What happened to the 9 18 incident? Don't copy, just keep it simple.

September 18th Incident (also known as Shenyang Incident; The Japanese Manchuria Incident refers to a military conflict and political event that broke out in the northeast of China in September 193 18. The two sides of the conflict are the Northeast Army of China and the Japanese Kwantung Army.

event

Liutiaohu incident

Main Project: Wicker Lake Incident

1931September 18 In the evening, Company 3, Battalion 2 of the Japanese Kwantung Army Hushitai Independent Garrison left Hushitai Barracks and headed south along the Nanman Railway. At about 22: 20 p.m., a team led by Captain Kawamoto, the detachment leader of Liutiaohu, detonated a small explosive in the Nanman railway section of Liutiaohu, about 7.5 kilometers north of Toyota (now Shenyang), and blew up a short section of the railway. And put the bodies of three China people dressed as soldiers of the Northeast Army on the scene as evidence that the Northeast Army destroyed the railway.

At that time, the Seventh Brigade of the Northeast Army stationed at Peking University Camp was unprepared and caught off guard. However, Zhang Xueliang had instructed the Northeast Army not to resist in advance, and the stationed troops did not fight back violently. Due to the execution of the non-resistance order, more than 10 thousand defenders of Peking University Camp were defeated by the Japanese army with only 500 people.

Major towns in Liaoning and Jilin fell.

When the independent garrison attacked Beiying, the 29th Regiment of the 3rd Brigade of the 2nd Division of Kwantung Army attacked Fengtian City. 19 In the early morning of September 1 9, Commander Benzhong of Kwantung Army ordered the 2nd Division of Liaoyang to reinforce the attack in Mukden. Independently garrison the third battalion to attack Yingkou, and the fourth battalion to attack Fengcheng and Anton (now Dandong); The main force of the 2nd Division and 3rd Brigade, 2nd Regiment of Cavalry, and the independent garrison 1 Battalion respectively attacked Kuanchengzi, Erdaogou and Nanling in Changchun. By September 9 10, the Japanese army had successively captured Toyota, Siping, Yingkou, Fengcheng, Anton and other towns along Nanman Railway and Anfeng Railway (Anton-Toyota) 18. The Northeast Army in Changchun spontaneously counterattacked, and the next day, Changchun fell. On September 2 1 day, Xi·QIA, chief of staff of the office of the deputy commander of the Northeast Border Guard in Jilin Province, led a mutiny, and the main force of the 2nd Japanese Division occupied Jilin.

The urban area of Shenyang occupied by the Japanese army

[Editor] Major towns in Heilongjiang fell.

On June+10/October 1 day, 65438, Zhang Haipeng, the garrison commander of Taonan, Heilongjiang Province, of the Northeast Army, defected to the enemy and sent three regiments to attack Qiqihar on the orders of the Japanese army. 65438+ 10 65438+June at Nenjiang Bridge, repelled by Heilongjiang Defence Force. The defenders bombed Nenjiang Railway Bridge 1, No.2 and No.5 to stop the invasion of Japanese puppet troops. 654381October 26th, the 29th Regiment of the 2nd Division of the Kwantung Army occupied the major towns along the Sitao Railway (Siping-Tao An). 165438+1On October 4th, Nenjiang detachment of Kwantung Army attacked the northern defenders of Nenjiang Bridge. Ma Zhanshan, Acting Chairman of Heilongjiang Provincial Government and Acting Deputy Commander of Northeast Border Guard in Jiang, commanded three brigades and five regiments * * * 65438+more than 60,000 people to carry out the Jiangqiao War of Resistance, which lasted until 10/18, and finally abandoned Qiqihar, the provincial capital, and retreated to Keshan and Helen due to heavy casualties. 1 19 10/9, the Japanese army captured Qiqihar.

193 1 year1kloc-0/month Nenjiang Bridge Anti-Japanese War

[Editor] Jinzhou and Harbin fell.

Zhang Xueliang left Fengtian after the incident broke out and led his men to Jinzhou. 193 1 10 On October 8th, the Kwantung Army sent 12 bombers to attack Jinzhou. In this regard, Minami Jiro's army minister still claimed to Prime Minister Wakatsuki Reijiro that "he was forced to take self-defense action because of being attacked by China's anti-aircraft guns". Since then, the Kwantung Army issued a public statement, claiming that "Zhang Xueliang has assembled a large number of troops in Jinzhou, and if ignored, it will probably cause damage to Japanese rights and interests. In order to solve the Manchu-Mongolian problem as soon as possible, it is necessary for the Kwantung Army to expel the Jinzhou regime. " Since then, the foreign policy of international coordination advocated by Biyuan has suffered serious setbacks, and Japan has gone further and further on the road of militarism. After the Japanese army captured the main towns in Heilongjiang Province, it began to attack western Liaoning. /kloc-in February of 0/5, the kwantung army attacked Jinzhou. 12 17, the Japanese central department sent an additional 8 th brigade from Japan, and transferred the 20 th division headquarters to the 38 th brigade from North Korea, bombing the squadron again to reinforce the Kwantung Army. On February 28th, 65438, the 2nd Division crossed the Liaohe River to attack Jinzhou. On February 30th, 65438, Huncheng 39th Brigade attacked Dahushan (now Dahushan). 1932 65438+1On October 3rd, the 20th Division Command led the Huncheng 38th Brigade to occupy Jinzhou. The Northeast Army 12, 20 Brigade and 3 Brigade stationed in Jinzhou have been ordered to retreat to Jidong area and Jehol. 65438+1On October 28th, the 3rd Brigade of Kwantung Army invaded Harbin from Changchun, and was reinforced by the 2nd Division from western Liaoning. At that time, in order to divert the attention of the international community from Manchuria, Japan provoked troubles in the international metropolis Shanghai, which triggered the February 28th Incident. On June 365438+1October 3 1 day, Du Li, commander of Yilan and brigade commander of 24th Brigade, led Jilin Self-Defense Force to defend Harbin. After five days of fierce fighting, the Self-Defense Forces suffered heavy casualties and evacuated to Bin County. On February 5, the Japanese army captured Harbin.

[Editor] Manchukuo was founded

Main entrance: Manchukuo

Being universally condemned by international public opinion, Kwantung Army dared not occupy the whole territory of Manchuria by brazen force, so it considered establishing a puppet regime. At that time, as the head of the secret service, Kenji Fujiwara lobbied Puyi, the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty who had abdicated. At that time, the Kwantung Army persuaded Puyi to return to the Northeast on the condition of reviving the Manchu Dynasty. 165438+1October 10, Puyi set out from Tianjin, arrived in Yingkou on165438+1October 13, and finally stayed in the Japanese military camp stationed in Lushun.

Manchukuo Emperor Puyi 1 March, 9321day, Japan-supported Manchukuo was formally established. Puyi is the head of state, with its capital in Xinjing (now Changchun) and the title of "Datong". The above statement was made at the residence of Zhang Jinghui, chairman of the Northeast Administrative Committee. The League of Nations strongly condemned the actions of the Japanese government and denied the legitimacy of the Manchukuo government. Japan protested and withdrew from the League of Nations.

On March 9, Puyi's accession ceremony was held in New Beijing.

1September 1932 15, Japan and Manchukuo signed the "Japan-Manchuria Protocol", and Manchukuo recognized Japan's vested rights and allowed the Kwantung Army to station troops in Manchuria.

Reaction of all parties

[Editor] National Government

[Editor] Diplomatic efforts

On September 19, Ke Sze Sao, the plenipotentiary of China to the League of Nations, reported the incident to the League of Nations and demanded that the League of Nations uphold justice.

On September 6th, China's Foreign Minister Wang lodged a solemn protest with his Japanese counterpart.

On September 2 1, Ke Sze Sao formally lodged a complaint with the League of Nations;

On September 23rd, the China administration sent a note to the US government on this matter, hoping that the other side would "express deep concern".

[Editor] Non-resistance policy

At the time of the incident, Zhang Xueliang said that he had received a telegram from Chiang Kai-shek: "No matter how provocative the Japanese army is in the northeast, we should not resist and try to avoid conflicts." In 1935' s speech to the generals of the Northeast Army, it was also said that Chiang Kai-shek had tipped him off at that time, "Don't bother yourself." However, after 199 1 regained its freedom, Zhang Xueliang repeatedly admitted on various occasions that the decision to "not resist" was entirely his own, and had nothing to do with Chiang Kai-shek. [ 1]

On September 22, Chiang Kai-shek announced to the people of the whole country: "At this moment, we must unite as one, first treat power with justice, treat barbarism with peace, endure pain and anger, temporarily accept the attitude of resignation and wait for the trial of international justice."

At that time, the newspaper reported the incident and the policy of non-resistance. Chiang Kai-shek believes that "the outside world must be safe first, and reunification can resist aggression. No country can be defeated without reunification. " For the principle, to eliminate the opposition forces of the * * * production party first, and then rally forces against foreign forces such as the Japanese army.

Although Japan provoked many times in the Wanbaoshan incident and the Nakamura incident, Zhang Xueliang called Rong Zhen, chief of staff of the Northeast Army, and the administrative committees of the three northeastern provinces on September 6: "Now Japan is becoming more and more active in its diplomacy with China, and it is extremely appropriate to be as cautious as possible. No matter how the Japanese make trouble, we must tolerate it, not resist it, and not make trouble. I hope the telegram will be sent quickly, and it is important to pay attention. "

In the September 18th Incident, Zhang Xueliang left an evaluation of "a general who did not resist". However, Zhang Xueliang's non-resistance behavior was gradually evaluated as: he misjudged the purpose of the Japanese army, if he knew that the Japanese army was not "looking for trouble" but was going to annex the Northeast. As the rumble of the Northeast, he will not hand over the Northeast to Japan. In an interview with NHK on 1990, Zhang Xueliang said that he believed that "war is not in the interest of the Japanese government, and the Japanese government should restrain the Kwantung Army".

It was because of Zhang Xueliang's non-resistance that the Japanese Kwantung Army dared to launch a war of aggression against the northeast of China, attacking the northeast army of China with more than 6,543,804 people, and occupying the three northeastern provinces in just half a year.

Although Wang Jingwei later became a traitor, he advocated anti-Japanese during the 9 18 incident. He became prime minister after Sun Ke, and sent telegrams to Zhang Xueliang for many times, urging him to send troops to resist, accusing Zhang Xueliang of "abandoning Shenyang last year and losing Jinzhou, causing 30 million people and hundreds of thousands of land to fall into the enemy ..." But Zhang Xueliang always shirked the lack of wages and refused to take action, and

[Editor] Domestic public opinion

After the September 18th Incident, the whole Northeast fell and the whole country was in an uproar. On September 20th, the China Producers' Party Central Committee issued the "Declaration on Japanese Imperialist Rape and Occupation of Three Northeast Provinces", condemning Japanese aggression. On September 22nd, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China passed the Resolution on the Japanese Imperialist Occupation of Manchuria, proposing to organize guerrilla warfare in Northeast China to resist Japan.

Chinese people are also quite dissatisfied with Zhang Xueliang's "non-resistance". After the fall of Jehol, Hu Shi published an article "After the whole country was shocked" in Independent Review, arguing that Zhang Xueliang was guilty of the fall of Jehol. Hu Shi pointed out rudely: "Zhang Xueliang's physical strength and spirit, knowledge and training can't bear such a major and critical situation." Ding Wenjiang, a geologist, also published an Open Letter to Zhang Xueliang in the Independent Review of the same period, criticizing Zhang Xueliang for his lack of command ability, refusing to supervise the front-line teachers, but clinging to power, trapping the northeast people in from the mire and delaying the country.

[Editor] Japanese government

[Editor] The policy of not expanding the cabinet

1931September19, the Japanese government held an emergency cabinet meeting. Minami Jiro's Minister of the Army stressed that this was a self-defense action of the Kwantung Army, but the Foreign Minister (Baron) suspected that this was a conspiracy of the Kwantung Army and tried to solve the incident through diplomatic means. On September 24th, the Cabinet meeting decided the policy of "not further expanding the situation". However, the Kwantung Army ignored the government's decision and expanded its front in the name of self-defense.

[Editor] General Comment of Wakatsuki Reijiro Cabinet

Wakatsuki Reijiro cabinet speech. The next day, Inukai Tsuyoshi was appointed as the Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, and Sadao Araki Night of barren hills Tawei station Wild Bodyguard Red Dead Redemption Wild Pursuit Solitary in wilderness Wilderness survival Into The Wild Hunting in wilderness Steppenwolf Brilliant green Royal Prime Minister's Palace Emperor Waltz Hwang Bo Hye Jung The name of Huang Fu Splendid palace Pearls on the Crown Royal Albert Hall Royal Ontario Museum and Taiwei, who stood on the night of the barren hills and mountains, died to redeem the wild guards, and pursued the wilderness to survive in the wilderness. The wild hunting of the wild wolf became a wilderness. The palace of the brilliant green royal prime minister, the name of the emperor Waltz Hwang Bo Hye Jung, Huang Fuhuali's palace, and the Royal Ontario Museum in the crown of pearls were appointed as the Minister of the Army.

[Editor] The May 15 Incident

1932, 12 in March, Inukai Tsuyoshi's cabinet made a decision that "Manchuria will leave China and will help it establish a national system in the future". In fact, the Japanese government was passively restricted by the overbearing Kwantung Army in this incident. (In the same year, the May 15th Incident broke out in Japan and Inukai Tsuyoshi was assassinated. )

[Editor] The international community

[Editor] League of Nations and Litton Investigation Team

The League of Nations sent a fact-finding mission to investigate the whole incident. 1932, 10 year12 October, the investigation team published the Litton Report, pointing out that the incident provoked by the Japanese was an act of aggression against China. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations because it refused to recognize Manchukuo as an independent country. It was indeed too late for the investigation team to publish its report more than a year after the incident-Japan ignored the condemnation of the League of Nations and continued its aggression.

[Editor] America

1932 65438+1On October 7, US Secretary of State henry stimson sent a note to Japan and China, claiming that Japan's aggression against Manchuria was an interference in the internal affairs of China's territory and violated the Paris No War Treaty, so the US government refused to recognize it. This is the so-called stimulus. China and subsequent European countries generally agreed with this, but the Japanese ignored this announcement.

[Editor] Civil Anti-Japanese National Salvation Movement

[Editor] Northeast Anti-Japanese Coalition Forces

193 1 after the September 18th incident, slogans on the streets of Shanghai began to invade the northeast on a large scale, and people and garrisons all over the country rose up to resist, such as the Northeast Anti-Japanese Coalition led by General Ma Zhanshan. Unfortunately, due to their own ways, they were wiped out by the Japanese army one by one, and all three northeastern provinces fell in the early 21 ST year of the Republic of China.

[Editor] Parade and assembly

On September 28th, 200,000 people in Beiping held an anti-Japanese national salvation conference, demanding that they declare war on Japan and recover lost territory.

On September 28th, more than 2,000 students from Nanjing and Shanghai petitioned and attacked the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the National Government. Foreign Minister Wang was injured by a student and forced to resign.

[Editor] Boycott Japanese Goods Movement

1931July, due to the Wanbaoshan incident, Japan incited North Korea to exclude China and anti-China, and a boycott of Japanese goods broke out again in China; After the September 18th Incident, the movement intensified.

Commemorate the September 18th Incident.

People's Republic of China (PRC) Shenyang September 18th Incident Exhibition Hall opened on September 199 1 day. Former Japanese Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto visited this place during his visit to China in 1997. September of 18 was regarded as "national shame day" by many people in China, and the demands of Chinese people to designate September of 18 as national shame day also appeared from time to time.

Since 1995, Shenyang sounded an air defense alarm for 3 minutes every night on September 18 to warn people not to forget national humiliation. At present, there are more than 0/00 cities in/kloc, including Harbin, Changchun, Kunming, Hefei, Hangzhou, Urumqi, Nanchang, Qiqihar, Jinhua and Benxi. , has chosen 18 every September for air defense early warning.

[Editor] A probe into the causes of modern events

Cao Changqing, a writer in Taiwan independence, thinks that the Northeast Army may not be the opponent of the Japanese Kwantung Army at all. "Zhang Xueliang once competed with the Soviet Union for railway rights, was defeated, and was forced to sign a humiliating treaty. That fiasco was tantamount to showing Japan that the Northeast Army was not a Northeast Tiger, but a paper tiger. In the Battle of Jehol in March of 1933, the Japanese army only used 128 vanguard cavalry and captured Chengde, the capital of Jehol, almost without bloodshed. It is conceivable that the combat effectiveness of the Northeast Army and Zhang Xueliang's command ability. "

Historian Tang Degang thinks that Zhang Xueliang's "change of signs" is an important reason. He once commented in Book Margin and Popularity: "Zhang Shaoshuai is not ineffective. At that time, Li Hongzhang used the old skills of controlling foreigners with barbarians, uniting Russia against Japan, and also uniting Japan against Russia. He tried to survive in the power contrast between North and South Korea. Learning to be excellent is an official who ignores this old example, but (as he himself said), he "overreaches himself and intends to take back the rights of Beiman" and "send troops against Russia". Before Hitler took an adventure, he made an example. He bowed to both North Korea and South Korea. As a result, I was exhausted and finally left without armor. Or ask Liang Xue, why didn't he see this at that time? The answer is that without him, a youthful blood is boiling. " The reason why Zhang Xueliang can have this kind of childlike innocence is because "he has an unpredictable boss, but he lacks colleagues who struggle for power and position." Most of them are loyal and die-hard subordinates. They do daily administrative work for the country, the people and the departments, that is, for themselves. There is no need for them to engage in "intrigue". "

General Li Zongren thinks that "Central Plains War" is a key. Because Chiang Kai-shek was no less powerful than Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan in the Central Plains War, whether Zhang Xueliang entered the customs or not naturally played a decisive role. "When Jiang, Feng and Yan Sanjun fought in the Central Plains, they sent people to lobby Zhang Xueliang in three aspects. Feng and Yan only gave the title of "Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the National Armed Forces", and Mr. Jiang is said to have the title of "Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the National Armed Forces", as well as sites in Hebei, Shanxi and other provinces, plus cash of 6 million, which Zhang accepted. " Then the Northeast Army entered the customs, and the northeast was empty, which gave the Japanese an opportunity.