20 17 sino-Russian relations situation and policy papers

How to write a paper on the form and policy of Sino-Russian relations, and what relevant information is worthy of attention. I compiled a paper on the situation and policies of Sino-Russian relations on 20 17. I hope you like it!

20 17 sino-Russian relations situation and policy paper 1

On Sino-Russian Relations

Nowadays, the international situation around China is very grim, and the international relations facing China are becoming increasingly complicated. Turn on the TV every day, and all kinds of news programs always focus on the friction between China and neighboring countries. The Taiwan Strait issue, Sino-Japanese relations, the Diaoyu Islands situation, the South China Sea issue, and the Sino-Indian border have all numbed us ordinary people. Of course, we can't ignore the relationship between the United States and China, which is far from China and Wan Li. However, we have an important neighbor who was once brilliant, then declined and now rises again. He has a border of thousands of kilometers with us, and we have been enemies and friends with him in history. And our relationship with them is often ignored by people. He is Russia.

Sino-Russian relations are actually the continuation and development of Sino-Soviet relations. After Russia's independence, because the leaders and governments of China and Russia adopted the principle of being calm, serious and proceeding from national interests, Sino-Russian relations have not stagnated or regressed, but have achieved steady and healthy development in politics, economy, culture, science and technology and military cooperation, and bilateral relations have shown a good momentum of development. Economic relations between the two countries lag behind political relations, some difficulties encountered in border demarcation, and some disorderly phenomena in the entry and exit of border personnel between the two countries may affect the development of Sino-Russian relations and must be paid attention to and solved. The formation and development of Sino-Russian good-neighborly relations of equality, trust and friendship are determined by the leading factors such as historical lessons, national interests, requirements of the times and people's wishes. These leading factors exist objectively and have a deep foundation, which will have a long-term impact on the relations between the two countries.

China and Russia are the two largest neighbors in Asia. Together, China and Russian land in Asia accounts for almost half of Asia's land area. There is a long border line of more than 4300 kilometers between the two countries. Both countries are permanent members of the UN Security Council and members of the world's five major nuclear powers. The nature and status of Sino-Russian relations have a close relationship and important influence on the situation in Asia and the world. At the turn of the century and the next century, what is the prospect of Sino-Russian relations and what impact will it have on Asia and the world? This is a topic that everyone in China should pay attention to.

Russia's central Siberia and eastern Siberia used to be.

The territory of this country. In ancient times, we had many contacts with this land. The close relationship between China and Russia began in modern times. Russia's predecessor, the Soviet Union, was once the big brother of capitalism and an important ally of China during the Revolution. Both of them were allies of the international anti-fascist front. In those decades, Sino-Russian relations (then called Sino-Soviet relations) had a honeymoon period. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), China faced the pattern of hegemony between the United States and the Soviet Union. As a producer of * * *, China certainly stood by the Soviet Union without hesitation. The Soviet Union also took care of China and built many factories and facilities for China. At the early stage of China's atomic bomb development, Soviet experts also provided a lot of help.

However, the good times did not last long. After Khrushchev came to power, he criticized Stalin in an all-round way, and Sino-Soviet relations began to be tense. Politically, the Soviet Union tried to establish a radio station in China to understand the interference in China's politics, and Mao Zedong strongly opposed it. Militarily, the Soviet Union opposed China's nuclear bomb research. Economically, the Soviet Union carried out socialist reform, requiring China to carry out socialist construction according to the Soviet model. China disagreed, and Mao Zedong criticized the socialism revised by the Soviet Union. 196 1 year, China and Russia

When the Battle of Zhenbao Island broke out, Sino-Russian relations fell to freezing point. The Soviet Union withdrew the experts who stayed in China. On the economic front, the Soviet Union also stopped its aid to China.

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia, as the largest member of the Soviet Union, inherited the mantle of the Soviet Union, and Sino-Soviet relations began to slowly recover. Especially in recent years, China and Russia have agreed on many international issues. At present, China and Russia have a common enemy, the United States. Therefore, according to the principle that the enemy of the enemy is the friend, the relationship between the two countries should be getting closer and closer.

The increasingly close relationship between China and Russia is the result we hope to see. In terms of strength, Russia is a qualified ally. Russia is rich in resources, strong in military strength and slowly recovering in economic strength. China is currently the second largest economy in the world. One is the country with the largest land area and the other is the country with the largest population in the world. They can compete with America together.

In recent years, the development of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has provided a good opportunity for Sino-Russian exchanges. China and Russia also frequently conduct military exercises in the offshore, and its intention is self-evident. In 2005, the two armies successfully held the "Peace Mission 2005" joint military exercise; In 2007, our army went to Russia to participate in the "Peace Mission 2007" joint anti-terrorism military exercise of the armed forces of SCO member States; In 2009, China and Russia held the "Peace Mission 2009" Sino-Russian joint anti-terrorism military exercise at Taonan Contract Training Base in shenyang military area command. Sino-Russian military exercises have been normalized. We don't want a war in the future. Russia will join forces with China to attack. Assuming that there will be a war in the Taiwan Strait, a stable rear area is also very important for China.

On the surface, Sino-Russian relations look calm because the interests of the two countries are the same. But there is an undercurrent inside. In fact, both China and Russia are playing their own small abacus. The most obvious change in Sino-Russian defense relations is that in recent years, Russian arms sales to China have been greatly reduced. The increase and perfection of China's national defense weapons also make Russian officials face a difficult choice. Until now, Russia has refused to sell its most advanced weapons to China, such as long-range ballistic missiles, strategic bombers, air defense and missile defense systems. They are afraid that China will upset the military balance in East Asia after acquiring such weapons.

The Russian government is also unwilling to pass on its best nuclear energy technology and other knowledge products to

China, because it will make low-priced China manufacturing replace Russian as an exporter in the third market. There are still problems in energy cooperation between the two sides. The two sides kept saying that the two countries signed a huge oil and gas contract, but it was not realized until recently. Russian energy companies are trying to attract customers from Europe and Asia to increase their bids. Although this method improves Russia's bargaining power, it makes China more suspicious of whether Russia is a reliable long-term energy partner.

The two governments also have doubts about each other's activities in Central Asia, where China and Russian state-owned enterprises are once again competing for oil and gas resources. China refused to agree to the Russian decision to recognize Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent countries. These two places were seized by Russia from Georgia in the August 2008 war. At the social level, China's non-governmental exchanges are also very limited.

To sum up, we should not only cooperate with Russia, but also make preparations. Historical experience tells us that Russia is a country of tigers and wolves. Cooperation with China is only a right.

With proper planning, it is not impossible to bite back in the future. As the saying goes, there is no need to harm people or prevent them. We should also take some precautions against Russia's actions.

Reference: Xinhuanet 2065438+April 23, 2002 07:58

Beijing News (Beijing) 2012-04-29 02:13: 01

Studies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, No.6, 1996

20 17 sino-Russian relations situation and policy papers 2

On May 7, Putin was sworn in as the new Russian president. As Putin entered the Kremlin for the third time and took charge of the Russian regime, the curtain of the "new Putin era" was officially opened. Putin's re-election as Russia's supreme leader will be a change for Russia and even the world, but on the other hand, it will contain many "pros and cons" for China, and Sino-Russian relations will get new development.

Keywords Putin's Sino-Russian relations

Recently, the world situation has changed greatly, and the game between countries has changed. The most striking thing is that Putin once again entered the Kremlin and became the new president of Russia. Its "tough guy" image has attracted the attention of the world. In the first ten years of leading Russia, Russia gradually walked out of the trauma of the disintegration of the Soviet Union and kept moving towards the road of becoming a world power. However, its tough ruling measures also make the world daunting. As a real resource superpower and the only military power in the world that can compete with the United States, Russia has always attracted the attention of the world. What are the new developments, opportunities and challenges in Sino-Russian relations in the "new Putin era" is our most concerned issue.

First of all, Russia is of great significance to China in terms of resources, security, politics and technology. In terms of security, in recent two years, the surrounding environment of China is not peaceful, with territorial disputes among ASEAN countries in the south, turmoil in Central Asian countries in the west and pressure from Japan and South Korea in the east. In this situation, the harmony between North and Russia is very important.

From a political point of view, the mutual support between China and Russia is particularly important internationally, which will affect the balance of political and military power between Europe and Asia in geopolitical relations. On the other hand, if there is no mutual support between China and Russia, not only China will be isolated internationally, but Russia will also be truly isolated.

From the point of view of energy, although the proportion of China's energy obtained from Russian is not large at present, it is urgent to think about the issue of obtaining energy nearby in the future. Russia is a truly resource-rich country. As far as China is concerned, by the end of 20 10, the natural gas reserves are the first in the world, and the oil reserves are the seventh in the world, second only to the Gulf countries and Venezuela. Russia is also the world's largest natural gas exporter and the largest crude oil exporter outside the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). At present, the main energy sources in China are not only far away, but also the political environment is unstable.

In terms of technology, especially military technology, although China's national defense modernization has made rapid progress, a lot of technology comes from Russia. Therefore, in the next 30 years until 2050, good relations with Russia will always be the international pillar of China's healthy growth.

Sino-Russian cooperation in other fields is showing an institutionalized trend. For example, coordinating positions on major international issues and high-profile military cooperation. On the Iranian nuclear issue and the DPRK nuclear issue, China and Russia have very close cooperation. Both sides advocate solving problems through diplomatic channels and are active participants in multilateral talks. The cooperation between the two countries has played a very important role in keeping this issue within the political and diplomatic framework.

Secondly, Sino-Russian relations have reached an unprecedented high level after more than ten years of development.

The two countries have established a strategic cooperative partnership and signed the Sino-Russian Treaty of Good Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation. High-level exchanges between the two sides are close and institutionalized, mutually beneficial cooperation in various fields has developed rapidly and deepened, and close communication and cooperation have been maintained in international and regional affairs. Comrade Hu Jintao pointed out that both China and Russia are faced with the important task of maintaining peace and stability and accelerating economic development. The mutually beneficial cooperation between the two countries has great potential and broad prospects. China attaches great importance to Sino-Russian relations and is willing to work with Russia to continuously raise the Sino-Russian strategic cooperative partnership to a new level. Hu Jintao also said that China and Russia attach importance to friendly exchanges between the legislatures of the two countries, and hope that the National People's Congress of China, the Russian Federation Parliament and the State Duma will give full play to their existing counterpart cooperation relations and related mechanisms, and actively promote the all-round development of China-strategic cooperative partnership.

Different from the historical relationship between the two countries, the current Sino-Russian relationship is neither targeted nor burdened by history. There are both practical considerations of mutual benefit and long-term plans for building long-term peace. The two countries have jointly created a new type of rational state relationship, so there is reason to believe that this relationship will develop for a long time. China and Russia should make joint efforts to establish reasonable state relations. The strategic cooperative relationship between China and Russia plays an important role in balancing the tilt of the center of gravity caused by the first-class world, and is also of great security and economic value to China and Russia. With the comprehensive deepening and development of Sino-Russian strategic cooperative partnership, it shows unprecedented vitality and vigor. It is hoped that both sides will redouble their efforts and cooperate closely to promote more fruitful results in the future.

The above-mentioned leading factors that determine the future direction of Sino-Russian relations are objective and have a deep foundation. They will not change because of the change of leaders of the two countries, but will have a long-term impact on bilateral relations.

To sum up, we can draw three views on the prospect of Sino-Russian relations in the 2 1 century and its influence on Asia and the world:

(1) After entering the 26th century, China and Russia will continue to develop good-neighborly, friendly, equal and mutually beneficial bilateral relations on the basis of the Five Principles of Peace, and economic, trade, scientific and technological cooperation will further develop; (2) From a regional and global perspective, China and Russia will each pursue an all-round foreign policy and strengthen consultation and cooperation on international issues such as regional and global issues of common concern, but each other

Non-alignment, not targeting any third country; 3. Developing a strategic cooperative partnership of good neighborliness, equality and trust between China and Russia is conducive to peace, stability, development and cooperation in Asia, as well as peace, security and development in the world.

Looking back on our history and looking forward to the future, only by unswervingly adhering to good-neighborly and friendly cooperation and standing together can China and Russia embark on a better development path in the new historical period. A good neighbour is better than a brother in the next village. The current international situation is still complicated, hegemonism still exists, and power politics is still rampant. As neighbors, our two countries should cooperate and help each other. This is a new historical opportunity for our two countries and the ardent expectation of our two peoples. As long as China and Russia can work hand in hand, I believe that these two countries, which were once brilliant in the world, will surely create new glories one day in the future!

20 17 sino-Russian relations situation and policy paper 3

Abstract: The first stop of his first foreign visit after taking office was Russia, and Russian Medvedev also called to congratulate him at the first time. This is also the epitome of frequent high-level exchanges between China and Russia. Since entering the 2nd/Kloc-0th century, China and Russia have not only strengthened cooperation in international political affairs, but also involved in economic, military, scientific and technological, cultural and other fields. With the continuous recovery of Russian economy, the continuous rise of China and the continuous improvement of the status of China and Russia in the international community,

Keywords: Sino-Soviet relations; Current situation; A new period; prospect

The origin of Sino-Russian relations began with Sino-Soviet relations during the Cold War, and the analysis of the current situation must be based on history. Therefore, we analyze Sino-Russian relations from the perspective of Sino-Soviet relations during the Cold War.

First, Sino-Soviet relations during the Cold War.

In the early days of the founding of New China, the capitalist camp headed by the United States confronted the Eastern Group headed by the Soviet Union. U.S. imperialism supported the Kuomintang government headed by Chiang Kai-shek, and even after the China Producer Party defeated the Kuomintang and seized state power, it still supported the Kuomintang and blocked China. Therefore, China's foreign policy is "one-sided", that is, it turned to the Oriental Group in an all-round way, and the Soviet Union also sent experts to guide the construction of the new China, so Sino-Soviet relations developed rapidly.

/kloc-in the 1950s of 0/9, Khrushchev came to power. At the Bucharest Party Congress on 1960, there was a dispute between China and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union not only organized a siege at the meeting, but also withdrew its experts in China after the meeting, tore up the contract, stopped supplying equipment, exerted political and economic pressure on China, and forced China to obey its command. China resolutely opposed the Soviet Union's gross interference in China's internal affairs and adjusted its foreign policy in time.

In the late 1960s, the ideological differences between China and the Soviet Union gradually evolved into conflicts of national interests. 1June 1969 to1June 1969, Brezhnev threatened to "resolutely fight back" against China, openly threatened to wage war, and planned nuclear strikes against China many times. Not only are there millions of soldiers on the border of China, but the world's great powers are serious in chauvinism and interfere in other countries' foreign affairs and internal affairs at will. At this time, the United States was mired in a quagmire, and its attitude towards China changed.

In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union's militaristic policy caused its economy to decline, resulting in serious domestic problems and forced it to turn to the defensive. However, Sino-US relations deteriorated again, China's strength continued to increase, and an independent diplomatic line was established. China "does not play American cards or Soviet cards", but "others are not allowed to play China cards".

Second, the initial recovery of Sino-Russian relations after the end of the Cold War.

At the beginning of the end of the Cold War, China and Russia immediately reached some agreements, two of which were the most important: First, China recognized Russia as a successor of the Soviet Union and a permanent member of the UN Security Council; 2. China and Russia confirm that the two Sino-Soviet joint communiques signed by the leaders of China and the Soviet Union on 1989 and 199 1 are still guiding documents for Sino-Russian relations, and China and Russia will continue to adhere to the basic principles established in the above two Sino-Soviet joint communiques. This is an important step to realize the smooth transformation of Sino-Soviet relations to Sino-Russian relations, and is also conducive to deepening friendly exchanges between China and Russia in the future.

In fact, Russia has always regarded itself as Europe's Russia. Russia's "Atlanticism" thought and the concept of "from Ottawa to Vladivostok" political security system show that Russia is eager to join the political security system of the United States and Europe, while China is trapped by its influence, and diplomatic relations are cold and frustrated during this period. In other words, Russia's pro-Western foreign policy has restricted the promotion of Russia's China policy. The unstable domestic situation in China has affected the depth of exploring new relations between the two countries. At the same time, the newly restored Sino-Russian relations are still fragile, and the negative factors of history still exist. At that time, Russia's attitude towards western countries was obviously stronger than that towards China, and the relationship between China and Russia as "mutually friendly countries" was somewhat "low-lying", and the two countries only confirmed their status as "good" neighbors.

However, despite Russia's efforts to integrate into western countries, China has not occupied an important position in Russia's foreign policy. However, the United States is afraid that Russia is too strong, and the attitude of western European countries towards Russia has turned from hot to cold, all of which are worried about Russia's future. At this time, China's strength has been increasing since the reform and opening up, and with the geographical advantages of Russia and China, China and Russia began to approach.

Third, the status quo of Sino-Russian relations.

China and Russia have also studied the development of bilateral relations, adopted new measures, learned from the lessons of extremism in the past, avoided the fate of alliance or confrontation, and explored a road of cooperation that conforms to the national conditions, interests and trends of the times of the two countries. From 265438 to 0996, the two countries established a "strategic partnership" oriented to the 2 1 century. The Sino-Russian Treaty of Good-Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation was signed in 200 1, which confirmed the nature of this relationship in legal form. Putin believes that this treaty is "a very important document, which can regulate the relations between the Russian people and China and China for a long time", and it is a "century treaty", but it is not a treaty of the last century. This is a treaty for the next century. "Because it establishes the principle that China and Russia, as friendly countries, cooperate with each other in the basic aspects of our cooperation." China-Russia strategic cooperative partnership is committed to comprehensively promoting the deepening and expansion of political, economic, diplomatic, security and humanities relations between the two countries. The two countries will be "friendly from generation to generation" and will always be "good neighbors, good partners and good friends". Not only in the political and security fields, but also in the economic and trade fields.

The future prospects of the two countries should fully consider their current national conditions and future development tasks. At home, China and Russia shoulder the same historical task: for Russia, it is to revitalize Russia and realize the strategic goal of strengthening the country and enriching the people; For China, it is to build a "well-off society" in an all-round way and reach the level of moderately developed countries. Moreover, the Chinese and Russian economies are highly complementary and have great potential for cooperation. Under the situation that regional integration has become the development trend of the world economy, China and Russia need to strengthen cooperation and achieve common development. Internationally, the United States is the only superpower in the world, and they are worried about the rise of China and Russia. We will use various methods to slow down the rise of China and Russia. At this stage, China and Russia do not have the strength and will to compete for hegemony with the United States. Both China and Russia are committed to creating a peaceful and stable external environment for their own development, safeguarding the interests of many developing countries and improving their international status. Therefore, in order to break through the western blockade in international affairs, China and Russia must come together and rely on each other.

Four. The Future Prospect of Sino-Russian Relations

It can be said that at present, the relationship between the two countries is at its best in history, and the development of bilateral relations has been relatively stable and mature, which can stand the test of some major international events. Although there are still many factors affecting the further development of bilateral relations, both sides have been able to take into account each other's interests and concerns when considering their own interests, and with the stability of the domestic political situation and the continuous maturity of foreign policies of the two countries, Sino-Russian relations will continue to advance steadily in the future. Globalization will provide more platforms for cooperation between the two countries, and the two countries have accumulated experience in mutual cooperation on international issues such as the Iraq issue and the North Korean nuclear issue. The two countries "should seek the convergence of interests, expand mutually beneficial cooperation and meet the challenges faced by human survival and development. We should persist in dialogue, not engage in confrontation because of differences, proceed from the long-term interests of both sides and the overall situation of world peace and development, properly resolve differences and oppose any tendency. "

China and Russia live next to each other, and their fates are closely linked. Harmony is beneficial, and disharmony is harmful. The two countries live in harmony and strengthening cooperation does not depend on their willingness. Because apart from the profound traditional friendship, the two countries are still in a similar strategic environment, holding similar international political ideas and unique objective complementary conditions. Deepening Sino-Russian cooperation in various fields is in the fundamental interests of the two countries, which is not only the understanding of the high-level governments of the two countries. It has also won the support and support of the broad masses of the people of the two countries. Sino-Russian cooperation in various fields has been launched in an all-round way, and relations between the two countries are at a new historical starting point, facing another important development opportunity. Although there will be ups and downs on the road ahead, the trend of deepening cooperation between China and Russia in various fields is irreversible. (Author: School of Politics and Public Administration, Liaocheng University)

References:

Deng Xiaoping. Selected works of Deng Xiaoping [m]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1994.

[2] People's Daily19911213, 12 29.

[3] Putin. Collected works of Putin [m]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 2002.

[4] Comrade Jiang Zemin's speech at Moscow University: * * Create a bright future for Sino-Russian relations. Xinhua News Agency, Moscow, July 200 1, 17.

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