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Wen Yuan Lion Forest Site in Yuanmingyuan, Beijing

Chengde mountain resort Shizilin Site

Shizi forest garden

Fan organization lion forest

brief introduction

Lion Forest (Lion Forest Garden)

Lion Forest generally refers to the lion forest in Suzhou gardens, and there are replicas in Yuanmingyuan and chengde mountain resort.

Wen Yuan Lion Forest Site in Yuanmingyuan, Beijing

Category culture website

It was built in the early 1990s in 1747 (the twelfth year of Qianlong) and was fully completed in 1772 (the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong).

Cultural relics originally belonged to Yuanmingyuan garden buildings.

brief introduction

Located on the north bank of East Lake in Changchun Garden. The Congfang Pavilion in the west of this scene was built in the 12th year of Qianlong (AD 1747). After Qianlong visited Suzhou, in the 31st year of Qianlong (A.D. 1767), a lion forest was built in its east, modeled after Suzhou with the same name. Eight views were built first, then eight views, and *** 16 views formed a number of unique small garden scenic spots. The rockery in the park is rugged, and the architecture is exquisite and exquisite, which is quite like the lion forest map written by Ni Zan, a great painter in Yuan Dynasty, and a private garden in the south of the Yangtze River. There are more than 10 pavilions and more than 100 rooms, especially the stacked stones, and the rock experts from Suzhou are specially called to stack them. Emperor Qianlong wrote "Sixteen Scenes of Lion Forest" for ten times (Lion Forest, Hongqiao, Rockery, Najingtang, Qingxin Pavilion, Pot, Lamp Road, Zhanfeng Pavilion, Qingshuzhai, Xiaoxiang Building, Tan Zhen Bookstore, Yanjing Building, Painting Academy, Yunlin Grottoes, Hengbixuan and Watergate), and wrote quite a few poems.

Main relics

After the Changchun Garden was stolen, the scene was lost and the lake stone was separated from the stone carving. 1994, the waterfront foundation site and river course of Shizilin site were partially cleaned, and three stone archways of Hongqiao, Shuiguan and Shuimen were excavated and repaired, and 32 imperial pens and poems were restored to protect Qianlong. At present, there are three-character steles of "Lion Forest" and stone carvings of poems of "Lion Forest" in Qianlong. 10 The title of "Hongqiao" in the Qianlong period of this scenic spot has been reset. There is a water gate at the junction of the northern part of the Lion Forest Scenic Area Group and the West Tower. The arch stone of Watergate is engraved with Qianlong Imperial Inscription 10, which has also been reset. In addition, Daoguang Imperial Pencil Carved Stone is now in the Yuanmingyuan Exhibition Hall.

Chengde mountain resort Shizilin Site

Category culture website

It was built in the 16th year of Qianlong (AD 175 1).

The cultural relics originally belonged to chengde mountain resort Landscape Architecture.

brief introduction

Lion Forest in Wen Yuan, chengde mountain resort, was built in an open space on the south bank of Jinghu Lake, facing Yinhu Lake, Shanghu Lake and Xiahu Lake in the west and south respectively. It is composed of three independent courtyards with their own characteristics, with strong contrast. The entrance of the First Hospital has extremely correct layout and clear central axis; The East House and Westinghouse are water-based gardens and rock-based lion forests, which were built by imitating the painting Zen Temple designed by Ni Yunlin and Zhu Derun in the Yuan Dynasty (called "Lion Forest"). The building axis in the park is tall and straight, the water covered bridges are vertical and horizontal, the lion forest is covered with mountains and rocks, the roads are winding, the pavilion is built on the top of the mountain, and the pavilion is built in the middle, which is quiet and suitable for rest. It will be even more interesting for the Lion Forest in Nanyuan if the East House and Westinghouse are merged and borrowed from each other when they return to work.

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Shizi forest garden

Category culture website

It was built in the early Yuan Dynasty to Zheng Zheng in the second year (A.D. 1342), and finally rebuilt in 19 17- 1926.

Cultural relics originally belonged to Suzhou gardens.

brief introduction

Lion Grove is one of the four famous gardens in Suzhou with a history of more than 650 years. Located in Huayuan Road in the northeast of Suzhou. In the second year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1342), monk Tian Ru built an authentic Bodaiji in memory of monk Zhongfeng. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, a disciple of Wei Ze, a Buddhist monk, "invested at the same rate to buy land and build a house and live with his teacher." Because "the forest is full of bamboo, and there are many strange stones under the bamboo, which are like lions"; Since Zen master Zhongfeng once advocated the Lion Mountain in Tianmu Mountain and took the meaning of "lion roar" from Buddhist books, it was renamed Lion Forest. In the sixth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1373), a 73-year-old great painter Ni Zan (Yunlin) passed by Suzhou, participated in gardening and painted poems (with a picture of the Lion Forest attached), which made the Lion Forest famous and became a scenic spot for Buddhists to give lectures and literati to paint poems. In the early Qing dynasty, the temple garden became private property, isolated from the temple, and named Sheyuan, also known as Wusong Garden. 19 17 was bought by the pigment comprador Bei Runsheng. After nine years of construction and expansion, it is still named Lion Forest (the eastern part of the garden is the Beijia ancestral hall, ethnology and residence). Due to the ups and downs of forest gardens, the separation and combination of temples, gardens and houses, and the integration of traditional gardening techniques and Buddhist thoughts, the modern Bayes family introduced western gardening techniques and family temples into the garden, making it a temple garden integrating Zen principles and garden pleasure.

Lion Forest is a rectangle slightly wider from east to west, with an area of 1. 1 hectare and an open area of 0.88 hectares. It is mountainous in the southeast and watery in the northwest, surrounded by high walls and deep houses and winding corridors. With the central pool as the center, it is built on mountains, with flowers and trees, small bridges and flowing water, pavilions and pavilions, which makes the whole park compact and full of the artistic conception of "standing in the mountains". Lion Forest has not only pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions, halls and corridors of Suzhou classical gardens, but also is famous for its grotesque rocks and deep caves, and is known as the "rockery kingdom". There are many rockeries in the Lion Forest, which are exquisitely carved, with lakes and mountains, staggered caves and valleys and twists and turns, and are called "Eighteen Scenes of Taoyuan". There are many strange peaks and rocks at the top of the cave, all of which are like lions dancing. There are many famous peaks, such as Hu Hui, Tuyue, Yuxuan and Angxia, among which Lion Peak is the first. The buildings in the park are mainly misty rain hall, followed by a small square hall with a snow hall. To the west, you can reach Bai Xuan, a two-story attic with exquisite Gao Shuang. To the west of Bai Xuan is the ancient Wusong Garden. The southwest corner is Jianshan Building. From Jianshan Building to the west, you can go to Lotus Hall. In the northwest of the hall, there is a really interesting pavilion next to the pool. The pavilion is beautifully decorated with seaweed and lifelike flowers. There are two stone boats beside the pavilion. On the shore of the stone boat is a building with faint fragrance and light shadow. From here, turn south along the corridor and you can reach the waterfall pavilion, which is the highest place in the whole park. The scenic center in the west of the park is Mei Wenting, and in front is Shuangxian Lane Pavilion. Shuangxiangxian Pavilion goes south to east, with a fan pavilion in the southwest corner and a small courtyard behind it, which is fresh and elegant.

Get a name

This garden was built in Yuan to two years (A.D. 1342) by the disciples of Zen Master Wei Ze Tianru for his teacher. Originally named "Lion Forest Temple", it was later renamed "Bodhi Zhenzong Temple" and "Shenen Temple". Historically, at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Wei Ze, a disciple of Tian Ru, a famous monk, "invested at the same speed to buy land and build a house to live in his teacher". Because there are many bamboos in the garden, there are many strange stones under them, which are like lions, and because the sky is like a Zen master, we can learn from the Lion Mountain in Tianmu Mountain, Zhejiang Province. In order to commemorate the relationship between Buddhism and its disciples, it was named "Lion Forest" and "Lion Forest" after taking the meaning of Leo in Buddhist scriptures. However, he once wrote the poem "Fourteen Scenes of Lion Grove", which described the scenery and life scenes at that time.

Horticultural Technology

Although the lion forest is not high, it is surrounded by caves and valleys. Although the chiseled pool is not deep, it has twists and turns, deep levels, waterfalls and flowing springs hidden among flowers and trees, amazing ancient and famous trees, exquisite halls and pavilions, and it is worthy of being a famous garden in Wuzhong. Most of the ancient buildings in Lion Forest retain the style of Yuan Dynasty, which is a masterpiece of Yuan Dynasty gardens. The garden wins with stacked stones, the caves and valleys turn around, strange stones stand everywhere, and the pools linger. There are Bai Xuan, Zhenqu Pavilion, Meiwen Pavilion, Stone Boat and Sleeping Cloud Room. The main hall, Yanyutang, is a typical Yuanyang Hall with exquisite structure and gorgeous furnishings. It refers to Bai Xuan, with rockery in the south and small pond in the next, and the cypress is vigorous, as shown in the figure; Looking at the mountain building, you can see the peaks and mountains like a sea of clouds; Carve the Lotus Hall; Wusongyuan courtyard is elegant; The pavilion in the lake, the fragrance building and the mystery pavilion have their own characteristics and attract people to watch. There are long corridors around the park, with complicated flower walls and leaking windows. There are more than 70 famous calligraphy steles here, which are world-renowned so far.

1. Architectural layout

The building can be divided into three parts: ancestral hall, residence and garden. The entrance to the garden used to be the Bayesian Ancestral Hall, with a hard mountain hall, a deep eaves hall, dim lights and a solemn atmosphere. The residential area, represented by Yanyutang, is the main hall of the whole park. The building is spacious and magnificent, with elegant and luxurious furnishings in the hall. There are four small gardens along the north axis of the main hall. Yanyutang takes white, purple magnolia and peony terrace as the spring garden, which is cordial and lively. Two cherry blossoms are planted in the garden of Bei Tang. Add more springs. A small square hall is a style that is surrounded by mountains and waters. The empty windows on the east and west sides of the hall, together with Chimonanthus praecox, Bambusa Fukuda and Shifeng, form a picture of "Cold Plum" and a picture of "Bamboo Stone", just like a silent poem, which enlivens the small square hall. The leaky windows in the Lion Forest have various forms and exquisite workmanship, especially the four leaky windows of Qin, Chess, Book and Painting behind the Nine Stone Peaks and the clay sculptures with the theme of natural flowers on the walls around Zhibaixuan. The ingenious use of empty windows and doorways is typical of these two framed views in the small square hall and the begonia-shaped doorways in the courtyard of Jiushifeng. Jiushifeng is the main view, and two and a half pavilions are set up in the east and west respectively, which set each other off in an interesting way and highlight the stone peak. Further north, there is a small courtyard, a boxwood terrace and a winding corridor, which is quiet and elegant. This technique of introducing and spreading layer by layer through the courtyard enriches the spatial changes and expands the depth of field, which has played an excellent role in paving the way for the main garden. The Lotus Hall and Zhenqu Pavilion in the main garden are built by the water, and the wooden ornaments are beautifully carved. The stone ship is a concrete structure, but it is small in shape and suitable in volume. The fragrance building is not a building, but the upstairs corridor can reach the rockery, and the design is quite ingenious. Waterfall Pavilion, Wenmei Pavilion and Li Xuetang echo waterfalls, cold plums and bamboo cultivation, and the theme metaphor is memorable. Fan Pavilion, Wen Tian 'an Monument Pavilion and Royal Monument Pavilion run through a long corridor, breaking the sense of straightness and loftiness of the south wall. The buildings in the main garden are mainly distributed in the north, with various forms. However, due to the different construction years and Bayes' different understanding of the garden during reconstruction, the dry boat is too realistic in the use of building materials and the floor area ratio, and the scale of Wenmei Pavilion is too large. Seeing the gable architecture with the combination of Chinese and western styles, and even the concrete hexagonal pavilion, the architectural style is not uniform enough.

When you enter the courtyard, you will see exquisite stalagmites, stone peaks, clustered peonies and magnolia trees, which are in harmony with the side window on the back of the Li Xuetang, making the frame view more complete and forming a visual aesthetic feeling before entering the courtyard, and at the same time implying "Jade Hall is rich". And it has the meaning of hiding from the outside, but the depth of field is far away. To the north of the courtyard is the main building, Yuanyang Hall. The name of Nantang is "Yanyutang", which comes from the Book of Songs, meaning that a famous aristocrat values leisure and happiness. Yanyutang is the main hall of the whole park, spacious and magnificent. There are brick plaques on the door of the hall, such as "winning", "attracting secluded places", "listening to incense", "reading pictures", "observing secluded places" and "winning rewards". The North Hall is called "Baguio Pavilion", which comes from a poem by Ni Yunlin, a painter in the Yuan Dynasty. "Green water" refers to water, and "Green Yao" refers to rockery. On the south side of the screen in the nave, the story of rebuilding the lion forest is engraved, describing the process of rebuilding the lion forest between Bayes1917-1926. North carved lion forest map, temple peak cypress, waterfall building. The furnishings in the hall are exquisite and luxurious. The west side of the front porch of the hall can enter the "Li Xue Hall", and the west side of the back porch opens the door to enter the rockery cave and enter the "Sleeping Cloud Hall". There is a small square hall in the back, which is called "going to the park for fun", and there is a door to climb the rockery on the west side. With Yuanyang Temple as the center, the layout facing all directions is quite ingenious. There are brick carvings of "Xi Road" and "Anyin" in front of the main hall. The lake stones, flower beds and small trees in the yard form a scene. Through the small square hall, you can see the magnificent giant peak on the flower platform in the courtyard, which is composed of nine lions with different postures. The leaking windows on the wall of Fengbei Courtyard have different frame shapes, and the patterns of piano, chess, calligraphy and painting are inserted separately, which is smooth and lively. To the west, you can reach Bai Xuan, a two-story attic with exquisite Gao Shuang. The ancient Wusong Garden is located in the west of Xuancheng, separated by a bamboo garden. There are five old pine trees in the park, which are covered with frost and flourish, so the lion forest was once called Wusong Garden. Turn south to the waterfall pavilion. This is the highest place in the whole park. The lake stones are stacked in three stacks, facing the abyss below. There is water on it. Turn on the power button and it is an artificial waterfall.

2. Mountain piling and water resources management

Suzhou Garden is a south of the Yangtze River; Lion forest rockery maze garden. Lion Forest is famous for its rockery, covering an area of about 0. 15 hectares. It can be said that the Lion Forest rockery is the only remaining large rockery in China gardens, which has important historical and artistic value. The rockeries in the lion forest are undulating, magnificent and beautifully carved. The rockery formation has nine routes, 2 1 hole. The horizontal direction is extremely tortuous, and the vertical direction strives for cyclical ups and downs. Tourists pass through the hole and hover around, sometimes reaching the top and sometimes sinking to the bottom, looking up at the mountains and overlooking the hillside, like entering the mountains. The grottoes are mysterious, open and bright, deep and uneven, flat or narrow, which brings a mysterious and confusing taste to tourists. "On the other side of the stone potential Yin, suddenly look back. If you wear a zigzag bead, it will be embedded. Like every octagon, the change of shape is infinite. Therefore, I forget the Tao, and the new technique is fascinated by the west. When the companions dispersed, the sound was lost. It is a true portrayal of "I am in the same city as human nature, and I am suspicious in Qian Shan" that the lion forest changes the pulse of the earth and is wonderfully superior to nature.

The rockery in the lion forest simulates the human body, lion shape and animal image related to Buddhist stories, so as to achieve the purpose of rendering the Buddhist atmosphere. This practice has been misused by later generations, and it has evolved into a pleasure of establishing animal images, which has led to some poor works and made some landscape experts think that the techniques and effects of overlapping mountains in the East are unnatural. Its cave practice is not entirely based on natural caves, but uses maze practice, which is connected by winding and intricate caves to increase the interest of tourists, so it is more appropriate to summarize its mountains with the words "love" and "interest". The stacked mountains in the east of the park are all made of lake stones, which are abstracted and exaggerated with the mimicry of Buddhist scriptures Leo, forming a "rockery kingdom" with rocky peaks and access to them. The mountain is divided into upper, middle and lower layers, with 2/kloc-0 caves and 9 winding paths. The cliffs and gullies are winding and the peaks are undulating, so it is fun for tourists to walk in them, such as entering a maze. The stone peaks on the top of the mountain are all kinds of peaks, such as "containing light", "spitting Dan", "standing upright" and "lion", each with its own expression and strange shape, which makes people think. The ancient cypresses and Gu Song branches on the mountain are vigorous, which adds to the wild interest in the mountains. There is a long and narrow stream on the west side of this rockery, which divides the mountain in two. The bamboo pavilion was built and repaired across the stream. The pavilion imitates the shape of a natural cave and connects the rockery into a whole. This technology is unique. There are waterfalls, dry streams and stone streams in the mountains in the west and south of the park, which are naturally combined with buildings, walls and water surfaces, and are matched with plants such as Magnolia grandiflora, Cinnamomum camphora and bamboo to form a natural picture scroll, so that tourists can experience the Zen meaning of "being suitable for forest interest and being outside things" while enjoying the garden and scenery.

There are several points of water accumulation in the park. A pavilion stands in the center of the aggregate main pool, and the curved bridge is connected with the pavilion, which seems to be separated and combined. Red scales jump into the water, green willows brush the water, and clouds float. It's really "half an acre of square pond is like a mirror, full of clouds and shadows." The treatment of water source is unique. Deep in the rockery to the west of the park, the rocks are cliff-like. A clear spring flows down lake rocks, such as Qinming Valley, which is crisp and pleasant, forming a striking artificial waterfall in Suzhou classical gardens. The park is rich in water features, with streams and springs flowing, winding between caves and valleys, looming among trees and hidden in caves and rocks, with profound changes and rich twists and turns.

3. Factory configuration

The key point of Suzhou garden plant allocation is mainly deciduous trees, supplemented by evergreen trees. With bamboo, banana, vines and grass flowers as decorations, through solitary planting and cluster planting, according to the composition principle of painting, flowers and trees with sparse branches and leaves, delicate figure and elegant colors are selected for planting, so that trees become not only the material for landscaping, but also the theme for viewing. The planting of many trees echoes with garden buildings, poems and plaques, and people's allusions, which is a metaphor for vegetation. The plant layout of the lion forest is also in accordance with this principle. The eastern fake mountain areas are dominated by cypress and Pinus bungeana, while the western and southern mountain areas are dominated by plum, bamboo and ginkgo. The arrangement of flowers, trees, flowers and trees with good colors and smells not only adds to the gloomy atmosphere in Lin Musen. It also integrates rocks, buildings and trees into a real "urban mountain forest". Refers to the rockery in front of Bai Xuan, where there are several Yuan Dynasty cypresses and five white pines, which are vigorous and picturesque. You can see three or five plums in Dimfragrance House and Meiwenting. Shadow oblique, fragrance floating. In particular, the ceilings of the tables and chairs in Meguiar are all plum blossom-shaped, and the window patterns are all ice plum blossom patterns. The content of calligraphy and painting is also related to plum blossoms, which together with the "curling" ancient well on the ground constitute a picture of homesickness. There is even a style of "plum blossom poem": "quiet and empty, elegant body; Who remembers the spring scenery, plum blossoms in a bottle ",in the words of Mei Yonghuai, reflects Tian Wen's noble sentiments of integrity and integrity. There is a 600-year-old ginkgo tree among the rocks, thick and dry, intricately entrenched in the cracks of the rocks, and shaded by the sun in summer. Autumn leaves, such as brocade, become a scene in the lion forest.

On May 25th, 2006, Lion Forest, as an ancient building in Yuan Dynasty, was approved by the State Council to be included in the sixth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

Related praise

According to historical records, after Emperor Kangxi's southern tour and Lion Grove gave the Lion Grove Temple in February 1703, Emperor Qianlong visited the Lion Grove for six times, and successively gave plaques such as "Mirror and Wisdom Round Photo", "Painting Zen Temple" and the existing "True Interest". Qianlong also ordered the imitation of two lion forests in Yuanmingyuan and chengde mountain resort. It can be seen that the emperor has a special liking for the lion forest.

Yu Yue, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, praised the Lion Forest for "five disasters but not enough, nine upstream and downstream but not all". Scout, a contemporary landscape expert, commented on the rockery in Lion Forest as "winding, winding and as confusing as palindrome".

Shizi forest

Garden Road in Loumennei, located in the northeast of Suzhou City, was built in the Yuan Dynasty and is the representative of gardens in the Yuan Dynasty. There are rockeries all over the park, surrounded by long corridors, towers looming, winding paths leading to a secluded place, and there is always a feeling of confusion. The wall of the corridor is embedded with calligraphy plaques of four famous Song Dynasty artists, Su Shi, Mi Fei, Huang Tingjian and Cai Xiang, and inscriptions of plum blossom poems by Wen Tianxiang in the Southern Song Dynasty. Lion Grove used to be the back garden of Bodaiji. In 65438, Buddhist monk Tian Ru came to Suzhou to give a lecture, which was well received by his disciples. The following year (the last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty went from Shun Di to Zheng Zheng), disciples bought land and houses to build a Zen forest for Jackson Tian Ru. Zen master Tian Ru learned his method from Lion Mountain in West Tianmu Mountain, Zhejiang Province. In memory of his master, he named it "Lion Forest". It is also named after the word "lion roar" in Buddhist books. Many rockeries are shaped like lions.

After the completion of the park, many poets and painters came here to participate in meditation, and their poems and paintings were included in the Collection of Records of the Lion Forest. After the death of the Zen master, the disciples dispersed and the temple garden gradually became barren. In the seventeenth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1589), a monk surnamed Ming was entrusted with a bowl because of Chang 'an, and the Sheng 'en Temple and Buddhist Temple in Lion Forest were rebuilt, reappearing the prosperous scene. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, the temple was separated from the garden, and was later bought by Huang Zhi's father, Huang Xingzu, the magistrate of Hengzhou, and named as "Sheyuan". 1703,1/kloc-0 In February, the Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty visited the Lion Forest for six times, and successively presented plaques such as "Mirror Wisdom Round Photo", "Painting Zen Temple" and the existing "True Interest". In the thirty-sixth year of Qingganlong (A.D. 177 1), he was the top high school student in Xi Hunag. He refined his mansion and reorganized his courtyard, and named it "Wusongyuan". By the middle of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, the Huang family had declined and the garden had fallen, but the rockery was still there.

Lion Forest is rectangular in plane, with an area of about 10000 square meters. It is one of the representatives of Suzhou classical gardens, with the largest existing ancient rockery group in China and the reputation of rockery kingdom. Rockery twists and turns inside and outside, through the valley, into the maze, within reach. Only by walking along the mountain road can you get out of the hole. Looking up at the mountains and overlooking the surrounding hillsides and valleys is like entering the mountains, which is trance-like. Because it used to be the garden behind the temple, the lion forest rockery is a symbol of Buddha, which can't be compared with ordinary rockery. There are ethereal twists and turns on the mountainside, just like a labyrinth of caves, symbolizing the boundless magic of the Buddha.

There are many beautiful rockeries with lakes and stones in the lion forest, and the buildings are scattered. The highest peak in the park is Lion Peak, and there are other famous peaks such as "Containing Light" and "Spitting the Moon". There are many bamboos in the garden, and the abbot built a Zen nest with bamboo, and built "Juan Dan", "Fish Sword Pool" and "Little Flying Rainbow (Bridge)". The main buildings are Li Xuetang, Yanyutang, Woyunshi, Jianshanlou, Zhibaixuan, Waterfall Pavilion, Zhenqu Pavilion and Wenmei Pavilion.

Lion Forest has a distinctive theme, rich depth of field and distinctive personality. The fake caves are ingenious, superb and unique, and have a unique charm of being surrounded by trees and grass. The long corridor in the park runs through all around, and the walls of the corridor are embedded with book strips and stone carvings, all of which are masterpieces of famous calligraphy.

In A.D. 19 17, Bei Runsheng, the paint king of Shanghai (the great-uncle of the world-famous architect I.M. Pei) bought the Lion Forest from Li Zhongyu, the chief civil administrator, and spent 800,000 silver dollars to renovate it, adding some scenic spots and naming it "Lion Forest". Lion Forest was crowned Suzhou City for a while. Bei Runsheng was ready to open, but it was not opened because of the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. After the death of Bei Runsheng in A.D. 1945, the Lion Forest was managed by Sun Beihuanzhang. After liberation, the descendants of Bayes donated the garden to the country, and Suzhou Garden Management Office took over the renovation and opened it to the public in 1954.