Who can tell me some stories about Pompeii?

The translation of "Pompeii" An ancient city in Campania, located on the southwest coast of Italy, at the southeast foot of Mount Vesuvius, only 40 minutes' drive (23 kilometers) northwest of Naples. Pompeii has a long history. It was buried underground by volcanic ash at the moment when Mount Vesuvius erupted in August 79 AD, but it retained a large number of architectural and artistic relics of the ancient Roman Empire and became the most famous ancient city site in the world. The excavation of the ancient city began at 1748 and was nearly completed at 1960. The city is built on a pentagonal platform with an area of about 63 hectares, surrounded by a wall with a length of 3 kilometers. Ancient Roman architecture, handicrafts and other living relics are well preserved, which provides first-hand information for studying ancient Roman society and history. A famous tourist destination.

The history of Pompeii can be traced back to 10 century BC. At that time, Pompeii was just a small market on the edge of the bay, mainly engaged in agricultural and fishery production. Until the 3rd century BC, the powerful Roman Empire brought Pompeii into its territory and began to become a prosperous city with numerous trade contacts and developed economy, with many magnificent buildings and exquisite sculptures. It was one of the economic, political and religious centers of the Roman Empire at that time.

At noon on August 24th, 79 AD, Mount Vesuvius, an active volcano near Pompeii, suddenly erupted. Volcanic ash, gravel and mud instantly annihilated the whole Pompeii, and the most prosperous city in ancient Rome disappeared completely within 18 hours after the eruption of Vesuvius. It was not until the middle of the18th century that this ancient city buried deep underground was excavated and rediscovered.

In a mural unearthed in Pompeii, it says, "Nothing lasts forever", but the sudden disaster not only destroyed Pompeii, but also made the ancient city's style at that time immortal-an arena that can accommodate nearly 20,000 people,/kloc-more than 0/00 bars, more than 30 bread and dessert shops, a grand theater that can accommodate 5,000 people, a pedestrian street paved with all stone slabs, and one.

The unearthed Pompeii is 1200m long from east to west, 700m wide from north to south, with an area of 1.8km2 and 7 gates. Four streets in the city are criss-crossed. The main street is 7 meters wide, paved with stone slabs, and there are drains along the street. The most magnificent buildings in this city are concentrated around a rectangular public square in the southwest. There are temples, public markets, municipal center halls and other buildings around the square, which is the political, economic and religious center of Pompeii. The southeast of the square is the seat of Pompeii's official government, and the northeast of the square is a bustling market. In addition, there are public baths, gymnasiums and large and small theaters in the city. On the east side of the market, there is an amphitheater that can accommodate more than 65438+100000 spectators.

Pompeii's artistic achievements

Pompeii was excavated, in which a large number of murals were preserved. According to these murals, Roman murals are divided into the first, second, third and fourth styles of Pompeii. The first style is mosaic style, that is, lime mud is used to shape the details of the building on the wall, grooves are made to divide the wall, and colors are painted, resulting in the illusion effect of colored slate mosaic; The second style is architectural style, that is, drawing architectural details with colors on the wall, creating the illusion that the indoor space is much more spacious than the actual one with perspective method, and arranging plot paintings with larger scenes in the center of the wall; The third style is Egyptian style, which emphasizes the sense of plane, depicts exquisitely, and draws small and exquisite still lives and small mythical scenes with colors on the wall, which has an elegant decorative feeling; The fourth style is the Baroque style of Pompeii, which is similar to the Baroque style popular in Europe in17th century. It depicts layers of very realistic scenery on the wall, which is tedious and rich, with a sense of space and movement and colorful. Pompeii's famous mural "Secret Sacrifice" is a masterpiece of the second style, which shows the secret sacrifice to Dionysus, the god of wine. On the crimson background, the scene of secret sacrifice is unfolding step by step. Nervous girls, drunken Sartre and anxious female believers are all in a solemn, mysterious and tense atmosphere.

Pompeii

Ancient Roman cities. Located near Naples in southern Italy. Built in the 6th century BC, it was destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. Pompeii was a small town at that time, but because it was buried by volcanic ash, the houses on the street were well preserved. Archaeological excavations continued from 1748, providing important information for understanding the social life, culture and art of ancient Rome.

The ancient city is slightly rectangular, surrounded by walls and gates. The streets in the city are criss-crossed, and the block layout is like a chessboard. Important buildings surround the municipal square, including the Temple of Jupiter, the Temple of Apollo, the Great Hall, the bathing place and the shopping center. And the necessary facilities of Roman municipal buildings such as theater, gymnasium, Colosseum and aqueduct. There are many workshops and shops, which are set up in the block according to the industry. Together with a large number of residential buildings, they constitute an important object for studying Roman civil architecture. Generally, wealthy families have gardens. The main house is surrounded by a central courtyard with a hall and a bedroom. There are classical colonnades and marble statues in the garden. There are many murals in halls and corridors (see Pompeii murals), which are important remains of classical murals. These murals are of high level and have a great influence on European neoclassical art after being discovered.

The thousand-year-old city disappeared overnight.

As early as the 8th century BC, Pompeii, a small fishing village relying on the natural harbor of the Mediterranean, gradually developed into a city. Hundreds of years later, its merchants gathered and became the second largest city after Italy and ancient Rome. It is 300 kilometers away from Rome in the north, bordering the famous Sicily in the west and Nantong in Greece and North Africa. Pompeii's magical temple of the sun, huge Colosseum, grand theater, effective wizard hall, novel steam bath, numerous shops and entertainment places have attracted many wealthy businessmen and nobles from countries around the Mediterranean. In addition, the strange magma soil, volcanic rocks and geothermal hot springs brought by the repeated eruption of Navi Suwei volcano in the north of the city for hundreds of millions of years have made Pompeii famous far and wide: that large fertile magma soil with a slightly burnt taste has made Pompeii's grapes extremely sweet and well-brewed, making it the top grade of nobles everywhere; The round-the-clock geothermal hot springs not only attract people to bathe here, but also attract many nobles and wealthy businessmen to build gardens and villas in Pompeii, and develop entertainment places one after another, making Pompeii a prosperous place. Especially the bright red volcanic rocks in black are possessed by everyone because of their magical effects of relieving pain, calming the nerves and stopping bleeding. However, who would have expected that this volcano, which has been sleeping beside Pompeii for thousands of years, would suddenly wake up one day and swallow the famous Pompeii with an open mouth!

It was the first Sunday in August 79 AD. The wife of a big wine merchant in ancient Rome was praying, when suddenly she had a severe chest pain and hemoptysis, and her daughter Sophia began to cry. Just then, Carlo, the unmarried son-in-law, heard the news and volunteered to ride a fast horse to Pompeii's hometown to get the hemostatic stone. Rome is more than 300 kilometers from Pompeii. The wooded mountain roads are rugged and robbers are everywhere, which makes the enthusiastic Sophia choose a dilemma. Carol understands the concerns of his fiancee Sophia. He said: "I have been riding for more than ten years. I am a strong soldier." I'm good at this. I'll be back in two days and two nights! " Before Sophia obeyed, Carlo in uniform left with several assistants!

Mom has been hemoptysis for two days. Sophia hasn't slept for two nights and has been thinking about Carlo's return trip. The next day, she has been leaning against the door, expecting the familiar sound of hooves in her ears, but I don't know why her fiance didn't appear in front of her until the fourth, fifth and sixth day. Only after Christmas did she vaguely hear a terrible news: one night in August, Mount Vesuvius opened its crater, spewing bloody magma, and Fiona Fang suddenly became a sea of fire for hundreds of miles! ……

The ancient city of Pompeii disappeared overnight! It took a long time to cool down after the volcano erupted. After the catastrophe, herders found that hundreds of thousands of hectares of forest farms, grasslands and the prosperity of Pompeii, which was very familiar in the past, were all gone, leaving only a long scorched earth area like a river left by the cooling of volcanic magma, and the surrounding area was silent, which made people worry about their lives!

Calculate the time of the disaster, which is the night when Carlo arrived in Pompeii to get the hemostatic stone. My fiance never came back. Since then, the folk song "Broken-hearted Sophia" has sounded in every corner of the Mediterranean. ...

Dig out the miracle of the times with a hoe

With the passage of time, the ancient city of Pompeii gradually faded out of the world. Later, immigrants from Rome to the south and from Greece and Sicily to the north found that the foot of the volcano was covered with dense forests. People cut down trees and exposed black land, so they developed and planted grapes on them.

In the spring of 1748, a farmer named Andre was digging deep in his vineyard. He raised his hoe with a bang, as if he had found a boulder, but he couldn't pull it out no matter how hard he tried. He quickly called his brother and sister-in-law for help. They dug up dirt and stones and found that the hoe had penetrated a metal cabinet. So too many cooks dug out the cabinets and opened them. It turned out to be a lot of melted and semi-melted gold and silver jewelry and ancient coins. When the news spread, the farmers who planted grapes in this land suddenly remembered the legend of Pompeii's disappearance handed down from generation to generation, so treasure thieves swarmed, and later attracted a group of historians and archaeologists to come here for archaeology. Later, at the suggestion of experts, the Italian government began to organize scientists to excavate the ancient city of Pompeii in an orderly manner. After seven or eight generations of experts 100 years of continuous work and thousands of staff's hard maintenance, this thrilling scene of Pompeii finally reappeared in front of the world. Vanya, a historian who participated in the excavation of Pompeii, said, "What a shocking sight! Many people died in their sleep, while others died at home. They held their arms high and gasped. Many people's bread is still in the oven, and the dog is still tied to the chain by the door; The slaves still carry ropes; There are books made of papyrus on the shelves of the library, and election slogans are posted on the walls, with words of love painted on them ... "These scenes fully show how tens of thousands of creatures in the ancient city were suddenly torn alive! I felt a panic when I saw the bodies of men, women and children in various forms (mostly fossils) displayed in the sealed glass of Pompeii. Facing the eternal universe and nature, people should first respect nature, protect ecology and compete with nature. How small and powerless people are!

The remains of this ancient city are amazing.

Today, the ancient city of Pompeii has been designated as a world cultural and natural heritage by UNESCO. Tourists call it "Natural History Museum", which attracts thousands of tourists from all over the world every day. I shuttled through the streets of the ruins of the ancient city, entering and leaving the half-destroyed houses, villas, trade markets, shops, bakeries, hot springs, warehouses, theaters, Colosseum and sports fields, feeling no ups and downs and imagining things.

Although only one third of the ancient city of Pompeii is open to tourists, the rest is still buried underground. But I saw dozens of streets and lanes paved with white and cyan boulders from 1.8 square kilometers of land. The streets are neat and square, ranging from two meters to four or five meters wide, just like Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty. I found that every sidewalk here is ten or twenty centimeters higher than the horse path. A closer look shows that the ancient Roman carriages were very developed, leaving deep ruts in the middle of the road and being worn out by an inch or two. It seems that at that time, the big carriages of warriors and nobles always galloped in the middle of the road, while slaves and humble townspeople with bowed heads and eyebrows could only walk beside them. At all intersections, I didn't expect that, like today's zebra crossing, every intersection was set with a raised "parting stone" about 30 cm high. When the galloping carriage saw the "parting stone" near the intersection, it naturally slowed down, and the vehicle could only slowly pass through the gap of the boulder. So it suddenly occurred to me that the zebra crossing on our road today was invented by the ancient Romans, right?

At many street corners and intersections, I also saw large stone troughs engraved with relief. The reliefs on the stone trough, or gods, animal heads or fish mouths, are all connected with bronze pipes at the back, and there are rotating faucets. As long as it rotates, there will be gurgling mountain springs flowing out for pedestrians to drink or wash. At present, many stations, docks, airports, parks, sports fields and streets in developed countries also have tap water, which can be directly drunk. At this time, I was thinking: was this setting in many big cities inspired by ancient Pompeii more than 2,000 years ago?

In Pompeii, in addition to all kinds of murals and exquisite mosaics left by houses, shops and villas, there are also all kinds of pottery and glassware with strange shapes, which make people intoxicated and imaginative. What surprises me even more is that the 5,000-seat amphitheater, the 3,000-seat Colosseum and the 40,000-seat marble stadium make me revere: the humanistic quality and social development vision of the ancient Romans are today after 2000 years.

Among them, why the red color of Pompeii city wall can remain bright after more than 2000 years is a question that scientists have been asking.

Today, when we see it again, the bright red in the mural is still touching. Some of them are still hanging on the wall intact, which seems to leave us with a splendid mystery.

A recent study found the reason why Pompeii was "forever young". Daniila Daniel, a researcher at Staatliche Museum in Berlin, said: "Although Pompeii's red pigment only uses cinnabar as raw material, it is obviously better than ordinary cinnabar."

In order to solve the mystery of red pigment in Pompeii, Daniel also analyzed the red pigment samples in Pompeii murals and other ancient Roman murals: cinnabar is a sulfide of mercury, and the cinnabar used in Pompeii murals has been carefully treated. Daniel summarized this process as "purification, grinding, and then three-dimensional artistic expression."

Bernard Maches of the University of Naples said that cinnabar, as a pigment, really needs careful processing. "The carrier of pigment is lime, so it must be liquid to be used as raw material for murals. After the mural is completed, it has to go through the process of waxing and polishing to make the mural more durable. "

Daniel said: "The finer and brighter the pigment particles, the stronger the coverage. But Pompeii's pigments are more than that. After observing with a microscope, I found that 10- 15 micron crystals were added to the matrix of pigment particles as flash particles. "

Usually in ancient Rome, adding 2-3 micron particles to the ground vermilion powder can make the surface of the painting shine and keep the pigment saturated with bright red.

Daniel's analysis shows that the murals of the ancient city of Pompeii are really different from the ordinary ancient Roman murals, because they are mixed with crystals of 10-25 microns, which makes the crystals of this size more transparent and softer and deeper, which makes the red in the murals of the ancient city of Pompeii close to ochre red. He said: "The red color of the ancient city of Pompeii shows the superb pigment making technology of ancient Rome."

The ancient city of Pompeii is located on the southern slope of Vesuvius, surrounded by plains. The plain is full of lemon groves and vineyards, and it is golden. This small town is surrounded by stone walls, with seven doors and fourteen pagodas, which is quite spectacular. Two straight streets, criss-crossing, form the main road of the city, making the whole city in good order. The city is divided into nine areas, and the streets and lanes in each area are intertwined. This street is paved with 10-meter-wide slabs and flanked by sidewalks. Streets and alleys are also paved with stones. The widest street in this city is called Yufeng Street. There are ruts on the slate road that were run over by vehicles in those years. The streets are lined with pubs, shops and houses. It is not difficult for people to imagine the bustling scene of that year: screaming animals, shouting coachmen, all kinds of bustling vendors with slaves, well-dressed businessmen, cocky politicians, and glamorous ladies parading through the city in sedan chairs. Signs painted on the wall read: "Clean the house for others", "Sell old wine", "Virtue of political candidates" and so on.

Yufeng Street leads directly to the Grand Square. The three walls of the big square are rectangular, and there are many magnificent buildings around the square. This is the political, economic and religious center of Pompeii. There are statues of celebrities in the square. On both sides of the square are two temples dedicated to Jupiter, the king of the gods in Roman mythology, and Apollo, the sun god.

To the southeast of the square is a hall, which is the tallest building in Pompeii, with a court and a city hall. In addition, there is a two-story commercial building, where local products such as wine, glass products, oriental spices, precious stones and China silk can be negotiated and traded.

To the northeast of the square is a shopping center. There are many shops here, and the goods are dazzling. Someone scribbled on the wall: "Making money is happiness". There is an L-shaped marble counter in the bar, which sells all kinds of drinks. On the wall of the small hotel, you can also see the written price list and the figures of the guests' debts. A piece of baked bread was also found in the oven of a bakery. The bread is in good shape and the baker's name is printed on it.

In the southeast corner of Pompeii, there are two amphitheaters. One is used for drama, and the other is a small auditorium, which is specially used for comedy and music. There is also a magnificent arena, which can accommodate 20,000 people. This is where the gladiators fought bloody battles. Exquisite swords and helmets were found here, and the names of gladiator stars were engraved on the walls, such as "Galades, a great hero, heartbreaking" and "Fricks will fight bears".

In Pompeii, there are also many houses of the rich. Most of the gates of these luxury houses have marble columns and carved gatehouses. The whole building revolves around a main hall. The main hall is cool and the height can reach ten meters. There is an opening in the roof, from which rainwater flows down and into a marble pool indoors. Among the rooms around the main hall, there is a particularly spacious room, which is both an office and a living room, where the host receives visitors and has a rest. Many rooms have vivid murals painted on the walls and mosaics decorated on the floors. In a mansion, a world-famous mosaic was found: the battle map between Alexander the Great and Persian Darius Iii. This painting is 6.5 meters wide and 3.8 meters high. It consists of 150 pieces of stained glass and marble.

During the excavation of the ancient city of Pompeii, many bodies of victims were found, and some of them miraculously "resurrected". It turned out that their bodies were wrapped in volcanic lava and rotted, leaving a hole in the solidified lava. Archaeologists poured gypsum liquid into the cavity. After the gypsum liquid solidified, the lava outside was stripped and the gypsum statue of the victims appeared before their death. When a mother fell, she hugged her daughter tightly, a beggar held a wallet full of small money in his hand, and several gladiator slaves locked in chains huddled in the corner. ...

The excavation of the ancient city of Pompeii makes people seem to have entered a dream, and they also go against time to visit the cities of the Roman Empire in the first century A.D. ..