Research paper on the reproduction of Qianzhou ancient city culture in the tourism context

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Abstract: This article places the ancient city of Qianzhou in the context of tourism development, grasps the spatial layout characteristics of the ancient city's cultural landscape, understands the inherent historical heritage and contemporary value of the ancient city's cultural landscape, and analyzes the constraints of Qianzhou Various power factors in the reproduction of the ancient city's cultural landscape, grasping the intrinsic nature of the reproduction of the ancient city's cultural landscape and its cultural representation significance.

Keywords: Qianzhou ancient city; reproduction; cultural tourism

1. Existence of cultural resources

Qianzhou is an ancient city with a long history, dating back about It has a history of 1752 years. From a military powerhouse in ancient times to a transportation fortress for commercial development, the ancient city of Qianzhou has a rich history and culture. It was once an important command center on the military defense line of the South Great Wall. It was the main battlefield of the Qianjia Miao Uprising in the Battle of the Qing Dynasty. There is a legendary story that the Sichuan Army's Xiong Kewu troops were unable to blow up Qianzhou Shicheng in 1925; it was once opened to traffic. The three major water systems of Sima, Zhenxi (Dong River), and Wuxi (? River or Wanrong River) lead business travelers directly to Dongting and Hankou, and official roads lead to Lu, Feng, Yongning, Sinan, Yinjiang, and Chatong, Xiushan and other places; during the Anti-Japanese War, in order to shift the strategy, the Xiangchuan Highway and the branch line of the highway from Qianzhou to Suoli (Jishou) were built, advancing both water and land, creating the glory of the ancient city of Qianzhou.

Qianzhou Ancient City is also rich in cultural landscape resources. From military defensive buildings to ancestral halls and guild halls, ancient pavilions and pagodas, ancient city lanes, river docks and characteristic buildings from the Ming and Qing Dynasties, you can see them everywhere. In the ancient city, the North Gate, Hujiatang ancient residential complex, Luo Rongguang’s former residence, Confucian Temple, Anti-Japanese Cultural Memorial Hall, Yang Yuebin’s former residence, Guanyin Pavilion, Jiexiao Archway, Wanrong River Painted Boat Sightseeing, Sanwang Pavilion Wind and Rain Bridge, etc., all have national characteristics. From the perspective of architectural landscape value, the site selection of the ancient city, the setting up of city defenses, and the planning and layout of streets not only have distinct military characteristics, but also have rich folk characteristics, and have also accumulated profound cultural heritage①. The Tujia, Miao and Han people who have lived here for generations have jointly created the glorious history of civilization in the ancient city. Yang opera, Chenhe Gaoqiang, Nuo opera, Han opera and Miao opera are the main opera types in the ancient city. Folk festival activities such as April 8, dragon boat racing, June 6, dragon lantern playing, martial arts, autumn antiphonal singing, spring party, temple fair, ghost dancing, witchcraft stunts, and fairs fully reflect the simplicity of the people in the ancient city. folk customs.

The rich cultural resources of the ancient city of Qianzhou are in line with Xiangxi Prefecture’s exploration and development of tourism resources. In February 2009, He Zezhong, Secretary of the State Party Committee, proposed at the State Party Committee’s Economic Work Conference the 11236 tourism development ideas of building a leader, a distribution center, two scenic routes, three core scenic spots circles, and realizing six value-added. A blueprint has been drawn for the tourism industry pattern in western Hunan②. One of the "three major attraction circles" is the Qianzhou Ancient City Attraction Circle. Therefore, the creation of the ancient city of Qianzhou is an inevitable result, and the development of the ancient city of Qianzhou has become an important part of realizing the strategic layout of tourism in western Hunan.

2. Reappearance of cultural landscapes

The tourism development of ancient towns is dominated by cultural resources. The elements that constitute the tourism cultural resources of ancient towns include tangible objects, such as: ancient There are things that can be clearly perceived, such as neighborhoods, ancient houses, temples and ancestral halls; there are also formless artistic conceptions, such as the folk customs and ancient atmosphere of ancient towns, which can be perceived through people's experience. It can be said that the construction of ancient towns is a kind of reconstruction of the cultural space of ancient towns.

Therefore, it is not only necessary to work hard on the hardware, which is the material form that can be clearly perceived, to maintain its comprehensive and real style, but also on the software, which is the non-material form that can be perceived through experience, and pay attention to the creation of cultural atmosphere and scenes, so that the tangible Both physical and intangible elements can be well displayed to reflect the characteristics of ancient town tourism.

(1) Reconstruction of physical space - reconstruction of ancient towns and streets

In 2005, Qianzhou Ancient City was listed as a provincial historical and cultural protection district by the Provincial People's Government. The protection and reconstruction of the ancient city of Qianzhou provides a good opportunity. At that time, the ancient city of Qianzhou was severely damaged and the core scenic spots were beyond recognition. The Jishou Municipal Government introduced Dahan Group to carry out restoration development and construction of the main street of the ancient city. The ancient city's North Gate, Confucian Temple, Hujiatang, Sanmen Kaicheng Tower, Fengyu Bridge, Guanyin Pavilion, Zhengjie Archway, Tianbeilin Dam and Tianbeilin Teahouse and other iconic scenic spots have been restored, and Yang Yuebin, Luo Rongguang, Zhang Yizun, Jianbo and other landmarks have been repaired. Zan and other celebrities' former residences, the Wanrong River channel was cleaned up and a tourist trail along the river was built. Its construction work mainly focuses on the main tourist routes such as Renmin South Road, Yingbin Road, Jianxin Road, Qianzheng Street, Dongmen Lane, Guanyinge Street, and Wanrong River in the core protection area of ??the ancient city.

Since 2005, the restoration of scenic spots in Qianzhou Ancient City has been basically completed. Implemented listing protection for 76 typical ancient houses with protection value, completed the renovation of 6 cultural protection units and 22 key residents, completed the antique renovation of 21 unit houses and 420 houses, involving a construction area of ??78,000 square meters, and demolition The area of ??temporary buildings, illegal buildings and uncoordinated buildings above the fourth floor is 5,000 square meters. The parking lot and tourist service center for key tourist attraction projects have been put into use. On this basis, Qianzhou Ancient City has also planned six major tourist theme browsing areas: Confucian Temple Cultural Exhibition Area, Hujiatang Traditional Residential Group, City God Temple Folk Customs Sightseeing Area, Wanrong River Sightseeing and Leisure Area, Jiefang Road Traditional Commercial Street, and Anti-Japanese War Slogan Display district. These "historic relics" are representatives of local culture. They have been "restored" with the help of modern methods, and based on the restoration, corresponding construction and transformation have been carried out to meet the needs of the tourism market.

(2) Reconstruction of psychological space - the establishment of Xiangxi Fang Pioneer Park

As a comprehensive reflection of the external image and internal culture of tourist attractions, the success of the development of tourist souvenirs is closely related to Whether it directly affects the economic benefits of tourism. The production of tourist souvenirs should be based on the local area, and both handicrafts and local specialties should have obvious local landmarks. This will not only increase tourists' interest in purchasing, but also play a promotional role.

In order to do a good job in the development of local characteristic tourist souvenirs and with the goal of accelerating the construction of tourism product distribution centers, the labor and social security departments of Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture and Jishou City took Xiangxi culture as the main line and link and the ancient city of Qianzhou as the basis. Vigorously build a comprehensive entrepreneurial base - Xiangxifang Entrepreneurship Park that integrates entrepreneurial incubation, entrepreneurial training, project exchange, and product display, and vigorously develop specialty commodity industries, national classic cultural industries, local catering industries, and tourism, leisure and entertainment industries. In 2010, the Xiangxi Prefecture Government registered the "Xiangxi Fang" trademark with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce. On February 5 of the same year, the Xiangxi Fang famous and special tourist products street was officially opened in the ancient city of Qianzhou. Xiangxi Fang Taobao flagship store, Baigongfang, Baiwei Street, Skilled Craftsman Pioneer Park and other projects were also launched one after another. ?Xiangxi Fang? Tourism The product brand is officially established.

(3) Reconstruction of Consciousness Space - The Entry of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Park

From tradition to modernity, in the context of the transformation and change of the entire Chinese society, the ancient city of Qianzhou , this ancient town with a history of more than 4,000 years, is undergoing comprehensive and profound changes. The main manifestation is that the tradition is constantly under impact in the process of inheritance - the space of consciousness is quickly dismembered into fragments by modern lifestyle, but at the same time these fragments It is constantly being reinvented in the process of modernization. Tourism development has changed the overall industrial structure of Qianzhou Ancient City, and it no longer has a distinct village system. The reconstruction of consciousness space is mainly realized through the practice of "tourist survival③". ?Tourist-oriented survival? can be divided into two specific forms: daily-oriented survival and stage-oriented survival.

Living survival is to give full play to the "living" characteristics of intangible cultural heritage and integrate the display, use, protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage into the daily life of the ancient city. On May 10, 2011, the Hunan Province Xiangxi Prefecture Intangible Cultural Heritage Park was unveiled and opened in Qianzhou Ancient City, Jishou City. The Xiangxi Intangible Cultural Heritage Park consists of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Exhibition Hall, Baigongfang, Baiweifang, and Baixifang, integrating research and development, exhibitions, sales, and leisure. In the recreated cultural space, visitors can see master craftsmen weaving tapestry on site, drawing Miao paintings, carving Nuo masks, inkstones, chrysanthemum stones, hand-made paste paintings, etc. They can personally experience the profoundness of Xiangxi ethnic folk culture, and also make use of ancient folk handicrafts. Get a new lease on life.

Stage survival refers to putting traditional culture on the "stage" through artistic processing and refining, transforming it into stage performance art to display to tourists, and with the expansion of scale, a new kind of Travel performance industry. In May 2011, in the name of "Gelangdu", a live performance of intangible cultural heritage performed by the Xiangxi Gelangdu Art Troupe was officially launched in the Wu Nuo Hall in Qiancheng, Jishou City, Xiangxi. The live demonstration by the inheritors of material cultural heritage brought the customs, culture and historical origins of Xiangxi to the stage. At present, this program has become a major program for tourists to understand Xiangxi.

3. The simultaneous voice of multiple forces

Clifford Geertz stated in the article "The Explanation of Culture" that culture as a system is not formed by It is the shaping of a force, but the final compromise and transaction of various different forces. The new appearance of the ancient city of Qianzhou reappeared in people's vision is the result of different forces.

(1) Government-led

In the continuous reproduction process of cultural capital, the power of the government cannot be ignored. There are three main tourism development models: the government-led model: the government uses its urban planning approval power to carry out macro-management of cultural tourism development; the government-led project company model: the government establishes a corresponding tourism development project company, and the relevant assets are financed by the government finance The form of allocation is injected into the project company; the operation rights transfer model: after the local government develops the tourist attractions within its jurisdiction, it attracts investors to participate in the tourism development of the ancient town by transferring the tourism development and operation rights. It can be seen from the tourism development model that the government is the largest integrator and allocator of public tourism resources and the "game rule setter" for the operation and development of the industry. On the one hand, in order to better develop ethnic cultural tourism, the government must continue to pass on ethnic culture; on the other hand, in order to build a tourism culture brand in ethnic areas and enhance the visibility of tourism culture, it must carry out various forms of tourism in ethnic areas. activities to attract attention. From the perspective of the production and reproduction process of Qianzhou Ancient City, the government plays a leading role in it. Its main activity is that the government takes the lead in investing huge amounts of money in development and restoration, and at the same time formulates a series of management policies and regulations to regulate Qianzhou Ancient City and Qianzhou tourism. aspects of management.

(2) Market promotion

The development direction of tourism is an important factor causing the reconstruction of cultural resources and the reorganization of folk culture. In order to meet the needs of the market, many cultures have been reconstructed, and many scenic spots full of ethnic characteristics, such as ethnic customs gardens, were established for the development of tourism. In cultural-themed scenic spots, there are basically ethnic song and dance performances. Most of these performers are hired by tourism companies, and they selectively inherit the original culture. The excavation and development process of Qianzhou Ancient City also catered to the needs of the market economy. In 2004, as a key investment attraction project of the Jishou Municipal People's Government, the Xiangxi Prefecture's 50th State Day Key Project - Jinxiu Gancheng - officially entered the planning stage. Dahan Group, which was introduced by the government, has invested a lot of money in this project. It is also optimistic about the potential of Qianzhou Ancient City under the emerging cultural heritage tourism. The investment promotion of tourism companies brings direct economic benefits to the tourism development of the ancient city.

The creation of Jinxiu Qiancheng, on the one hand, has carried out a multi-faceted restoration of the original Qianzhou ancient city, and on the other hand, it has made the development of Qianzhou ancient city different from the historical trajectory, becoming a shopping mall with special local products, folk performances, and brands. It is a 4A-level antique tourism commercial town integrating catering, tourism and leisure, business clubs, and hotel accommodation. The market provides economic support for the inheritance and development of national culture. The reproduction of culture allows traditional national culture to be rediscovered and developed, showing new vitality and vitality.

(3) Excavation by experts and scholars

Cultural scholars are the masterminds of cultural heritage protection④. With the help of scholars, people in ethnic areas fully explore and utilize local ethnic folklore, determine local ethnic history and culture through cultural relics and historical sites, and thus reconstruct new ethnic cultural resources to depict or depict for tourists. It means that a new cultural space with profound national characteristics has been virtualized⑤. Xiangxi Prefecture cultural scholars have done a lot of research on the development of Qianzhou Ancient City, sorted out information from its historical figures, cultural folk customs, architectural styles, etc., and made a historical and cultural reconstruction of the development direction of Qianzhou Ancient City. . Works such as Yang Lianghua's "The Charm of Qianzhou" and Sheng Tianning's "The Battle of the Qing Dynasty - A Study of the Miao Uprising in the Qianjia Dynasty" were based on Qianzhou.

In addition, through the excavations and tourism development of experts and scholars, the taboos and rules in many traditional ethnic festivals have gradually faded away and disappeared. National etiquette no longer has the traditional sacrificial nature, but has been replaced by entertainment. Festivals are no longer It is no longer a national festival, but has become a celebration for tourists and locals. For example, the dragon-burning ceremony on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month in the ancient city of Qianzhou was originally a consciousness of the ancestors of the Tujia people who relied on the sky to pray for good weather and abundant grains. It has a strong imprint of rice farming culture and god worship. Due to the excavations of experts and scholars and the needs of tourism development, it has become an entertaining and ornamental program, and the form of dragon burning has also become more dramatic in the process of change.

To sum up, the construction of the ancient city of Qianzhou shows us the contemporary transformation process of cultural landscape in the context of tourism. It is not simply the restoration of the historical landscape, but the result of the interaction of various forces due to different interests, and its changes are reproductive. Through the research on the ancient city reconstruction model and the analysis of the dynamic mechanism, it has guiding significance for the tourism development of ancient towns in other regions.

★Fund Project: Funded by the school-level scientific research project of Jishou University (No.: 13JDY024).

Notes:

① Zhang Qun.? Protection and development ideas of Fenghuang Ancient City? [J]. Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2008 (12).

② Wu Gang .Qianzhou Ancient City: Sounding the clarion call for the third entrepreneurship of tourism in western Hunan [EB/OL]. /h/24/20111229/14706_1.html, 2011-12-29.

③Tourism-based survival: It refers to using the power of tourism to promote the inheritance and development of intangible cultural heritage. It is to effectively utilize intangible cultural heritage as a tourism resource and develop it into tourism products that can be visited, experienced, learned and purchased by tourists. It is an intangible cultural heritage. Heritage survives and develops in a new way in modern society.

④ Zhao Deli. Lead? Mastermind? Subject - Role Positioning in the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage [J]. Baoji Arts and Sciences Journal of the Academy, 2006(01).