The Black Tiger General who walked out of the mountains

General Zhang Chong is known as the "Three Gods" general: God of War, God of Salt, and God of Water. The mountains of Yunling endowed him with a stalwart body, outstanding achievements on the battlefield, and his reputation as a "famous anti-Japanese general" throughout the world; the red soil plateau endowed him with a broad mind, a heart for the people of his country, and his ability to produce salt, water, and water. The monument stands on the ground, and Zhang Chong's noble patriotic sentiments and spirit of wholeheartedly benefiting the people will always be engraved in the hearts of the people of all ethnic groups in Yunnan.

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The car climbed up the winding mountain road of Dongshan Mountain in Mile County and drove into the rain and fog. When the window was rolled down, a breath of fresh air rushed into the car, and I was immediately refreshed. Feeling refreshed, I looked up at the lush green scenery, and the car seemed to be driving into a sea of ??green. Half an hour later, the car stopped at Songke Village, a small village on the roadside. The villagers on the roadside heard that we were going to visit Zhang Chong’s former residence and enthusiastically guided us. Walking along an alley for more than 100 meters, we arrived at the former residence. Unexpectedly, it was General Tie who was holding the door. After asking, we found out that the Yang Baoming family who kept the key had gone to work in the tobacco fields. The enthusiastic villagers couldn't bear to let us run away in vain. Zhang San asked Li Si all the way. After half an hour, they found Yang Baoming's old mother, opened the door and got the key.

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The former residence is a traditional Yunnan dwelling known as "Yi Yi Yin". There are three main rooms, two wing rooms on the left and right, with an inverted seat in the front and a residence in the middle. door. The surrounding houses are all two-story, with a patio in the center. There are observation holes and shooting holes above the gate and on the surrounding high walls. The whole appearance is square and square, like a seal. This courtyard was first built in the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, but was later destroyed by fire. Rebuilt in 1933. It was restored in 1997. In 2003, it was listed as a provincial cultural relic protection unit. When I walked into the courtyard and looked around, I saw that the house was well maintained, but there were no furnishings and it looked empty. Perhaps the relevant local departments had no time to take care of it. Upstairs in the west wing is an exhibition room with no lights. Using the faint light coming from the lattice window to read the pictures and texts displayed on the wall display boards, the curtain of General Black Tiger's stormy life slowly opened in front of his eyes...

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Heroes come out of young men

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Heroes come out of young men since ancient times.

West), there are four sons under his knees, and he ranks third in the rushing ranking. Zhang Chong has been bold and witty since he was a child. As a young man, he has a chivalrous and bold character, loves to fight injustices, and likes to make poor friends. In school, there were children of wealthy gentry who bullied poor students. He often stood up and confronted those children of wealthy gentry tit for tat. Poor students regardless of age respectfully called him "Brother Zhang". Because they admired the upright character of Lin Chong, the Liangshan hero in "Water Margin", he changed his name to Zhang Chong. Zhang Chong had high aspirations. When he was studying in Luxi, he was influenced by bourgeois democratic ideas. He believed that "a real man must eradicate injustice in the world and ensure that everyone has food to eat and clothing to wear, so that his life in this world will not be in vain."

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In 1918, Zhang Chong's father passed away. Zhang Chong followed his mother's orders and went to Kunming to study. The local gentry took the opportunity to jointly falsely accuse Zhang Chong of "colluding with the bandit leader Zhao Guangting" to the provincial government. The provincial government did not investigate and approved: "Zhang Chong will be arrested quickly and brought to justice." Zhang Chong was forced to go to Liangshan and went to the border of Yunnan and Guizhou to seek refuge with a mountain king named Zhang Shouting. . Soon, Zhang Chong discovered that this team was loosely disciplined, killed blindly, and had no "heroic spirit". He resolutely led more than 80 brothers who supported him to set up a banner of righteousness and proposed, "The rich send me money, the middle-class people don't wait for it, the poor come and join forces." I celebrate the New Year" and the slogans of "Down with the local tyrants and evil gentry, protect workers, farmers and merchants, and relieve the poor" are active in the vast rural areas of Pingyi (Fuyuan), Luliang, Luoping, Shizong, Luxi, Maitreya, Qiubei and other places. Wherever he went, he put up slogans and donated cloth, clothes, money, and food to the poor, which was welcomed by the masses. As soon as they heard that the "young adults" team was coming, men, women, old and young all rushed to see it and gave them tea and water. There is a popular song among the people: "The sun rises brightly, and Zhang Yunpeng comes out of Luxi to help the poor and defeat the rich. Officials and regiment members dare not go to the countryside, and chickens and dogs are protected from evil." The oppressed poor people everywhere They all came to seek refuge with him. In the past two years, he also used tricks to eliminate the habitual bandits "Er Fei", "Er Li" and "Er Ding" who harmed the people in Qiubei, cut off the "local snake" Hai Shounong, punished the corrupt official Hu Daowen, and eliminated violence. Zhang Chong's righteous deeds were welcomed and supported by the working people, and his team grew to more than 600 people, which shocked southeastern Yunnan.

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The continuous growth of Zhang Chong's troops caused panic in the provincial government, and the warlord Tang Jiyao sent troops to suppress him many times. Because he won the hearts of the people, had good intelligence, was resourceful, and was good at using troops to fight, Tang Jiyao's conquests were all in vain. Later, he accepted the recruitment and was organized into the 17th detachment of Tang Jiyao's department, serving as the detachment leader and cctop. Later, he was promoted to the deputy commander of the 9th regiment of the Second Army and the road protection commander of the Kaiyuan to Panxi section of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway. After 1923, Zhang Chong went to Sichuan to fight against the Beiyang warlords, assisted Long Yun in fighting for the king of Yunnan, and made many military exploits. In 1927, Zhang Chong was appointed commander of the Fifth Division of the Yunnan Army by Long Yun, the new chairman of the provincial government.

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"Remove brine and replace coal"

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In Yipinglang Salt Mine stands a monument with the following words engraved on it: There are nine gilt characters "Monument to the Founding of the Salt Mine by Zhang Chong" and an inscription describing the project of "removing brine and replacing coal". This monument built in 1988 re-engraved this historical memory in people's hearts. The monument stands on the land of Yunnan, and the image of the "Salt God" who benefits the people stands high in the hearts of the people of Sanyi.

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In 1933, Zhang Chong was jealous of Long Yun because of his participation in the "Fourth Division Commander Overturning the Dragon", and he was appointed as the salt transport envoy of Yunnan Province. At that time, Yunnan was experiencing a salt shortage: the supply of salt exceeded demand, the price of salt soared, and many people could only eat light food. At that time, the production of well salt in Yunnan relied on indigenous methods, that is, first digging to remove the salt brine, then cutting down trees, and burning firewood to boil the brine into pieces of salt. At this critical moment, Zhang Chong, who was full of justice and patriotism, made up his mind to reform. He went deep into the mine salt field to inspect and seek advice from knowledgeable people. During the investigation and research, he realized that reforming the salt management system was important, but it could only cure the symptoms. Only improving technology, increasing salt production and reducing production costs are the fundamental solutions. Therefore, he invited "expert" experts such as Luo Zitai, a PhD student in mining and metallurgy studying in the United States, to further solve the transportation problem of coal or brine on the basis of experimental solutions to the technology of replacing firewood with coal for cooking salt. Hydraulic conveyance was still a new technology at the time. He led Dr. Luo and others to investigate down the Shezi River from Yuanyong Well to Yipinglang, where coal is produced. It was found that there were no dangerous mountains and obstacles along the way, and the rivers could reach them. Following the trend, transporting brine "moving the brine and replacing it with coal" was not a problem. Under the conditions of national productivity and technological level at that time, building a 21-kilometer-long brine diversion ditch was nothing short of a pioneering undertaking.

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Zhang Chong personally presided over the planning and design, and spent nearly a year drafting a well-documented feasibility study report on "removing brine and replacing coal". After submitting the request to the provincial government for approval, Zhang Chongyi resigned as salt transportation envoy and became full-time supervisor (commander) of the Pinglang Salt Field Engineering Office. He was in command of 3,000 soldiers and more than 1,000 migrant workers, and worked hard to overcome all obstacles. Due to several failures in the development and testing of building materials and structural facilities for brine transmission ditches, a lot of time and financial resources were consumed, and the budget was greatly overrun. Zhang Chong sold his courtyard house in Kunming and got 2 million yuan in Yunnan coins, which he invested entirely. After repeated design and testing, the bricks were finally fired into U-shaped bricks with a round inside and a square outside, with a solid texture. There are convex and concave openings at both ends of the bricks to facilitate overlapping and matching, and the joints are filled with cement to prevent leakage; a trench cover is added to the top surface for inspection and cleaning; to prevent brine corrosion and increase the upstream surface To improve the smoothness, a layer of glaze is added to the inner wall of the brick. Therefore, this 21-kilometer-long brine transport ditch is also called the "Glazed Ditch". The glaze ditch project was completed in September 1937. In August 1938, all supporting projects were completed. On August 25, the salt brine (water) from Motonaga Well flowed smoothly to Yipinglang, and the coal-fired trial cooking was a great success. The decoctioned salt is clean, white and meets hygienic standards.

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The original cost of boiling a pot of salt with firewood was 45 Yuan Yuan coins. After moving the brine to coal, the cost was 1 Yuan 50 Yunnan coins, which reduced the cost by 30 Yuan. times, people in Yunnan have eaten salt. Zhang Chong is respected as the "Salt God" by the people of Sanyin.

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Bloody Yuwang Mountain

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We come from the great place of the Yunnan Uprising,

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Passed through the high mountains,

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Arriving at the battlefield against the enemy.

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Brothers fight for the liberation of the nation with their flesh and blood,

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Carry forward our glory of protecting the country and appeasement!

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We cannot allow the enemy to roam rampant in our territory,

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We cannot allow enemy aircraft to fly in our airspace.

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Yunnan is the hometown of the 60th Army,

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The 60th Army is the armed force that defends China!

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Singing the "Military Song of the 60th Army" composed by Xian Xinghai and Ren Pingpu with lyrics written by Ms. An'e, the Yunnan Army started the first battle in the history of the Yunnan Army and the history of the Anti-Japanese War in Taierzhuang. A tragic, tragic, heroic and glorious battle.

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After the Anti-Japanese War broke out, the Yunnan Army formed the 60th Army to go out to Yunnan to fight against the Japanese. Zhang Chong, who presided over Yunnan's salt administration, volunteered to serve the country with his body wrapped in horse leather. Long Yun was moved by Zhang Chong's heroic spirit and appointed him as deputy commander of the 60th Army and commander of the 184th Division. In the autumn of 1937, the 60th Army took the oath to fight from Kunming.

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In April 1938, the 60th Army entered the Battle of Taierzhuang. Zhang Chong led the 184th Division and was ordered to defend Yuwang Mountain.

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Yuwang Mountain is located on the northeast bank of the Grand Canal. It is the commanding heights of Taierzhuang and a battleground for military strategists. When Zhang Chong led his troops to Yuwang Mountain, the troops originally guarding Yuwang Mountain had withdrawn their positions under the fierce Japanese attack, and the enemy had occupied the top of the mountain. Zhang Chong was well aware of the importance of Yuwang Mountain to the entire battle of Taierzhuang. He pulled all the 184th Division into position and ordered a strong attack on Yuwang Mountain, cctop. He took the lead and set up his headquarters on Yuwang Mountain, vowing to fight against Yuwang Mountain* ** Survival or death. Suddenly, rifles, machine guns, and artillery shells rained down. The Japanese invaders launched a series of smoke bombs and chemical weapons, causing thick smoke and fog to fill the sky. It happened that a strong westerly wind blew at this time, blowing the smoke towards the enemy. Zhang Chong immediately ordered all the buglers in the division to blow the charge bugle, and the shouts of killing resounded throughout the mountains and fields. In one go, they recaptured Yuwang Mountain.

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During the 20 days of guarding Yuwang Mountain, there were fierce battles every day and night. Late one night, it was raining heavily, and the enemy bombarded our position with aircraft and artillery. The shells were like raindrops. Enemy death squads swarmed towards our position. The defenders of the two regiments on our position suffered serious casualties and could no longer hold up. We requested that reinforcements be sent as soon as possible. Zhang Chong judged that because it was dark night and it was raining heavily, the enemy's situation and direction were unclear when the reinforcements arrived at the position, so they would not be effective. I have difficulties, and the enemy also has difficulties. The enemy doesn't have three heads and six arms, and I still have the advantage of being at a commanding height. Even if I throw a grenade, I can throw it farther than the enemy. He forced the defenders to fight back desperately. After making the call, Zhang Chong immediately went to the front line to take command. The morale of the defenders became even more inspiring. The soldiers said: "The division commander came to the front line to work hard with us. We guarantee that even if he is slightly injured, he will not leave the firing line." The soldiers resisted to the death and repelled the enemy. attack and defend the position. Later, it became a legend that "300 wounded soldiers tenaciously defended Yuwang Mountain".

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In the bloody battle at Yuwang Mountain, the enemy poured tens of thousands of artillery shells on the Yunnan Army positions, organized dozens of charges and sneak attacks, and tons of bombs destroyed the trenches on the top of the mountain. They were razed to the ground, and the frontline soldiers had no choice but to use bomb craters as cover and surround the bunkers with the corpses of their comrades to resist the enemy's tidal attack. The soldiers resisted desperately, but still could not stop the enemy who rushed forward risking their lives, so they started a bloody battle with the Japanese. Zhang Chong had a tiger general named Wang Bingzhang. This brigade commander who graduated from Baoding Military Academy picked up a 38-gauge and fought with the Japanese with bayonets. After killing more than 10 enemies one after another, he was shot in the chest, but he still walked up to Zhang Chong and said, "Commander, please check, did the bullet enter from the front?" It turned out that, Zhang Chong was very strict in managing the army. He often said to the soldiers: "Our Yi ancestors, the 37 Man tribe, have a rule in running the army: those who have swords and arrows in front will be rewarded; those who are hurt by swords and arrows in the back will be slashed in the back. Our 184th Division must not be greedy. Those who are afraid of death and become deserters with bullets in their backs will embarrass our ancestors and military law will not spare them!"

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On May 18, under the cover of night and smoke bombs, The 60th Army was ordered to withdraw its position and became the last unit to withdraw from the Japanese encirclement after the 5th Theater Command abandoned Xuzhou. So far, the warriors have been holding on to Yuwang Mountain for 20 days and nights. The Japanese invaders, who were covered by planes and tanks, made dozens of attacks and still failed to make a step forward.

More than half of the 40,000 soldiers in the army suffered casualties. Sanyin Jianer wrote a glorious and tragic page in the history of China's Anti-Japanese War with his blood and life!

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The bloody battle at Yuwang Mountain, the Japanese newspaper exclaimed : "Since the war with the Chinese army began on September 18, it is rare to encounter such a fierce charge by the Yunnan army and to put one's life at risk." Chiang Kai-shek also had to admire the Yunnan army and called Lu Han, commander of the 60th Army: "Your department He fought bravely and praised Liang Shen... He hoped to encourage his troops to continue their efforts and defeat the Japanese pirates to show their national prestige. "The battle at Yuwangshan showed military and national prestige. Zhang Chong also won the title of "Famous Anti-Japanese General". Because the Yi people worship tigers, the people also respectfully called him "General Black Tiger".

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After the end of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek launched a civil war. In November 1946, Zhang Chong took the opportunity to attend the "National University" in Nanjing, and under the arrangements of Dong Biwu and other communists, he took his family to Yan'an. In February 1947, with Zhu De's help, revolutionary follower Zhang Chong joined the Communist Party of China. Later, he accepted the appointment of the Central Committee and worked on the Northeast Front, serving as senior staff officer of the Northeast People's *** Headquarters and Vice Chairman of the Songjiang Provincial People's ***. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he served successively as a member of the Southwest Military and Political Commission, Vice Chairman and Vice Governor of the People's Communist Party of Yunnan Province, and Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

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Jiujin Tiger Leaping Gorge

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The top of the mountain has snow all year round, the mountainside is lush with flowers and trees, the foot of the mountain is full of fish and waterfalls, the mountain There are forests and fields everywhere, all over the world, spring, summer, autumn and winter, and the scenery coexists here at the same time; the water source is thousands of glaciers, the water rushes for ten days, the waterside is thousands of cliffs, the water intercepts the lake waves for hundreds of miles, billions of labor, grain, cotton, oil and coal , Changliusi Gorge will last forever. Banner: Uniquely blessed.

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This is a couplet written by Zhang Chong out of emotion when he was crossing the Tiger Leaping Gorge. The couplets are majestic and contain the sincere heart of loving one's hometown and serving one's hometown.

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If Zhang Chong spent the first half of his life as a soldier and made contributions on the battlefield; then, in the second half of his life, Zhang Chong cared about people's livelihood and showed his talents in water conservancy.

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One of the basic points of Zhang Chong’s life is to benefit the people. During his military career before joining the revolution, he did many things that were beneficial to the people. He attached great importance to water conservancy construction, helped raise funds from various sources, and donated money himself to build the Luochuan Dam water conservancy project in Guangtong County, turning the former vast barren dam into ten thousand acres of fertile farmland. After 1956, cctop. He devoted his main energy to inspecting and studying water conservancy construction in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and proposed a number of water conservancy project plans for the development of the Jinsha River. Through continuous inspection, study and research, he became an expert in water conservancy. Under his leadership, a number of large and medium-sized reservoirs and water diversion canals were built throughout the province, which significantly improved Yunnan's water conservancy conditions and promoted the development of agriculture.

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In water conservancy construction, what fascinated him was the Tiger Leaping Gorge water conservancy project. Zhang Chong's son Zhang Mao wrote in a commemorative article: "Normally, whenever the Jinsha River is mentioned, my father will be excited and his eyes will suddenly become particularly bright. When talking about the various advantages of the development of the Jinsha River, his voice is loud and full of treasures, just like a eloquent speech. The endless water of the Jinsha River is endless..." In order to develop the hydraulic resources of the Jinsha River, he crossed the Tiger Leaping Gorge nine times.

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Tiger Leaping Gorge is one of the world-famous grand canyons. It is named Tiger Leaping Gorge because of the legend that a tiger leaped across the river from the huge rocks in the river. High mountains confront each other on both sides of the canyon, with peaks reaching into the clouds, steep slopes, and huge rock walls standing like knives and axes. The width of the river in the gorge is less than 100 meters, and the narrowest point is only about 30 meters. The river rushes and pours with the force of breaking the sky and breaking the earth. When you enter the gorge, you can see a crack in the sky and a dragon in the river. You can see the cliff above your head and the rapids at your feet. And there are rocks on the hillside rolling down into the river from time to time, which is very dangerous. However, Zhang Chong did not avoid danger and visited the site nine times. He spent most of the time riding a horse or on foot. His two thighs were torn by the saddle and pus and blood flowed out, but he did not care. After careful field investigation, he proposed to focus on Tiger Leaping Gorge, taking advantage of the natural characteristics of high mountains, deep valleys, narrow river beds, and sparsely populated areas, to artificially blast rocks and fill the valley to form a high dam and large reservoir, and excavate southward from near Shigu Channel, the water from the Jinsha River flows into the Erhai Lake, and then flows into the Dianchi Lake through the Dian'er Artificial Canal. That is, the grand idea of ??"drawing gold (Jinsha River) into Yunnan and opening the five lakes to navigation" is to solve the problem of water shortage in the central Yunnan region of Yunnan that has restricted the development of Yunnan.

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In the spring of 1980, 80-year-old Zhang Chong went to the upper reaches of the Jinsha River for the ninth time to inspect water conservancy. Unfortunately, he fell ill on the way and later died of illness. Before his death, he kept thinking about the Tiger Leaping Gorge Water Conservancy Project and asked his family to scatter his ashes into the Tiger Leaping Gorge after his death.

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Chen Yaozhong, an old subordinate of General Zhang Chong, once wrote a poem praising the general's great achievements: "The general asked the water to flow into the blue clouds, and the colorful rivers chanted several times. Monument of the Leaping Tiger Preserved through the ages, the waves of the Three Rivers comfort the loyal souls. "On October 1, 1988, the people of Shangri-La County (formerly Zhongdian County) erected a marble statue with a flying tiger statue at the intersection of the Shuoduogang River and the Jinsha River. Monument - "Tiger Leaping Gorge Monument".

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The monument stands on the ground. Zhang Chong’s noble patriotic sentiments and spirit of wholeheartedly benefiting the people will always be engraved in the hearts of the people of all ethnic groups in Yunnan.

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