Health education knowledge of pulmonary tuberculosis

Introduction: Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can invade many organs, and pulmonary tuberculosis infection is the most common. Bacteria dischargers are an important source of infection. The following is the content of tuberculosis health education knowledge, welcome to read! Knowledge of tuberculosis health education

Tuberculosis is still a major infectious disease that seriously endangers human health in this century, and it is also one of the major diseases under key control in China. One third of the people in the world (about 2 billion) have been infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

source of infection: the source of infection of tuberculosis is mainly the patients with secondary tuberculosis. Because Mycobacterium tuberculosis is mainly spread with the excretion of sputum, patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum are contagious. The infectivity depends on the amount of bacteria in sputum.

route of infection: mainly through coughing, sneezing, laughing, talking loudly, etc., the sputum containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis is discharged into the air and spread. Droplet transmission is the most important transmission route of tuberculosis.

susceptible groups: infants, the elderly, HIV-infected people, immunosuppressant users and patients with chronic diseases are all susceptible groups of tuberculosis.

Clinical symptoms: respiratory symptoms: cough, expectoration, chest pain, hemoptysis and dyspnea; General symptoms: fever, fatigue, irregular menstruation, weight loss, loss of appetite, night sweats.

medical advice: when the above symptoms appear, you should go to the hospital immediately. Sputum examination and chest imaging examination were performed.

treatment principle: early, combined, adequate, regular, whole course, supervised treatment. You should stay in bed in the acute stage. Patients with hemoptysis should lie on the affected side with their heads down. When hemoptysis occurs, the head is lower than the chest position, so that blood can flow out of the mouth to prevent suffocation. When sleeping, they should lie on their side with the affected lung at the lower position to prevent blood flow and block the good lung.

Special medical advice:

Pay attention to rest and avoid heavy physical labor. Generally, rest for 3-6 months to avoid catching cold and prevent colds.

increase nutrition, such as eating animal and plant proteins and vegetables and fruits rich in vitamins. No smoking, no alcohol. Diabetic patients are on a diabetic diet.

During illness, share meals and rooms with your family as much as possible, and consciously develop a good habit of not spitting, not coughing in front of people, and avoid activities in crowded collective places. Rooms often open windows for ventilation, bedding and other items, should often be exposed to the sun.

Pay attention to the side effects of taking anti-tuberculosis drugs. If nausea, vomiting, rash, numbness of lips, tinnitus, blurred vision and other symptoms appear after taking the medicine, you should report to the attending doctor in time, treat the symptoms under the guidance of the doctor, or replace or stop using a certain medicine.

All children need to be vaccinated with BCG. ? Visit the hospital regularly, and free of charge for major imaging, sputum examination and anti-tuberculosis drugs. Health education for tuberculosis patients

1. Transmission route:

The main infectious source of tuberculosis is the tuberculosis patients who excrete bacteria (mycobacterium tuberculosis was found in sputum). Is it positive? Without knowing it, active tuberculosis patients at the peak of infection < P > spread tuberculosis to the surrounding population, which increased the incidence rate. Cough is the main route of transmission of tuberculosis. When coughing, sneezing or spitting on the ground, spray droplets and sputum with tuberculosis bacteria, and get sick after being inhaled by susceptible people. Therefore, patients should not spit everywhere, cover their nose and mouth lightly when coughing or sneezing, and develop good hygienic living habits.

2. Diet, daily life and behavior guidance:

There are no other contraindications except for other diseases such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes. Nutrients needed by human body, such as protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins and minerals, are all needed by tuberculosis patients. Protein, in particular, can improve the body's resistance to diseases, and has the functions of proliferation and cell repair. Eat more high-protein foods such as fish, lean meat, eggs, milk and bean products < P > Diet should pay attention to:

(1) Tuberculosis patients should reduce spicy, salty and irritating foods, reduce respiratory tract irritation and prevent cough.

(2) Patients with tuberculosis and high fever should be encouraged to drink more water and give high-calorie semi-liquid or liquid diet.

(3) Patients with tuberculosis complicated with pleurisy should be given a high-protein and high-calorie diet.

(4) For patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with hemoptysis, the temperature of drinking water and diet should not be too high.

Rest should be paid attention to:

(1) Rest is one of the methods to treat tuberculosis. Before the advent of anti-tuberculosis drugs, many tuberculosis patients were cured by adequate rest.

(2) Rest can reduce physical exertion, reduce lung activity, and prolong the time for drugs to remain in the lesion, so as to facilitate the repair of the lesion tissue and promote the cure of the disease.

(3) The degree of rest depends on the illness. When the symptoms of acute progress, poisoning are obvious or complicated with hemoptysis, you should definitely stay in bed. When the illness is mild and the symptoms are few, you should also pay attention to rest, sleep for no less than 1 hours every day, and live regularly, otherwise the illness will easily recur.

(4) general principle: take regular rest, exercise moderately, and do not overdo it.

Attention should be paid to behavioral life:

(1) It is not advisable to read too much books and newspapers during bed rest to reduce mental consumption; Get up properly after the symptoms are relieved; After the symptoms disappear and the condition is obviously improved, you can take appropriate indoor activities and walks, step by step, and you can't be too hasty.

(2) Pay attention to the weather changes in outdoor activities, and keep warm in winter to prevent colds.

(3) Always open the window for ventilation and change underwear frequently. The patient's bedding and other items should be exposed to the sun.

(4) Don't go to crowded, crowded, dusty and exhaust places to avoid irritating the respiratory tract, aggravating symptoms or causing respiratory complications.

(5) Smoking is strictly prohibited for tuberculosis patients. , affecting the cure of pulmonary tuberculosis and delaying the course of the disease.

(6) No drinking. Alcohol can aggravate the liver damage caused by drugs, dilate blood vessels and may induce hemoptysis.

(7) Cover your nose and mouth with a handkerchief or hand when coughing or sneezing, and don't sleep with infants.

(8) Tableware should be hygienic and disinfected frequently. It's best to have a separate meal system for special use.

III. Guidance on medication:

(1) Take the medicine regularly during the whole course of treatment (generally 9 months) according to the doctor's advice. When to stop taking drugs should be decided by the doctor according to the condition, chest X-ray and sputum examination results

(2) Anti-tuberculosis drugs should be taken once a day; Rifampicin is best taken on an empty stomach in the morning.

(3) It is normal that urine turns orange after taking rifampicin. If you have nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, discomfort in the liver area, tinnitus, hard of hearing, numbness around the mouth and abnormal vision, you should inform your doctor in time.

(4) Side effects of antituberculosis drugs: isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and p-aminosalicylic acid are toxic to the liver; Pyrazine amide can cause joint pain and gastrointestinal reaction; Ethambutol can cause visual impairment;

　（5） ? Observe the side effects of drugs: in use, we should closely cooperate with doctors, reflect the situation in time, and deal with the side effects in time and effectively according to the opinions of doctors to ensure the completion of treatment and cure. Never stop taking drugs or change the dosage casually.

　（6） ? The principle of tuberculosis chemotherapy is "early, combined, moderate, regular and whole course".

Fourth, isolation knowledge:

During the uncontrolled period, patients should not exchange visits to wards and try not to go out in public places. Pulmonary tuberculosis is transmitted by respiratory tract. Open doors and windows for ventilation 2~3 times a day for 3 min each time to keep the indoor air fresh. Indoor ultraviolet radiation disinfection twice a day for 1 h, tell patients not to spit everywhere, bedding should be exposed to the sun often, because tuberculosis bacteria can be killed in 2~4 h in the sun. Patients with positive tuberculosis in sputum should be equipped with special appliances and disinfected regularly. . Patients should be allowed to live alone. If there are no conditions, they should be separated from each other. It is forbidden to share the same bed. Children under the age of 15 and elderly people over the age of 7 should live in separate rooms with patients. Try to make sure that patients don't eat at the same table as their families.

caregivers should wear masks, and the masks should be soaked and disinfected every day, and chest X-rays should be taken regularly. If the patient has low fever in the afternoon, general weakness, chest tightness, cough, When symptoms such as loss of appetite, night sweats and emaciation occur, see a doctor in time. Promote the importance of sputum to patients. First of all, instruct them to take sputum samples correctly. When taking samples, they should gargle first after getting up in the morning, then take a deep breath, cough hard, and cough up sputum in the deep part of the airway, instead of mixing saliva and mouthwash.

v.? First-aid knowledge:

If the patient has difficulty breathing and chest tightness, he should take a semi-recumbent position immediately, and take oxygen immediately when there is oxygen beside the bed. When hemoptysis, take your head low and your feet high, cough up the hemoptysis as gently as possible, don't hold your breath to keep the respiratory tract unobstructed, and immediately call the medical staff with the bedside pager. To keep the stool unobstructed, patients with spontaneous pneumothorax, hemoptysis and heart disease are forbidden to use force when defecating, so as to avoid massive hemoptysis or sudden cardiac death.

6.? Vaccination with BCG:

BCG is a non-pathogenic live vaccine. Inoculation can make people infected with tuberculosis gain specific immunity to tuberculosis, and the protection rate is about 8%, which can last for 5-1 years. Therefore, those who turn negative in tuberculin test need to be replanted after several years.

VII. Discharge instruction:

Besides educating patients about psychology, diet, environment, etc., we should also give guidance in the following aspects:

(1) Medication: Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis should take medicine on time and in quantity after discharge, which is the key to the treatment of the disease. Insufficient or missed medication can not achieve the therapeutic effect, and it can also lead to drug resistance and recurrence. You can increase the dosage at will.

(2) Regular check-up: Patients must come to the hospital for check-up on time according to the doctor's requirements. If they have loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, discomfort in the liver area, itchy skin, etc., they should go back to the hospital for check-up in time.