Are Korean characters created on the basis of Basiba?

The following Korean = Korean

General introduction

Before15th century, Koreans used Chinese characters to record their language. Proverbs (Hangul, Joseongul, Korean or Korean gul, Korean or Korean) have not replaced Chinese characters as Korean characters for a long time. At the beginning of the 20th century, influenced by Japanese, Korean began to merge with Chinese characters, and at this time "Korean-Chinese mixed writing" became the main writing method of Korean. After the independence of the Korean peninsula, the North and South Korean governments began to abolish Chinese characters in Korean one after another based on the consideration of nationality, and advocated writing and recording Korean only in Korean (that is, pure language). North Korea restricted the use of Chinese characters from 1946, and completely abolished Chinese characters from 1949. South Korea banned the use of Chinese characters in government documents in 1948, and further banned the use of Chinese characters in 1968. The Korean Institute in China also abolished Chinese characters in 1953 and only recorded Korean in Korean.

The use of Korean characters before their creation.

Before the creation of Korean characters, Koreans used Chinese character records to write their language. There are two ways to record their languages: one is to speak Korean and write classical Chinese, which is the same as in ancient Japan and Vietnam. Because the ancient Koreans had a strong idea of "worshipping Han" and "worshiping Confucianism", this method of recording language became the mainstream in the upper class. The other is written in Chinese characters, but the order and rules of writing must follow the grammar of Korean. This recording method can be divided into two categories: "secretarial recording method" and "official reading recording method"

"Secretarial recording method" is to write words in discourse with corresponding Chinese characters, and arrange these Chinese characters according to the lexical order of Korean. Take 1940 as an example, the sentence in "Jinshi" (a tablet written in Korean by secretary recording method):

* Original: The two vowed to remember the oath of the previous day. After three years, the road of loyalty will investigate the fault without oath.

Transcription of Modern Korea: Vows Record. Swear. Just three years later? Tadao? Swear irresponsible.

* Analysis:? 2 (person)? (Hey, together) sworn record. (God, heaven)? (before)? Swear. Just three years later? Tadao? Holding fault? (None)? Vows.

* Chinese translation: record two people swearing together. Swear before heaven. Swear that in the next three years, I will adhere to the principle of loyalty and strive for no mistakes.

As can be seen from the above example, almost all the articles written by the "secretary record method" are in Chinese.

The official reading record method not only records Chinese words with Chinese characters, but also expresses the pronunciation of Korean auxiliary words and suffixes with the sound or meaning of Chinese characters. According to records, this recording method was first created by Xue Yan in Silla period, and people in later generations constantly improved the use of Chinese characters in this recording method. This recording method was extended to the end of 19. After Korea was merged by Japan, this recording method was replaced by Korean-Chinese essays based on national sentiment and the emergence of Korean nationalism.

The Creation and Use of Korean Characters

1443, Li Shizong of North Korea called Zheng Linzhi and other bachelors from Jixian Hall. According to the phonological structure of Korean and the phonology of China, he created a special script to record the phonology of Korean. At that time, the name of this kind of writing was Proverbs (or Yan Wen), but the document issued by the government was called Training People Andrew, which gradually became popular in northern China. However, Korean academic circles generally called it Proverbs, and rarely talked about Training People Andrew. At the beginning of the 20th century, another name for the word "hangeul" began to appear. In Korean, "?" It means "big" and "? It means "Wen", so "Wen" can be understood as "big character" or "big talk". In China academic circles, this word is generally translated through the combination of sound and meaning. "? " "(Han)" is transliterated as "Han". Free translation is translated into "Wen", and "Wen" is translated into "Korean", not "Chinese characters" or "big words".

As for the motive of creating this kind of writing, people can get the answer from the preface of "training the people to be correct": "the voice of the country. Unusual China. It doesn't circulate with words. Therefore, many people have something to say, but in the end they can't express their feelings. I'm sorry about that. The new system is 28 characters. I want everyone to learn easily. Convenient for daily use. " The language of our country is different from that of China, so we can't communicate in written language (with China). Therefore, many uneducated people want to speak, but in the end they can't express themselves. I'm sorry about that. (So) I have created 28 new words, and I hope everyone can learn them easily for daily use. "

Although this kind of writing was created by upper-class people at that time, it was rejected by upper-class people. Some officials even asked Sejong to abolish this kind of writing. They were afraid that this kind of writing would spread to China, and they were ridiculed as "foreign writing" by China people at that time, and regarded North Korea as one of the barbarians. Of course, many officials use this script to record Korean in private environment. For example, letters from home are usually written in this script. It should be noted that Korean is easy to write in Chinese characters in font structure, but at that time, Koreans strictly distinguished between "Korean" and "Chinese" and did not write Chinese characters when actually using Korean. On the other hand, because women generally have fewer opportunities to receive education, even if they can write, most of them only know Korean but not Chinese characters. Therefore, in the middle of Korea, although Chinese characters were still used in officialdom, Han Wenlai was widely used by people and women. At the end of Xuanzu, then physician He Jun began to write and translate China medical books in Korean, which made medical skills popular among the people. These are some evidences of the spread of Korean among the people.

During Yan Shanjun's period, Korean characters were once banned. After Yan Shanjun was overthrown, although the ban was lifted, there were still not many people using Korean characters.

After Japan occupied the Korean peninsula, the Korean nation began to awaken. They began to regard Korean as their writing and pride, and began to advocate the use of Korean. During this period, influenced by Japanese writing methods, people also used Chinese characters when writing Korean, forming "Korean-Chinese mixed writing (or Korean-Chinese mixed writing, Hanzhong)".

The use of Korean characters after World War II

After World War II, Koreans used Korean as the main text and Chinese characters as the auxiliary text to record Korean. From the end of11940s to the beginning of11950s, three countries with official Korean languages abolished Chinese characters and adopted a policy of pure Korean characters.

In 1945, Kim Il Sung issued instructions that all publications of the Workers' Party of Korea (the predecessor of the Workers' Party of Korea today) should be printed in Korean characters that people can understand. The following year, some publications in North Korea stopped using Chinese characters. 1947, North Korea's Rodong Sinmun began to print in pure Korean in some pages, but by 1949, the newspaper was printed entirely in pure Korean, which also meant that Han Hanjia officially ended the era of writing in Korean in North Korea. Due to the special political system of North Korea, the policy of abolishing Chinese characters has not been strongly opposed by the people and academic circles, and this policy has been implemented by the North Korean government until today.

In South Korea, the opposition of the public and academic circles to pure Korean is equal to the support of pure Korean, and each president has different views on Chinese characters and Korean. Therefore, the Korean government sometimes resumes the use of Chinese characters or merges books, and sometimes requires the use of pure Korean by decree, and has been swinging between these two policies. With the new generation receiving pure Korean education stepping into the society and the people who are used to reading Korean-Chinese mixed characters getting old, using pure Korean has become the main trend in Korea today.

Pure Korean

.

Chinese-Chinese combined edition

? (Tadao)? (holding).

Han Han Xie Jia (Zhu Han Han Cong)

? Tadao? Hold on.

Han Han Xie Jia (Zhu Han Han Cong)

Just three years later? Tadao? Swear irresponsible.

During the period of 1945, according to the opinion of the Korean Language Education Review Committee, the US military educational administration temporarily controlled the government. In its published language policy, the government stipulated that Chinese characters should not be used in textbooks of national schools (now "primary schools", equivalent to primary schools in Greater China) and middle schools (equivalent to junior high schools in Greater China), and government documents should be written in fresh documents, and Chinese characters can be written together when necessary. However, this policy has not touched the written life of people and society. At the same time, this policy has also become the first official abolition of Chinese characters in the Korean world. After 1948, the Korean Constitutional Assembly enacted relevant Korean specific laws, and the policy of 1945 was continued. 1950, the general order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs allowed Chinese characters to be clipped, but the general order was overturned five years later. 1970, according to the instructions of President park chung-hee, the government strengthened the implementation of the policy of using only Korean, and encouraged the publishing industry to use pure Korean. 1974, the Ministry of Education announced the "Sino-Korean textbook merger policy", ending the "cold winter" of "banning Chinese characters" since 1970. 1999 On August 7th, President Kim Dae-jung issued a presidential decree, demanding that Chinese characters be merged when necessary to ensure the accurate transmission of official documents.

Due to the constant changes of the government's language policy, the Chinese character policy has also suffered the fate of alternating abolition and revival. However, the Chinese character policy is relatively coherent on the whole. South Korea's Chinese character policy is mainly reflected in the characters used in textbooks (called educational Chinese characters in Korea). 1950, the Korean Ministry of Education published 1000 educational Chinese characters. Seven years later, the number of educational Chinese characters expanded to 1300. 1972, the Ministry of Culture and Education published 1800 basic commonly used Chinese characters. 1 991April1day, and * * College published 273 1 name characters. In Korea, influenced by pure Korean education, Chinese character education in schools at all levels is weakening, but most Koreans still have the ability to read commonly used Chinese characters. Except for the requirements of specialized subjects or special training, ordinary Koreans can no longer write Chinese characters skillfully. On TV, not only can we often see three or four different versions of Chinese names of the same historical figure in TV dramas, but even ordinary high school students often make mistakes in some very simple Chinese characters (for example, writing the word "district" as the word "nine"). The movie "One Head, One Master" (Korean original name? The English film My Boss, My Hero (translated from Hong Kong as "gangster" and from the mainland as "my boss and my hero") also thinks that the protagonist of the story has the idea of returning to school because he can't even write his name in Chinese.

In China, although the government has also implemented the policy of writing in pure Korean, it has not suppressed the opposition. 1958, in the investigation of whether to restore Chinese characters by the Preparatory Committee of Yanbian Language and Character Research Association, the opinion advocating restoration became the dominant opinion. In 196 1, they also requested the higher authorities to restore Chinese characters. During the1980s, due to China's reform and opening up, Korean society once again called for the restoration of Chinese characters, but at this time, the voice of opposition was also very strong, and the two sides had a heated debate on whether to restore Chinese characters. At this time, some newspapers and magazines began to investigate whether readers have restored Chinese characters, while others directly restored the use of Chinese characters.

Korean writing

At present, the Korean language is written with the correct pronunciation of Xunmin created by King Sejong of the Korean dynasty in the15th century. This kind of writing has a very remarkable original feature. Korean scholars believe that Korean characters were suddenly created in a very short period of time, and the whole writing system was hardly influenced by any characters, but the letter arrangement rules were influenced by Chinese characters when composing characters, and the pronunciation of Chinese characters absorbed from China for a long time was similar to that of Chinese. Many scholars in other countries believe that Korean letters were created under the influence of Basiba characters.

The word * * Basiba was written by Kublai Khan in the Yuan Dynasty in China, based on the Tubo script at that time, to replace the Mongolian script with inaccurate pronunciation, and as a unified writing method for various languages of the Mongolian Empire across Europe and Asia. However, it was only adopted by the Yuan Dynasty in the empire, and it was mainly used for phonetic notation of Chinese characters. After the rule of the Yuan Dynasty was overthrown by the Ming Dynasty, the word Basiba was abandoned, but it still prevailed in the Northern Yuan Dynasty for some time. However, by the end of the Ming Dynasty, Mongolians on the Mongolian Plateau were assimilated by other Mongolian nationalities abroad and changed to use Mongolian characters.