical framework of "Western Eurocentrism" and national history that pieced together world history. It examines history from the overall development and unity of world history, and comprehensively explores the characteristics of the times and the mainstream of development in each period of world history. and general trends, the interconnection and penetration of different civilizations. The global historical perspective focuses on the horizontal development of history. It believes that before modern times, all nations and countries in the world were in a state of closed development. There were regional and local exchanges in the three continents of Asia, Africa and Europe, while the Americas were almost isolated. With the opening of new sea routes, human history has transformed from decentralized development to overall development. The wave of modernization has gradually expanded from Western countries such as Britain, France and the United States to other parts of the world. The development of productive forces and world exchanges are the driving force for the horizontal development of human history. With the rapid development of science and technology, by the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the world finally formed an inseparable whole, realizing the transformation of human society from decentralized development to overall development. In particular, the Second World War and the rise of the third scientific and technological revolution have turned the world into a closely connected "global village". The trend of globalization has further strengthened and the process of world integration has accelerated. Human exchanges based on the development of productive forces have promoted the horizontal development of history. We must pay attention to the history of human exchanges: including transportation, international conferences, international organizations, international wars, ideological and cultural exchanges, and the development of human exchanges; interdependence between countries, Mutually infiltrating and developing at multiple levels in the political, economic, military and cultural fields, the entire human society is forming a mutually responsive and mutually restrictive whole, and the entire human race is facing the same fate and test. We must understand Chinese history from the overall perspective of world historical development. 2. The correct attitude in constructing a “global historical perspective”: (1) Establish a global consciousness. Facing different global problems, we all share the same interests. This is the basis why dialogue between different civilizations is possible and necessary. (2) While recognizing the unity of human civilization, fully affirm its diversity.

Developed countries occupy high-level industrial sectors, while developing countries have lower-level industrial sectors. Please answer: ⑴ What characteristics of economic globalization in the process of world history does Material 2 reflect? ⑵ Combine materials 1 and 2 and the historical knowledge learned to explain the reasons why developed countries dominate international economic rules. Analysis: This question mainly tests the knowledge points of "world economic globalization", and tests the ability to extract effective information from materials to explain historical issues, as well as the ability to summarize, summarize and analyze historical knowledge. To answer question 1, we must start with the information provided by the materials and summarize the effective information. To answer question (2), you should pay attention to the guiding word "leading reason" in the stem of the question. When analyzing the reasons, you should approach it from a historical perspective, and at the same time, the answer should be concise. Reference answers: ⑴ A new round of expansion of capital in the world; the economies of developing and developed countries are interdependent, and the gap between rich and poor is widening; developing countries are industrially backward and lack competitiveness. ⑵ With the long-term development of capitalism in modern times, developed countries have advantages in trade, capital and technology.