Who built the Longmen Grottoes?

Question 1: Who built the Longmen Grottoes? In 493 AD, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty ordered the capital to be moved to Luoyang. Emperor Xiaowen, who believed in Buddhism, also did not forget to move the development center of Buddhism to Luoyang. He organized the construction of monasteries and monasteries. A grotto statue was opened around the Yishui River in Longmen, south of Luoyang, and the creation of a magical large-scale grotto group-Longmen Grottoes began.

Question 2: Who made the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang? Longmen Grottoes, a world cultural heritage, is located on the banks of the Yi River, which is 13 km south of Luoyang and 1 km long from north to south. The two mountains face each other here, and the Yi River flows like a sluice, so it was called Yi Que in ancient times. Because it is located in the south of the capital, the ancient emperor is considered as the "real dragon emperor", so it is also called Longmen. The name of Longmen began in Sui Dynasty, and has been used since Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Longmen has been a dangerous pass and traffic artery since ancient times and has become a battleground for military strategists. Because of its beautiful scenery, quiet environment and pleasant climate, it is known as a tourist destination for literati. Because the stones are excellent and suitable for carving, the ancients chose to build grottoes here.

Longmen Grottoes began to be excavated when Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved to Luoyang, and were built intermittently for more than 400 years after the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties, the Song Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty. During this period, the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty were the two major statues, which lasted nearly 150 years. Other dynasties were only excavated sporadically and on a smaller scale. There are 2,345 caves and niches, 65,438+10,000 statues, more than 2,800 inscriptions and more than 70 pagodas in Longmen Mountains. In the whole grottoes, the statues of the Northern Wei Dynasty account for about 1/3, all of which are in the western hills. The most representative caves are Guyang Cave, Binyang Middle Cave, Lianhua Cave, Huangfugong Cave, Weizi Cave, Putai Cave, Huoshao Cave and Porcelain Statue Kiln. Statues in the Tang Dynasty accounted for almost two-thirds, most of which were in Xishan, and moved to Dongshan since Wu Zetian. The most representative grottoes are Xishan Shiqian Temple, Binyang South Cave, Binyang North Cave (the above two caves and the roof decoration were completed in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the Buddha statues were completed in the Sui and early Tang Dynasties), Jingshan Temple, Moya Three-Buddha Temple, Fengxian Temple Elephant Temple, Wanfo Cave, Jin 'an Cave and Dongshan Leigutai Cave.

Longmen Grottoes is an extremely important part of China Grottoes Art. It is the most magnificent chapter in China and even the world in the 5th 5- 10/0th century, and enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad. The statues of the two caves are famous at home and abroad for their large number, large scale, diverse themes, exquisite carvings and rich meanings. Sculptures in the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty reached the peak of art, and their unique royal style and Central Plains style were different from those in the early and late grottoes. They are known as the "ancient forest of steles" with the largest number of inscriptions in the world. The grotto art rarely involves many sects of Buddhist belief, even Taoist themes. Longmen Grottoes have a long history, spanning many dynasties, superior geographical location and beautiful natural scenery, which are incomparable to many grottoes. Longmen Grottoes reflect the development and changes of China ancient politics, economy, religion, culture and many other fields from different aspects with a large number of physical images and written materials, and have made great contributions to the innovation and development of China Grottoes. The historical, artistic, scientific and appreciation value of Longmen Grottoes makes it one of the indispensable masterpieces in the grotto art series, which should be valued and protected by all mankind. 196 1 year, Longmen Grottoes was announced by China as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units; 20001October 30th, 165438+ UNESCO 24th World Heritage Conference listed it on the World Heritage List.

1. Longmen Grottoes is a typical royal style in grotto art.

Longmen Grottoes is another national-level Buddhist holy place opened after Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Northern Wei Dynasty. As the Longmen Grottoes were dug in Feng Jingen, the capital of most feudal dynasties in the Middle Ages, it was the most concentrated place for royal relatives, princes, ministers and senior officials to pray for disasters and make statues. It can also be said that it is mainly the embodiment of the will and behavior of the royal family, with a strong feudal national politics. Rather than saying that some statues in Yungang Grottoes are covered with the meaning that "the imperial edict is a stone statue, making it like an emperor's body", it is better to say that many large-scale cave carvings in Longmen Grottoes put a religious coat on the feudal regime and moved from the court to the Buddhist field. For example, Guyang Cave, Binyang Cave, Huangfugong Cave, Jingshan Temple, Wanfo Cave, Huijian Cave, Ashe Statue Shrine in Fengxian Temple, Jin 'an Cave, Wang Dong in Gaoping County, etc., are all places to pray for emperors, queens and princes. It is precisely because of the direct participation of feudal rulers that we can spare no effort and spend material resources to create such a magnificent grottoes. Therefore, the rise and fall of Longmen Grottoes not only reflects the rise and fall of the royal family's worship of Buddhism and religion from the 5th century to the10th century, but also reveals the development of political trends and socio-economic situation in some aspects because it is related to many important figures and historical events. This outstanding feature of Longmen Grottoes is incomparable to other grottoes.

2. Longmen Grottoes is a model of carving art in the heyday of China history.

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Question 3: When was Longmen Grottoes built ~ ~ ~ In 493 AD, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty ordered the capital to be moved to Luoyang. Emperor Xiaowen, who believed in Buddhism, also did not forget to move the development center of Buddhism to Luoyang. He organized the construction of monasteries and monasteries. A grotto statue was opened around the Yishui River in Longmen, south of Luoyang, and the creation of a magical large-scale grotto group-Longmen Grottoes began.

Longmen Grottoes, located in the Central Plains, is a fruitful achievement of foreign Buddhist teaching art rooted in the soil of Chinese traditional art and a concentrated expression of the complete system of ancient sculpture art in China. Therefore, Longmen Grottoes have their own special historical position in China Grottoes.

Longmen Grottoes is a well-preserved large-scale cave group in China. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 2,000 grottoes, more than 60 pagodas, 10 million Buddha statues and more than 2,800 inscriptions. Longmen Grottoes is one of the three largest grottoes in the north of Central Plains. Together with Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and Datong Yungang Grottoes, it is also known as the three major artistic treasures of China, and is known as the world human cultural heritage.

The thirty-five years from Emperor Xiaowen of Wei moved the capital to Luoyang to Emperor Xiaoming's period was the first prosperous period of carving Buddha statues in Longmen. Most of the grottoes excavated in this period were concentrated in the West Mountain of Longmen, accounting for about one third of the statues of Longmen Grottoes. Among them, there are more than a dozen large and medium-sized caves, such as Guyang Cave, Binyang Cave and Fangyao Cave.

Among Longmen Grottoes, Guyang Cave is the earliest excavated cave, which was excavated in 493 AD. In the history of China, this year was the seventeenth year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty and the year when Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang.

Guyangdong is located at the south foot of Longmen West Mountain. The main Buddha enshrined in the cave is Sakyamuni Buddha, and the large niche on the south wall is where Sakyamuni sits side by side with the Buddha, which is also called "two Buddhas sitting side by side" in Buddhism. There are three rows of niches on the north and south walls, and each row is four symmetrical and varied niches.

One of the big niches has a complete set of Buddhist stories engraved on the lintel, which shows the process of Siddhartha's Daoism in Wang Zicheng.

There are hundreds of shrines in Guyang Cave, large and small. Not only are there the most Buddhist stories, but the patterns on the niches are also beautifully decorated, rigorous and complete, and rich in colors.

The Buddha statues in the grottoes are all worshiped by believers, and each Buddha statue records the prayers of believers. As can be seen from these statues, Guyangdong was the place where the royal nobles in the Northern Wei Dynasty made the most wishes.

During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the main grottoes were Binyang Three Grottoes.

Binyang Cave is dedicated to the III Buddha. There are two disciples and bodhisattvas on each side of the main Buddha, Ye Jia and Manjusri Bodhisattva on the left and Ananda and Samantabhadra Bodhisattva on the right. The Buddha's face and flank face are slightly longer, and the clothing lines are neatly and densely stacked, which reflects the artistic characteristics of the statues in the Northern Wei Dynasty.

There is a lotus treasure cover carved on the top of Binyang cave, and ten geisha music fluttering in the wind support the heaven and man. There are large reliefs on both sides of the inner wall of the cave, which are divided into four layers: Vimalakīrti, the life story of the Buddha, the Empress Dowager Cixi, and the Ten Kings. Many caves in Longmen Grottoes have pictures of rituals and buddhas, and the middle cave in Binyang is the best, but it was stolen abroad.

In the late Northern Wei Dynasty, some distinctive caves were dug, such as Lotus Cave, Huoshao Cave, Huangfugong Cave and Weizi Cave.

One of the most famous is Fangzi Cave, which is named after a large number of ancient prescriptions carved in it. Some prescriptions carved in caves can also treat what modern people call intractable diseases, such as diabetes. These prescriptions predate Sun Simiao's "Just in case".

The end of Longmen Cave Opening in Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty was marked by the suspension of Binyang Middle Cave.

With the demise of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the excavation of Longmen Grottoes tended to decline and remained silent for nearly a century until the establishment of the Tang Dynasty. During the hundred years from the establishment of the Tang Dynasty to the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Longmen Grottoes ushered in the second grotto prosperity period in history.

Grottoes excavated in this period are generally from south to north according to the times, concentrated in the West Mountain of Longmen. In the Wu Zetian period, another part moved to Dongshan, accounting for about two-thirds of the Longmen Grottoes. The most representative grottoes in Longmen Grottoes in Tang Dynasty are Qianxi Temple, Wanfo Cave and Fengxian Temple.

The first cave excavated in the Tang Dynasty was Qianxi Temple at the northern end of Longmen West Mountain. At this time, China Buddhism "Pure Land Sect" was established.

The grotto statues in the Tang Dynasty reached their peak during Tang Gaozong and Wu Zetian. Although grotto statues belong to Buddhist art, they are closely related to politics. From the numerous stone carvings of the Tang Dynasty in Longmen, we can also see the traces of Wu Zetian stepping onto the throne of the queen step by step. ......& gt& gt

Question 4: In which dynasty was Longmen Grottoes founded 1? Built in the Taihe period of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang.

Step 2 introduce

The Longmen Grottoes were dug in the reign of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and after more than 400 years of large-scale construction in the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, the length from north to south was 1 km. Today, there are 2,345 grottoes, more than 654.38 million statues and more than 2,800 inscriptions. Among them, Longmen Twenty is the essence of Weibei calligraphy, and Chu Suiliang's A Que Buddhist Shrine Monument is a model of regular script art in the early Tang Dynasty.

Longmen Grottoes lasted for a long time, spanning many dynasties. They reflect the development and changes of China ancient politics, economy, religion, culture and many other fields from different aspects with a large number of physical images and written materials, and have made great contributions to the innovation and development of China Grottoes. In 2000, it was listed as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO.

Question 5: Why did the emperor build the Longmen Grottoes? Longmen Grottoes are Buddhist buildings. Buddhism was introduced into China from the Western Han Dynasty and reached its peak in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. At this time, the emperor built Buddhist buildings to educate the people and consolidate his dominant position, just as the kings of western countries had to spend huge sums of money to build houses for the Pope.

Question 6: When was the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang built? In 493 AD, Longmen Grottoes were built in the Northern Wei Dynasty. After the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty, the carving was intermittent for 400 years.

Question 7: The origin of Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang and the origin of the completion of Longmen in 5 minutes.

Longmen Grottoes is located in the south of Luoyang 13km, Xiangshan and Longmen Mountain are far away, and the Yi River flows through it, which looks like a natural gate from a distance, so it was called "Yi Que" in ancient times. Emperor Yang Di of the Sui Dynasty once climbed Mangshan Mountain in the north of Luoyang, and when he saw Yi Que in the south of Luoyang from a distance, he said to his attendants, Isn't this the portal of the real dragon emperor? Why didn't the ancients build their capital here? A minister replied obsequiously that the ancients were not ignorant, but just waiting for your majesty. Emperor Yang Di was very happy after hearing this, so he built the eastern capital of the Sui Dynasty in Luoyang, with the main entrance of the palace facing Yi Que. Since then, a que has been used to being called Longmen.

Past medical history

Longmen has beautiful scenery, pleasant scenery and hot springs. Since ancient times, the color of Longmen Mountain has been listed as the crown of eight scenic spots in Luoyang. Bai Juyi, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, once said: "Luodu has four suburbs, mountains and rivers win, and Longmen is the first." Longmen Grottoes are dug between cliffs close to mountains and rivers. It began about the time when Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved from Pingcheng (now Datong City, Shanxi Province) to Luoyang. At that time, Emperor Xiaowen deeply felt that the capital was northward, which was not conducive to rule. Luoyang, located in the Central Plains, had superior natural conditions, so he moved the capital to Luoyang in 493 AD and began to build the Longmen Grottoes. Longmen Grottoes experienced the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Changqi Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty, and were carved intermittently for 400 years, of which/kloc-0 was built on a large scale in the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty for more than 40 years. Therefore, among all the caves in Longmen, the Northern Wei Dynasty accounts for about 30%, the Tang Dynasty accounts for 60%, and other dynasties only account for about 10%. According to statistics, there are 2345 caves and more than 70 pagodas in the East and West Mountains. Longmen Grottoes, known as the ancient forest of steles, has the largest number of ancient inscriptions in China. * * There are more than 2,860 inscriptions, among which the famous Longmen Twenty Products and Chu Liang One Que Buddhist Shrine are Wei Bei and.

Xi You Ji Lian East China

Tang Kai is a model and a masterpiece of China's calligraphy art. There are more than 1 1000 Buddha statues in Longmen Mountain, of which the largest Buddha statue is 17. 14 meters high, with a head height of 4 meters and an ear length of10.9 meters. The smallest Buddha statue is in the Lotus Cave, and each statue is only 2 cm long, which is called micro-sculpture. Longmen Grottoes is the most concentrated place where royal nobles made wishes and statues in past dynasties, and it is the embodiment of royal will and behavior. The statues in the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty reflect very different styles of the times. The statues in the Northern Wei Dynasty lost the rough, majestic and vigorous features of the statues in Yungang Grottoes here, but the flavor of life gradually became stronger and more lively, delicate and gentle. These statues of the Northern Wei Dynasty have slender faces, thin shoulders and straight chests, and clothes lines are carved with straight knives, which are vigorous and simple. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, people advocated thinness as beauty, so the Buddha sculpture also pursued the artistic style of showing bones and clearing images. People in the Tang Dynasty like to be fat for beauty, so the face, shoulders and chest of the Buddha statue in the Tang Dynasty are generous and protruding, and the clothing lines are carved with a round knife, which is natural and smooth. The sculptures of Longmen Grottoes in the Tang Dynasty inherited the excellent traditions of the Northern Wei Dynasty, absorbed the culture of the Han nationality, and created a vigorous, vivid, simple and natural realistic style, reaching the peak of the carving art of Buddha statues. Longmen Grottoes is also a treasure in the history of calligraphy art. The famous calligraphy masterpiece "Longmen Twenty" is the best calligraphy selected by later northern extension connoisseurs from many stone inscriptions in Longmen Grottoes. These inscriptions not only record the motive and purpose of the statue of the wishing man, but also provide a basis for the archaeological staging of the grottoes. Kang Youwei, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, strongly advocated writing with Wei Bei in the whole society, praising Wei Bei's ten beauties, such as jumping brushwork, natural structure and rich flesh and blood. Today, Wei Bei is widely used as a slogan and decorative text. It can be seen that twenty products occupy a decisive position in calligraphy. Longmen Grottoes is an artistic expression of Buddhist culture, but it also reflects the political, economic and cultural trends at that time. The grotto is a large stone carving art museum, because it preserves a large number of physical materials such as religion, art, architecture, calligraphy, music, clothing, medicine and so on.

Question 8: Which dynasty was Longmen Grottoes built in the Taihe period of the Northern Wei Dynasty? It went through the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui and Tang Dynasties and extended to the Qing Dynasty. More than 400 years before and after. Among them, the large-scale and efficient construction was about 150 years, which appeared in the Northern Wei Dynasty (about 40 years) and the Sui and Tang Dynasties (about 1 10 years) respectively. The large and small shrines and stone statues of Longmen Grottoes are scattered on the cliff walls of the east and west mountains of Longmen, along the banks of Yishui, with a length of 1 km from north to south.

Question 9: The Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang were built in the Taihe period of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Which dynasty was it? It went through the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the Five Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty. More than 400 years before and after. Among them, the large-scale and efficient construction was about 150 years, which appeared in the Northern Wei Dynasty (about 40 years) and the Sui and Tang Dynasties (about 1 10 years) respectively. The large and small shrines and stone statues of Longmen Grottoes are scattered on the cliff walls of the east and west mountains of Longmen, along the banks of Yishui, with a length of 1 km from north to south.