Please give me the methods and key points for writing narratives (with corresponding examples)

[Narrative writing method]

⒈Write clearly.

To write clearly, you must first "see clearly" and "think clearly". To see clearly means to be able to feel things strongly and leave a complete, clear and specific impression of what you have experienced. To think clearly means to be able to sort out the internal connections between the occurrence, development and outcome of things in your mind. First of all, you must think clearly about the theme of the article, and secondly, you must think clearly about the details of the narrative, the order and clues of the narrative, etc.

⒉Be specific.

A common mistake in writing narratives is that the content is empty and general. To overcome this problem, we must first solve the problem of material sources. On this basis, we should train to replace abstract language with precise language and use modifiers. Rhetorical devices such as metaphors and metaphors can express the content appropriately, and use appropriate details to describe the thoughts or impressions you want to emphasize. You can make the narrative more specific.

The description in the narrative must be consistent with the reality of life, and cannot be distorted or exaggerated.

⒊Appropriate use of discussion and emotion.

Good use of argumentation and lyricism in narratives can deepen the theme, enhance the appeal of the article, and play the role of "drawing the light on the details". Take the 1994 college entrance examination essay "Try" as an example. There are many well-written narratives in it.

Example 1: A classmate wrote about how she first submitted articles to newspapers and magazines again and again, “Gradually I came to understand that life is about trying and exploring again and again, leaving a legacy in every corner of the world. We stopped and chased.”

Example 2: Another classmate wrote that he made a pine bonsai by himself, and during the process of making it, he suddenly realized that “this is such a despicable and selfish attempt.” "Although the pine tree is small, it still has the character of a green pine. Now, bound by the iron wire, it has bent its body, but it is conceivable that its soul will not surrender."

These two articles A good composition lies in its ability to appropriately use argumentation and lyricism in the narrative to reveal the profound philosophy contained in ordinary materials.

[Key points of narrative writing]

1. It is necessary to clarify the six elements of narrative:

Character, time, place, beginning, development, climax

These elements must be fully reflected in the article. Whether it is a narrative about a person or a narrative about events, it is required that you pay attention to using the six elements to express the thoughts and emotions you want to express when writing.

1. Characters are an important part of narratives that express the author's emotions. Even narratives that write about events must rely on characters to express the theme. Therefore, it is particularly critical to describe the characters in the work.

There are mainly the following techniques for character description:

① Action description: Let the characters express themselves. The action of writing characters should be carried out with the help of the development of plot and the unfolding of conflicts.

We can use examples from familiar texts or refer to excerpts from some novels to deepen our understanding of the role of action description:

a. "Medicine" writes about the executioner Uncle Kang, Mainly using action descriptions to portray his gangster and reactionary character.

Example: Lao Shuan hurriedly took out the foreign money and wanted to hand it to him tremblingly, but he did not dare to pick it up. The man became anxious and shouted: "What are you afraid of? Why don't you take it?" Lao Shuan was still hesitating, and the black man grabbed the lantern, pulled off the paper cover, wrapped the steamed buns, and stuffed them with Lao Shuan; He grabbed the foreign money, squeezed it, and turned around. Humming in his mouth, he said, "This old guy..." (Greedy side)

"Lao Shuan is just busy. If his son..." Before the hunchbacked fifth young master could finish his words, he suddenly broke into a The man with a sinewy face wore a black shirt with loose buttons and was tied randomly around his waist with a wide black belt. As soon as he entered the door, he shouted to Lao Shuan... (image of a gangster)

b. Similar action descriptions are also fully reflected in Lu Xun's Kong Yiji, which is what we know as "discharging nine cents of money" "One sentence.

A simple verb contains so many connotations! This is also a typical example of abbreviated characters.

② Portrait description:

We can review what Lu Xun said about how to draw eyes. There are three places where his wife Xianglin uses her eyes to speak, thus revealing her life experience and Description of inner emotions.

Let’s change the order of descriptions in the text and experience the unique charm of portrait description in chronological order:

When I first arrived in Lu Town, I was about twenty-six or seventy-seven years old, with a sallow complexion, but Her cheeks were still red. The appearance is still upright, the hands and feet are strong, but it just follows the eyes.

The second time I arrived in Lu Town, I still wore a white tie on my head, a black skirt, a blue jacket, and a moon-white vest. My face was green and yellow, but the blood had disappeared from my cheeks. There were tears, and his eyes were not as energetic as before.

The gray hair that San Zhen had had five years ago is now completely white, completely unlike a person in his forties; his face is thin, yellow with black, and the previous sad look has disappeared. , as if carved from wood; only the eyeballs occasionally circled, which could still indicate that she was a living creature.

Miss Xianglin’s Wife

The three descriptions all reflect the characters’ life situations at different stages. “The eyes are the windows to the soul”, which is right.

The portrait description does not seek physical resemblance but spiritual resemblance. It does not seek to be comprehensive in description, but only seeks to highlight the character's identity and personality.

Example: "Always smiling, with a gentle attitude" appears repeatedly in the article "In Memory of Mr. Liu Hezhen", used to create a beautiful image of Liu Hezhen, and to expose the shameless lies of the Duan government.

"He has a thick black beard, bright eyes, and stubborn hair that stands up in bunches, as if he is confessing his disharmony with the real society."

In the 1990 college entrance examination, the short essay writing required candidates to write a description of a pair of twin sisters. When writing characters, it would not be appropriate to only pay attention to their "same" side, and should be strengthened. To describe their "different" side, for example, you can write that one of them always has two shallow dimples on his face, one's small mouth is always turned up; one's hair is smooth, and one's hair is tied up. The pigtails are raised high...

③Language description: The identity and personality of the character must be grasped through language, which is what we call "personalization of language description". We will definitely remember that greedy miser. His inner monologue of "it's like wiping his own neck" as he regards wealth as his life is probably something that people will never forget.

When we describe the character's language, we should grasp the character's identity, status, age, and personality when writing, otherwise it will be very inconsistent. Language must be expressed appropriately. Jiao Dajue in "A Dream of Red Mansions" cannot express what Lin Daiyu said.

④Psychological description: directly reveals the inner world of the character, but the method of psychological description can be divided into direct description and indirect description, which are roughly as follows:

a. Direct description of psychology. Often expressed as "×× thinks" or "he feels...".

b. Write about psychology with movements and expressions. For example, he was "dragging his legs as heavy as lead." "The mother touched the cold skin of the box with her hand, leaned her elbows on it, and looked at everyone with satisfaction."

c. Environment Write about psychology. For example, "Every time he opened the door, a cloud of cold air blew into his face, which made him feel very refreshed, so she took a deep breath of the cold air."

d. Internal monologue is about psychology. "Is it over?" Mother asked herself. But then he replied tremblingly: "It's probably okay..."

e. You can write about psychology through hallucinations, and you can also write about psychology through dreams. The end of "Blessing": All the doubts from the day to the first night were swept away by the air of blessing. I just felt that the saints of heaven and earth had drunkenly staggered in the air after enjoying the cigarettes, preparing to give to the people of Lu Town. With infinite happiness. The description of the author turning into a bee in "Lychee Honey" also falls into this category.

2. Time and place provide life scenes for character activities and plot development. At the same time, time also plays a role in structuring the article. Generally, narrative writing should be written according to time. It can be divided according to time, and there can be narration. , flashbacks, interludes, supplementary narrations, flat narrations, etc.

Generally speaking, narration is used in writing, but in order to highlight the ending, flashbacks can be used, which can set up suspense.

Narration and supplementary narration often play a role in expanding the content of the article and enriching the expression of the article.

Pingxu was used in "For the Sixty-one Class Brothers" that I have studied.

3. Plot. Plot is the specific development of the complete content of a narrative. It generally consists of beginning, development, climax, and ending. Individual works can have a prologue and an ending.

As the focus of writing, the "development" part and the "climax" part require special attention. The shining point of an article is often reflected there.

The conception of the plot should follow the reality of life and have "the rationality of life." The so-called "rationality of life" means that the content of writing must conform to the reality of life, but we don't have to be too rigid. Learning from Mr. Lu Xun's method of "mixing various things and combining them into one" will make the article more substantial.

The conception of the plot will directly determine the quality of an article, especially a narrative about an event. Of course, a narrative about a person must also reflect the character's personality through an event. This should be considered when designing the structure.

Although composition is not a literary creation, the use of literary expression techniques is indispensable. Narratives should be good at drawing on some expression techniques when writing about people or events. Of course, this is also a concept based on the "reality" of life. .

"Writing seems to look at the mountains but not the plains." How can we write a work with twists and turns?

①Suspense is like plot: The writing should be good at breaking through the dull plot development direction, and the narrative should be good at designing suspense for the display of character. For example, write a short article:

Example: Photography

She has always been smart, but this time she was stumped. Several foreigners wanted to take pictures of her and asked her to maintain the same posture as before: carrying the vegetable basket on her shoulders, bending down to pick up the vegetable skins and rotten leaves on the ground.

The vegetables are your own, but after they are sold out, you pick up the leftover vegetable leaves and feed them to the pigs. What’s so new about this? No photo taken? We farm women don’t understand foreigners’ customs and habits, so don’t offend them. Take a photo? We don’t lack food and clothing. If we take it, wouldn’t it be embarrassing and ugly?

Yes. She turned her body, changed her angle, and quickly assumed the previous posture. But when the foreigners looked at it, they shrugged their shoulders almost at the same time and squeezed out of the crowd of onlookers.

It turned out that she cleverly used the placard behind her - "In public places, consciously pay attention to hygiene."

② The twists and turns method:

If you write a classmate to practice writing and then submit the manuscript, this tentative content can be used to write out the twists and turns. The idea is as follows:

③ Breaking through the conventional method:

When remembering a good deed or writing about a person who did good deeds, we can break through the cliché of writing about good people and good deeds, seeking first and change.

Please write an unconventional composition based on the scenarios provided below:

The icy and snowy road in winter, early morning, Xiaofang going to school, and the old woman buying tofu.

④ O. Henry's writing style:

Even though Soapy's six hard-earned crimes did not allow him to spend the winter in prison as he wished, when he decided to change himself, the police But his hand rested on his shoulder.

⑤Small climax method:

"Necklace":

There can be many types and methods of plot conception, and it also depends on the specific content of the writing.

2. Some issues that need to be paid attention to when writing narratives:

1. The structure of the article must have a clue that governs the whole text. Clues combine all the content in the article and make the article form an organic collective.

There are various contents that can be used as clues, and there are many examples in the articles I have studied:

①Objects are clues: "Medicine" (Human Blood Steamed Buns) "A Bowl of Yangchun" Face"

② Feelings are the clue: "In memory of Mr. Liu Hezhen" (feelings of grief and anger)

③One thing is the clue: "For the sixty-one class brothers" (Looking for and Delivering special medicine)

④One sentence is a clue: "For Premier Zhou's instructions" (Cotton is my life, don't do anything else...)

⑤Travel clues: General This method is commonly used in travel prose.

2. It must have the characteristics of a complex narrative, and fully reflect the characteristics of combining narrative, argumentation, and lyricism. An excellent article should have a certain depth, and this depth is achieved through argumentation and lyricism. .

Narration is the main mode of expression in narratives. Discussion and lyricism sublimate the article on the basis of narrative and play a role in clarifying the main idea. In narrative articles, various expression methods such as narration, discussion, lyricism, and description are often used comprehensively to make the article more literary and artistic.

The six landscape paintings described in Mao Dun's "Landscape Talk" seem to be natural landscapes, but in order to highlight human activities, there are five argumentative sentences behind the six paintings. These sentences are very It has well deepened the purpose of the article, revealed the greatness of mankind layer by layer, and finally concluded that the soldiers and civilians of the liberated areas are the greatest of the greats.

The expression of description must not be ignored. In particular, the role of the environment is diverse, and its role should be realized through clever description of the environment.

The functions of environmental description generally include:

① Set off the atmosphere ② Set off the mood ③ Set off the character ④ Promote the development of the plot ⑤ Point out the main idea

3. Be comprehensive Mobilize a variety of writing techniques, from the depiction of images to the use of language, to reflect certain literary expression skills. Several expression techniques can be used in a work. Let's take "Life Portraits" as an example to talk about the use of writing techniques.

There are many things in life that can give us a sense of freshness. Every day, something happens around us, and some of them are unforgettable in our lives. Please write a narrative article titled "Life Portraits" with no less than 700 words.

①No matter what writing technique is used, "truth" should be the premise.

② There are various writing forms. "Portraits" should not just write about one thing or one person, but should pay attention to the "face" and reflect the universality of things through the "face".

a. Drawing on the subtitle form of "For the Sixty-one Class Brothers", it can be divided into several fragments. For example, in order to write "The Trueness of Mother's Love", we can use the "pear core ratio" The writing of three subtitles, "Pear meat tastes better", "Don't cry, child", and "Mother, you are old", makes the article both independent and organically unified on the thread of "maternal love".

b. Diary style, the most optimized carrier for writing real life records.

A classmate wrote this sentence about his attitude towards life: There will be touches everywhere in life. As long as we are accompanied by touches, none of us are lonely. In this case, life is not just for We ourselves, but belong to everyone who cares about us. Every touch is truth, every touch is love, and every touch is an indispensable note in life. And what reason do we have for not treating life well?

c. Suspenseful opening. To reveal but also hide, pay attention to the word "smart".

Example: "I am his biological son, he is not my biological father." When I was a child, I often said this to myself sadly.

At that time, I hated my father. I didn’t know why he didn’t give me a penny pocket money. I didn’t know why I quarreled with my friends. I was always the one crying in the end. I didn’t know what I did. I made a small mistake, why did my mother always do everything possible to hide it from me? I don’t know why I didn’t even dare to ask for a compliment or even a gentle smile from my biological father?

d. Capture the interest of life and add a little salt to the composition to make it more readable.

Example: One morning at 3:10 in the morning, the bell suddenly rang loudly in the dormitory building. All the students woke up from their dreams and all asked "Why are you so sleepy today?" At three o'clock, everyone fell asleep and the dormitory building became calm again. "Alas! I wonder if the recent erratic weather has caused the school bell to catch a cold?"

e. Philosophical penetration makes the article full of profound meanings.

Example: Life is a movie, a movie with no protagonist but everyone is the protagonist; life is a piece of music, everyone is a beating note, without anyone, the music will not work Beautiful to hear; life is also a chess game, in which everyone is a chess piece. Although each chess piece has a different position, they all play their own role.

Example: Life Portraits

Some people say: "Going to the third year of high school is like going to the 'Mountain of Knives'. In addition to dealing with endless homework every day, you also have to endure psychological 'torture' from time to time." ", but some people say: "The senior year of high school is the most fulfilling and magnificent year in life. All dreams can be realized after this year of hard work." What about the senior year of high school? Is it bitter or tired? Is it fulfillment or pleasure? The life footage below shows you a busy and stressful day of a senior high school student.

Scene 1: "Get up! Get up!" In my mother's shout, which sounded like a Chinese song, I reluctantly got up from the bed. "Not waking up" is probably the first feeling every senior high school student has after waking up, and "sleep deficiency" is probably a common problem among senior high school students. After a "charge", I finally got out of the house. My mother must have breathed a sigh of relief at this time. When I got to the bicycle, I found that I didn't have the keys. Go back and get it? It's too late. I had to hit the "sacred cow" to go to school. It seems that in this world, not only senior high school students wake up early, but there are also people who are running for life. Sitting on the "sacred cow", I really feel a sense of satisfaction.

Shot 2: This is the quietest time in the classroom, and even the "cough" has turned into noise. After a whole morning of "knowledge infusion" from the teacher, the students all needed to "lie down at the table and rest". The words "nap time, please do not disturb" were posted on the door glass, which had a "sacred and inviolable" feel. I lay on the table and "wanted my imagination". I was admitted to the military school and put on a military uniform. My teachers and classmates congratulated me. I saluted them with a serious military salute, but I used my left hand. It was the chemistry teacher's almost angry "come to class" that saved me from the embarrassment.

Scene 3: After dinner, my pent-up nerves really needed a short break. Walking on the Yonglu with my friends, I looked at the dancing figures on the playground and felt envious. A boy walked past me and said to himself: "I haven't played football yet when I was in my third year of high school." "Then he is not as good as me," I thought to myself, "I even played football once - helping others pick up the ball." Ball." I secretly rejoiced, "The sunset is infinitely beautiful, but it's almost dusk." My friend waxed poetic about the falling moon, with melancholy written on his face. "The sunset is for tomorrow's sunrise, just like our current struggle is for the harvest in July!" "In that case, it depends on you..." "But the sunset is infinitely beautiful, so there is no need to be melancholy at dusk. ." We looked at each other and smiled.

"Bell... bell..." The bell for evening self-study rang.

Comments: Finally, candidates should be reminded that narratives should be carefully tailored to make them detailed and appropriate. Do not use pen and ink evenly for two or three things.

Attachment: The silent ending

Huang Huangli, Beining High School, Jinzhou City, Liaoning

The dazzling sunshine poured into the car windows, adding an inexplicable feeling to people of irritability.

On the floor of the carriage, there was a mess of water stains that had been trampled by people. There was a book lying on it, with the cover curling up.

One said: "I gave you the book, but if you didn't pick it up, who would you blame if it dropped?" The other said, "I didn't pick it up yet, and you let go, who would blame me?" The words were repeated on the two people's lips.

Looking sideways, turning around, raising their necks, until they stood up, the attention of everyone in the carriage was all focused on one point. Even those who were playing poker loudly just now held their breaths and raised their eyebrows. Staring. "After watching the show, everyone's journey will no longer be lonely!" Someone shouted wildly. My fellow compatriots, are you too bored?

Neither the flight attendant who sold the books nor the young man who bought the books would give in in full view of the public, but it was hard for anyone to say anything. The woman's eyebrows are still upturned and her almond-shaped eyes are wide-open; the man's veins are still bulging and his eyes are glaring with anger.

Suddenly, a little girl appeared from the seat. She stretched out a pair of white hands from the sleeves of her white dress, picked up the book that fell on the floor, and wiped off the back cover with a handkerchief. stains, flattened the warped book, and put the book back on its seat. She carefully took out the same book she had just bought from her handbag and handed it to the young man who bought the book.

Both parties to the dispute were stunned at the same time. The young man seemed a little embarrassed and hesitated for a moment, but still reached out and took the book.

Suddenly, a pure world settled in the carriage. People could only see the white dress and there was no words in the carriage. There was still bright sunshine outside the car, but it was as soft and colorful as early spring.

[Brief Comment] The article is exquisite, without rhetoric, and interprets a kind of pure and true love in the world in a tense atmosphere, which is natural and fresh. What's more valuable is that the author can combine multiple description methods in a short article: portrait, action, and language description complement each other, direct description is set off by side contrast, and the environment at the beginning and end of the article is highlighted. And the "silent ending" has the effect of "silence is better than sound at this time", which is reasonable.