Who knows a brief introduction to the history of Nanjing?

History of Nanjing

Nanjing is a famous ancient capital of China and a world-famous historical and cultural city.

Archaeological discoveries show that there were ancient human activities in Nanjing about 300,000 years ago. Primitive villages appeared in Nanjing 6,000 years ago, inhabited by local primitive residents. To this day, they have experienced countless generations. of living and multiplying.

In 472 BC, King Gou Jian of Yue built a city under the Yuhuatai, which is known as "Yue City" in history.

This is the earliest record of a castle built in Nanjing, and it has a history of 2,470 years.

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In 229 AD, the Eastern Wu Dynasty of the Three Kingdoms moved its capital here and founded Yecheng. Later, the Eastern Jin, Song, Qi, Liang, Chen, Southern Tang, Ming, Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and the Republic of China successively established their capitals here. < /p>

Over the past 1,700 years, Nanjing has been the city of ten dynasties and the land of golden powder in six dynasties.

The flowers and plants of the Wu Palace, the clothes of the Jin Dynasty, the palace of the Ming Dynasty, and the beacons of the Kingdom of Heaven have left many relics of the past dynasties. , recorded many thrilling historical stories, and praised many heroic achievements.

The name "Nanjing" began in the Ming Dynasty.

Historically, it has been called Yecheng, Yuecheng, Jinling, and so on. Moling, Stone City, Jianye, Jiankang, Baixia, Shangyuan, Shengzhou, Jiangning, Jiqing, Yingtian, Tianjing, etc. Although the city names have been changed several times, they are still known for their long history, splendid culture, and The majestic appearance and beautiful scenery are famous throughout the ages and play an important role in the history of the development of the Chinese nation.

Ancient residents and prototypes of the city

About six thousand years ago, Nanjing City. There are primitive residents living in the Gulougang area in the center of the district.

Archaeologists have excavated the original village site of Beiyinyangying with an area of ??about 110,000 square meters.

They focused on gathering, fishing, hunting and primitive agriculture, and used pottery as their main living utensils.

By three to four thousand years ago, the descendants of the original residents of Beiyinyangying gradually mastered the method of smelting bronze. Technology and productivity have further developed.

About two hundred village sites of this era have been discovered on both sides of the river under the jurisdiction of Nanjing City, especially in the area of ??Hushu Town in Jiangning County in the middle reaches of the Qinhuai River. The most dense, so it is known as the "Lake Culture"

Soochow

In 212 AD, Sun Quan, the leader of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period, used the natural stone walls at the west foot to build the old site of Jinling.

Stone City is adjacent to the river and controls the Huaihe River. It can store weapons and food due to its safety.

Therefore, it is the river defense fortress and city defense stronghold of the Soochow Navy. .

The circumference of Stone City is about 6 miles.

In 229 AD, Sun Quan established the capital here and founded Yecheng. This was the official beginning of Nanjing as the capital, and it has existed for 1,700 years.

In those days, artificial canals and natural rivers connected each other inside and outside Jianye City. The rich materials in the Sanwu area (Wujun, Wuxing and Kuaiji) could be transported directly to the capital through the Jiangnan water network. Cangcheng.

Thousands of ships are often moored at the Yangtze River wharf under Stone City. They have sailed to places such as Taiwan, Hainan Island and the Korean Peninsula, and have close cultural ties with Japan and the South China Sea Islands.

Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties

The Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen Dynasties, known as the "Southern Dynasties", were five consecutive dynasties (317-589 years). The capital was expanded on the basis of Wu Jianye and renamed Jiankang.

Together with Soochow before that, it is often called the "Six Dynasties", so Nanjing is also known as the "ancient capital of the Six Dynasties".

From the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Southern Dynasties, agriculture and handicrafts Important progress has been made, mainly in the cultivation of fertile land, steelmaking, papermaking and porcelain making. The development of agriculture and handicrafts has brought about commercial prosperity.

There are more than 100 large and small shopping malls inside and outside the capital, selling goods. The scope is quite extensive.

Economic and cultural exchanges with overseas countries are also more frequent than during the Soochow period.

On the basis of economic prosperity, the great families in the north and south have become more prosperous. Buddhist monks and Taoist representatives gathered in Jiankang, making it the cultural center of the country at that time.

At that time, Jiankang had four schools of Confucianism, metaphysics, literature and history. Buddhism, Taoism, calligraphy, painting, sculpture, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and medicine had made great progress. .

Such as the thinker Fan Zhen; the writers Guo Pu, Shen Yue and Xie Lingyun; the literary critics Liu Xie, Xiao Tong and Zhong Rong; the historians Fan Ye, Pei Songzhi and Xiao Zixian; the Buddhist scripture translators Faxian and Bao Go and Buddha Tuobhadra; Taoists and chemists and medical scientists Ge Hong and Tao Hongjing; calligraphers Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi and his son; sculptor Dai Kui and his son; painter Gu Kaizhi; mathematician and astronomer Yu Xi and Zu Chongzhi's father and son, etc. were built successively. Kahn left behind immortal works.

Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Buddhism has gradually become popular in Jiangdong.

During the Six Dynasties, temples abounded inside and outside Jiankang City.

Du Mu, a poet of the late Tang Dynasty, gave a vivid description of this: "Thousands of miles away, the orioles are singing, the green is reflected in red, and the water village, mountain and Guo wine flags are blowing.

In the 480 temples of the Southern Dynasties, there are so many towers in the mist and rain .

"In the suburbs of Jiankang, the emperor's palaces and gardens, the mansions and villas of wealthy families were scattered among Buddhist temples and mausoleums, forming a seemingly prosperous situation called "six generations of luxury".

Southern Tang

After more than 300 years of "six generations of luxury", Jinling entered a low ebb during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. This was because the rulers of the Sui and Tang Dynasties were afraid of appearing again in Jinling. Separate political power.

Jinling in the Tang Dynasty has been reduced to an ordinary state and county. The city palaces of the Six Dynasties were destroyed when the Sui soldiers destroyed Chen. The historical relics of the Six Dynasties are only for literati, poets and poets. Therefore, there are many poems about Jinling nostalgia in Tang poetry.

Many famous poets have visited Jinling, especially Li Bai who visited the most.

In the Southern Tang Dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period at the end of the Tang Dynasty, Jinling was once again used as the capital and partially restored its former status as an important southeastern town.

The Southern Tang Dynasty was a small separatist regime in the south. At its largest jurisdiction, it only covered the five provinces of present-day Suzhou, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Hunan, and its rule lasted only 39 years (937-975). .

However, its rulers, the first master Li Bian, the middle master Li Jing, and the latter master Li Yu and his sons, were able to pay attention to agriculture, reward mulberry farming, and develop industry and commerce.

The Southern Tang Dynasty paid special attention to cultural and artistic undertakings. Li Jing and Li Yu were famous poets in their own right. The Southern Tang Painting Garden also concentrated people such as Xu Xi, Dong Yuan, Zhao Qian, Ju Ran, Zhou Wenju and Wang Qihan. A very talented painter who made fundamental contributions to the later prosperity of the Northern Song Dynasty painting world.

As the capital of the Southern Tang Dynasty, Jinling City was also an important turning point in the urban development of Nanjing, that is, it changed the situation in the Six Dynasties when the Jiankang capital separated the political area from the industrial and commercial areas and residential areas, and separated the city Moved south to a location centered on Qinhuai's 24th Airline.

Within the scope of Jinling City in the Southern Tang Dynasty, it has been the most densely populated and most prosperous industrial and commercial area in Nanjing for more than a thousand years.

Ming Dynasty

In 1368 AD, Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne of emperor, and the country was named Daming. He ordered Yingtian Mansion to be called "Nanjing". The name of Nanjing began from this time.

In 1378, Nanjing was renamed the capital, and Nanjing was established as the capital in the early Ming Dynasty. It lasted for 53 years under the three emperors Hongwu, Jianwen and Yongle.

In 1421, Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, moved the capital to Beijing and made Nanjing the "remaining capital". The imperial palace was still retained, and central institutions such as the Five Prefectures, the Sixth Ministry, and the Metropolitan Procuratorate were set up.

Two years before Zhu Yuanzhang became emperor, that is, in 1366 AD, he ordered the construction of a new palace and the reconstruction of Yingtianfu City.

It took 21 years to build the brick city, which is said to have a radius of 96 miles, but the actual measurement is 33.676 kilometers.

Among the existing ancient city walls, Nanjing City is not only the largest in my country but also the largest in the world.

The Imperial Palace of Nanjing in the Ming Dynasty was located in the east of the city, with magnificent architecture.

It was used by the three emperors Hongwu, Jianwen and Yongle in the early Ming Dynasty.

When Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty moved the capital to Beijing and built the Beijing Palace, he used the Nanjing Palace as the blueprint.

During the Ming Dynasty, especially in the 53 years of the early Ming Dynasty, Nanjing's economy and culture developed rapidly and became the largest city in the country.

At that time, there were more than 100 industrial and commercial industries in the city, of which more than 20 were related to the silk weaving industry. The government-run silk weaving industry was mainly engaged in weaving high-end brocade, plain satin and damask, Luo, gauze and silk. Mainly, the colorful damasks made of gold brocade and gold and silver threads are the most exquisite. There are three workshops where cotton weaving craftsmen are concentrated.

The construction and shipbuilding industries in Nanjing during the Ming Dynasty were two large-scale government-run handicraft industries.

The woodblock printing industry in Nanjing during the Ming Dynasty was also famous throughout the country.

Nanjing in the Qing Dynasty and Tianjing in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

During the transition between the Ming and Qing dynasties, the city of Nanjing was not damaged. The Qing Dynasty established the Liangjiang Governor's Office here. , governs the three provinces of Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Anhui, and still maintains Nanjing's status as an important town in the southeast.

In the early Qing Dynasty, Nanjing's urban economy continued to develop, especially the silk weaving industry, which reached its peak.

During the Qing Dynasty, Jiangning Weaving Bureau was specially established to manage the silk weaving industry. The ancestor of Cao Xueqin, the author of the famous novel "Dream of Red Mansions", had served as Jiangning weaving official for nearly 60 years, thus forming the "Dream of Red Mansions" Important historical background material for the book's content.

In March 1853, the Taiping Army who revolted in Jintian Village, Guiping County, Guangxi, arrived in Nanjing.

The Heavenly King Hong Xiuquan went directly to the Liangjiang Governor-General's Office, which was soon converted into the "Celestial Palace" (1853-1864). The "Chinese Land Acquisition System" promoted the policy of land to the tiller.

The Taiping Army implemented an evenly distributed "holy treasury" system, and established institutions such as Zhujiangying and Baigongya to uniformly manage various handicraft industries. It also implemented policies to liberate women and gradually open up business. .

Due to various mistakes of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom regime, the Qing Dynasty was able to regroup its strength to counterattack.

In July 1864, Tianjing was finally captured.

After the Qing army entered the city, they looted the Tianwang Palace and other royal palaces and warehouses, and set them on fire. Jinling suffered a catastrophe. Even the Ming Forbidden City, Ming Xiaoling Tomb and the Glazed Pagoda of Dabaoen Temple were also destroyed. .

After that, Nanjing was used by the Qing Dynasty as the center for ruling the southeastern region.

And based on the "Tianjin Treaty", an unequal treaty with the British, French and other capitalist powers, Nanjing Xiaguan was opened as a commercial port.

In the 50 years before the 1911 Revolution of 1911, Nanjing opened several modern machine printing, power generation and other factories, mainly in the arms industry.

The Nanjing-Shanghai and Jinpu railways were built and opened to traffic in 1908 and 1911 respectively. Jiangnan Naval Academy, Jiangnan Land Normal Academy, Higher School, and Sanjiang Normal School (later renamed Liangjiang Normal School) etc.

Lu Xun, my country’s modern literary giant, studied at the Jiangnan Naval Academy and the Mining and Railway School attached to the Jiangnan Continental Academy from 1898 to 1902.

The Republic of China

The Revolution of 1911 that broke out on October 10, 1911 overthrew the Qing Dynasty in one fell swoop and buried the feudal monarchy.

In December of the same year, representatives of the 17 provinces who announced the uprising held a massacre in Nanjing, announcing that the country would be renamed the Republic of China, with 1912 as the first year of the Republic of China, Nanjing as the temporary capital, and the election of Sun Yat-sen. Mr. is the interim president.

Dr. Sun Yat-sen took a special train from Shanghai to Nanjing to take office on New Year's Day in 1912. The Provisional Presidential Palace was located in the Liangjiang Governor-General's Office in the Qing Dynasty, and the ruins still exist today.

Later, after more than ten years of warlord rule, from 1927 to 1949, the Communist Party of the Republic of China once again established its capital in Nanjing.

After the Nationalist Party established its capital in Nanjing in 1927, it made some plans for the city.

The plan is to use the Ming Forbidden City area as the central political area, Xinjiekou area as the commercial center area, Jiangsu Road area as the garden residential area, and the south and north of the city as general residential areas.

Several larger buildings were built, including the "Preparatory Office of the Central Museum", "Central Hospital", "Whampoa Military Academy", and the Ming Forbidden City Airport.

In 1929, Zhongshan Road and Lingyuan Road were built.

Back then, Sun Yat-sen's coffin passed through this avenue when it went south for burial.

Later, several asphalt roads were built one after another.

A number of banks, shopping malls, restaurants and hotels were built in the area of ??Xinjiekou, Daxinggong and Taiping Road.

In this way, Nanjing’s urban area has undergone certain changes since the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

In November 1937, the Japanese invaders invaded Shanghai and attacked Nanjing in three directions.

Chiang Kai-shek fled Nanjing on December 5, and *** *** affiliated organizations moved to Wuhan and Chongqing respectively.

On December 13, the Japanese army occupied the entire city of Nanjing.

As soon as the Japanese army entered Nanjing, they began a massacre that wiped out the entire population.

More than 300,000 of our innocent compatriots were brutally murdered.

After the Japanese army occupied Nanjing, they established the headquarters of the Japanese invaders in Nanjing. Later, the Reform Army headed by the traitor Liang Hongzhi and the Puppet Army headed by the traitor Wang Jingwei were both established in Nanjing. , making Nanjing the center of Japanese and puppet rule.

On August 14, 1945, the Japanese army announced its surrender. On September 9, the "Japanese Surrender Signing Ceremony in the Chinese Theater" was held in the auditorium of the Army Headquarters on Huangpu Road, Nanjing.

In May 1946, the Kuomintang returned its capital to Nanjing.

On May 3, 1946, the Communist delegation headed by Zhou Enlai went to Nanjing to continue negotiations and struggles with the Communist Party on the issue of safeguarding the armistice agreement and CPPCC resolutions.

On November 15, the *** reactionaries brazenly overturned the CPPCC resolutions and launched an all-out anti-people civil war.

Liberation of Nanjing

After the three major battles of Liaoshen, Pingjin, and Huaihai, the Communist Party's elite main force was almost completely lost.

On New Year's Day in 1949, Chiang Kai-shek, under the instruction of the US imperialists, launched a fake peace conspiracy in Nanjing to gain breathing time and issued a "retirement and peace" statement.

On April 1, the *** *** peace talks delegation flew to Peiping. On April 20, the Peking peace talks broke down. On April 21, *** and Zhu De issued the "March to the Nation" Order".

My million-strong army crossed the Yangtze River in three directions and fought in three directions.

Late at night on April 23, the People's Liberation Army crossed the Yangtze River. In the morning of April 24, the advance troops went straight to the "Presidential Palace" and planted the red flag of victory on Chiang Kai-shek's "Presidential Palace". door upstairs.

Since then, Nanjing, a world-famous cultural ancient city, has been reborn and will forever be embraced by the people.

The good news reached Peiping, and Mao Zedong wrote the immortal poem "The People's Revolutionary Army Occupies Nanjing" with great historical significance; Zhongshan turned yellow due to wind and rain, and millions of troops crossed the river.

The tiger sitting on the dragon's plate is better than the past, and the world is turned upside down. It is generous and generous.

It is better to use the remaining brave men to chase the poor bandits, and not to be known as the academic overlord.

If heaven is sentimental, heaven will also grow old, and the right path in the world will undergo vicissitudes of life.

In order to commemorate the great historical significance of the Battle of Crossing the River, the military and civilians of Nanjing built a new monument to the Victory of Crossing the River in the Xiaguan Rehe Road Square.

On it are the seven characters "Monument to the Victory of Crossing the River" handwritten by the leader who commanded the Battle of Crossing the River.