* * * Only "millet plus rifle"? In the three major battles, the key to quick victory is the sound of heavy artillery.

When it comes to the war of liberation, it is usually said that * * * defeated the * * army armed with American planes and cannons by "millet plus rifles".

However, people who have experienced the war years know that "millet plus rifle" is just a metaphor for * * * to defeat the enemy of superior equipment with inferior equipment. To really fight, strategy and tactics are important, and weapons are even more important. The reason why the people * * * won the brilliant victories in the three battles of Liaoshen, Huaihai and Pingjin and liberated all China is closely related to the military industrial system of considerable scale established in the Northeast Liberated Area.

From 72 days to 3 days to capture Jinan

In March 1948, Xu Xiangqian commanded the North China Corps to attack Linfen, and the * * * army relied on the city wall to hold on. * * * There was no heavy artillery, so we had to use the method of digging tunnels and bombing the city walls. It took 72 days to win Linfen. But by the end of the year, the situation changed dramatically. In the battle of Jinan in September, * * * heavy artillery was fired, and * * * general Wang Yaowu was driven out of the tunnel. The solid city of Jinan was conquered in just three days. In the Battle of Liaoshen in October, the Northeast Field Army concentrated more than 5 heavy artillery guns on Jinzhou, a military town, and the garrison commander Fan Hanjie hid. It took only 3 hours to fight the tough battle in the city.

where did the cannon of * * * come from?

*** people insist that * * *' s heavy weapons were secretly given to the * * * army when the Soviet army retreated from the northeast. In his memoirs, a senior receiver wrote: "Almost all the Japanese and puppet troops in Northeast China were captured, and the Russian army obtained numerous weapons. At that time, according to Moscow, there were 8, rifles, 2, light machine guns and 5, heavy machine guns. Various types included 5, mortars, 1,5 chariots, 6 tanks, 8 planes and ships in Songhua River. What the refugees who escaped from the Northeast saw: In addition to supplying the troops at any time, the Russian army has been transported to Jiamusi in an endless stream, where it is a concentrated place. "

This official's statement is undoubtedly an excuse for the failure of the * * * army. General Liu Yalou, then chief of staff of the four fields, clarified this issue in a speech on December 13th, 1962. He said: "It is generally believed that the Soviets left many weapons in the four fields, which is a misunderstanding. Since this war history (referring to the history of the four fields in preparation) is for archiving, we can write this question clearly. At that time, we were not only denied weapons, but also ate many of our troops. You can also write about Stalin's relationship with * * * at that time.

There is another important issue: At that time, we suggested to the Central Committee that we should ask the Soviet Army for some weapons in the name of the Central Committee. Chairman Mao immediately telegraphed that the China Revolution mainly depended on China's own strength, and it was forbidden to ask them for anything in the name of the Central Committee. I have read this telegram myself, so I need to check it. Later, in the name of the four fields, I exchanged some weapons with them with food. "

so, how did * * * change from "millet plus rifle" to a powerful artillery with large-scale field operations and the ability to attack?

In addition to capturing the weapons of the * * * army on the battlefield, this important transformation was mainly accomplished by establishing our own military industry. Speaking of military industry, many people have read "Give Everything to the Party" written by Wu Yunduo at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China. In this little book, it truly records how the New Fourth Army built its own arsenal from scratch during the Anti-Japanese War. Yashan, the Shandong base area, has the largest military factory of the Eighth Route Army, with more than 1 rooms, producing 8, grenades a month, which was not a small output at that time.

in the early days of the war of liberation, the military industry developed greatly compared with the war of resistance against Japan. After the liberation of Handan, Linyi, Yantai, Dezhou and other cities, a number of military factories were built by confiscating enemy and puppet factories, which could produce bullets, grenades and mortar shells. The military factories of East China Military Region in Lunan and Jiaodong can produce 16, rounds of bullets, 13, rounds of mortars and mountain shells and 3, Jin of smokeless gunpowder every month.

this scale is a great progress than before, but it is not enough for the East China Field Army to fight a medium-sized battle. Because there is no heavy artillery, * * * mainly relies on soldiers to assault the front when attacking, and destroys the fortress and fortifications of the * * * army with explosive charges. This kind of battle has heavy casualties, slow progress and poor ammunition quality. In May 1948, when Shandong Corps of East China Field Army attacked Weixian County, it attacked the city with self-made mortars. After the shell came out of the chamber, the tail fell off in flight, leaving the bare body out of balance and half falling to the ground. How can such quality guarantee the victory of the battle?

*** instructed the northeast to build a large-scale military industry

*** set its sights on the northeast. It was the most developed industrial area in China at that time. * * * On July 1, 1947, in the instructions of "One Year's Combat Summary and Future Plan" to the liberated areas, Lin Biao and Luo Ronghuan were specially instructed: "The military industry in Northeast China should fully assist the customs. In the first year, you must make great efforts to establish a large-scale military industry." In four months, he telegraphed the Northeast Bureau three times to strengthen the construction of military industry. The urgency is beyond words.

After the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army entered the Northeast at the end of 1945, they originally planned to acquire Japanese weapons and equipment with the help of Soviet troops. However, the Soviet army had an agreement with * * * * *, and the Northeast was to be handed over to * * * * *, which restricted the actions of the Eighth Route Army. The Soviet army transported the main factory equipment, seized weapons and a large amount of property in Northeast China back to the Soviet Union as "trophies". Our army's wishes have basically failed. 1, troops are in the northeast, with no guns, no money, no winter clothes and no base areas, and the situation is quite difficult.

At that time, all the troops tried their best to collect the materials left behind by the Soviet army and not taken away before. Weapons and military supplies abandoned by the Japanese army can be seen everywhere in small and medium-sized cities and rural areas in Northeast China. Zhu Rui, who is in charge of the preparation of the artillery school, decided decisively: disperse the cadres of the artillery school and collect materials. From the gun school to the headmaster, down to the cooks and grooms, they are all sent out, whether in cities, villages, ravines or wilderness, as long as there are guns. We should also go to places where we have never heard of guns to see if we can find unexpected gains.

I once received a report from a fellow villager that when the Japanese retreated, they pushed several cannons into Jingbo Lake. After learning this, Zhu Rui personally led a company to the lake to search. Everyone used pickaxes to dig through the ice and found the gun body. Zhu Rui shouted happily, "Go and find the rope and pull it up!" " Everyone tightened the rope and shouted, and Qi Xin pulled three cannons together.

The secret warehouse of the Japanese army was also found in this area, and 15, shells were found at once. By February 1947, Zhu Rui led the artillery school to collect more than 7 guns of different sizes. Among them, there are 49 cannon howitzers, 97 field guns, 18 mountain guns, 141 infantry guns, about 3 mortars and 137 anti-aircraft guns (including anti-aircraft guns and aircraft guns). There are also 65 tanks and tractors. After being repaired, these guns became the basis of the artillery units of the Northeast Field Army.

Self-collected weapons and ammunition became the main source of the Northeast Democratic Allied Forces' operations in the first two years.

Stalin helped a part of Dongye's weapons

After the summer offensive in 1947, with the growing strength of * *, the scale of the campaign became larger and larger, and it was not enough to rely solely on the ammunition collected. In June of that year, * * * stormed Siping, and the * * * army stubbornly resisted under the command of Chen Mingren. * * * concentrated seven main divisions and hundreds of artillery pieces, but they didn't take them down after attacking for half a month. Later, Lin Biao learned that the artillery had only 8, shells, and the firepower did not have the advantage.

To this end, on June 25th, Lin Biao wrote a letter to Stalin in his own name, stressing: "The only condition lacking at present is the shortage of weapons, especially ammunition (especially artillery shells). To this end, I ask you to give us the help of weapons and ammunition, and give us the Japanese weapons and ammunition seized by the Red Army in the Far East, and hope that German weapons and ammunition can be allocated to us as much as possible. "

Soon, Stalin instructed the Soviet army to allocate some of the captured Japanese weapons to * * *. He Changgong recalled that in October 1947, he had just become the Minister of Military Industry, and Li Fuchun gave him an important task. At that time, a large number of weapons were stored in Manchuria on the Sino-Soviet border, which was captured by the Soviet Union and was ready to be transported back to the Soviet Union for steelmaking. These weapons are scrap iron for the Soviet Union, but they are badly needed. He Changgong to negotiate with him, began to talk impassability.

He Changgong fought hard, saying, "The Kwantung Army's weapons were bought with the blood and lives of the people of China. Why didn't you give them to us? You can't take it away. We exchange scrap steel, one ton for one ton. " Card Valov still don't promise. He Changgong was in a hurry and shouted at him, "You are a conservative and have no internationalism. If you don't promise, I'll have to rob you. I'll push you ahead, and the Soviet soldiers guarding the weapons will shoot you first. If you insist on taking it away, I will fight with you desperately. I will call Stalin and tell you that you have no internationalism. " Seeing that the China people were not easy to bully, Ka Valov softened his attitude and finally agreed to hand over these weapons.

data-filtered="filtered "He Changgong

According to Lin Biao's letter to Stalin on December 28, 1947," We equipped 3 infantry regiments and 2 mountain artillery battalions with the weapons you gave us. " At that time, in order to have a strategic decisive battle with the * * * army, Dongye formed a second-line corps of 3, people. Lin Biao asked Stalin for more weapons support. "Try to solve 2, rifles, 15, light machine guns, 7, heavy machine guns, 7 regimental mortars, 1, company mortars, 1 anti-aircraft guns, 2 Shan Ye guns, and a large number of ammunition and communication equipment (mainly radio and telephone) for 2 divisions. These weapons are expected to be drawn from the Japanese weapons captured by the heroic Red Army. If there are not many Japanese weapons, they are expected to be drawn from the German spoils. "

However, Stalin did not reply. Lessons from time to time show that Soviet aid is unreliable. To win the final victory of the war of liberation, we still have to rely on our own strength. Therefore, the Northeast Bureau decided to vigorously strengthen the construction of the military production system. Li Fuchun said: "In the past, we used to rely on the shells left by the Japanese, but now we need to build them ourselves."

Build your own military enterprise from scratch

When entering the Northeast at the end of 1945, the Central Committee dispatched a group of military cadres from Yan 'an and various liberated areas to work in the Northeast. They have collected some machinery and equipment in Shenyang, Anshan, Tonghua and other cities, and intend to establish a military base in Tonghua. In the summer of 1946, the * * * army attacked Nanman on a large scale and occupied Tonghua and Dandong. Han Zhenji, then Minister of Military Industry in Northeast China, led everyone to transport machines and materials to North Korea, along with a group of workers and technicians recruited along the way.

at the end of July, they arrived in Hunchun, a small town at the junction of China, North Korea and the Soviet Union. Hunchun is an intermountain basin, where Tumen River and Hunchun River meet, just across the river from North Korea, with convenient transportation. It is only 3 miles from here to the Soviet border and 1 miles from North Korea, and there are roads and railways. Everyone thinks that the hidden conditions here are good, and the resources, power and traffic conditions are also good. It is decided to establish a military base in Northeast China here.

according to the existing conditions, Han Zhenji decided to focus on the bullets, grenades and mortars urgently needed by the production troops. The technology of gun production is too complicated to be achieved in a short period of time. They first built a machine factory, a bullet factory, a Grenade factory, an ironmaking factory, a pharmaceutical factory and a timber factory in Hunchun. These six factories were the earliest military bases in the Northeast Liberated Area.

The bullet factory was established on the basis of the factory left by the Japanese, in the suburb of Yanji. There used to be more than 3 machines with a daily output of 4, rounds. After the Anti-Japanese War, the factory was destroyed and the machines were stolen, leaving little. Han Zhenji organized to move the rest of the factory to Hunchun, with 14 bullet machines, 3 million semi-finished warheads, 2 million empty shells and more than 2 Japanese skilled workers. After a month of intense installation and trial production, the first batch of bullets were produced in September. According to the statistics in the first month, * * * produced nearly 13, rounds of three types of bullets. This is really a remarkable achievement.

after solving the problems of cadres, equipment and raw materials, the most important thing is the problem of workers and technicians. The workers and technicians in Hunchun base come from China, North Korea and Japan, and there are many complicated political and policy problems. Military cadres have spent a lot of effort on ideological and political work, even more than production.

But there were only 24 workers at that time, and even fewer really knew the technology. Anyone who has a skill is highly valued by the leaders, and let them be the heads of production departments at all levels. Some of these skilled workers were brought from Anshan, Benxi and Tonghua, and some were recruited locally. Yu Zhenmi, the chief of the bullet factory, is a hired mechanic and enjoys salary. He saw that the cadres of * * * were all in the supply system, and they were still working in the front. He was moved and offered to cancel his salary. He ate the supply system like the cadres, and he worked very well after becoming the section chief.

Because of the lack of middle and senior technicians, military factories can only be selected from the retained Japanese. In Hunchun's military factory, the Japanese are all key technical jobs. For example, there are more than 6 Japanese in the Grenade factory, almost all of whom are in important technical positions. The head of the manufacturing department is a small capitalist who originally opened a factory in Japan. The American army bombed his factory before coming to China to make a living, and he was an expert in Grenade manufacturing technology. The main process of grenade assembly is drawing fire. The head of the Fine Medicine Unit is also an old Japanese man. His thoughts are stubborn, but he works very hard and has a good knowledge of drawing fire technology. The assembly workers in the refined medicine group are all Japanese.

Because of the difficulties in life, these Japanese people are depressed, so they often plan to return to China together and go slow. In August 1947, Japanese expatriates were repatriated to China from the Northeast. When the Japanese got the news, they held a secret meeting and wrote a slogan in the factory building: "We go back to China, you go home!" Because of the language barrier, a lot of truth has been said, but the effect is very small. Cadres combine hard and soft, give orders without listening to advice, establish strict statistics in the workshop, praise those with high output every day, and criticize those with low output or poor quality. Severely criticize the activities of bad people at the conference and forbid fascist ideas to rise. The Japanese have a strong sense of obedience, so they will not make trouble.

Among the three major battles, * * *' s artillery came to power

In 1946, it was spent in hard struggle. By 1947, the military industry production in Northeast China had begun to take shape, and the troops were replenished with ammunition. Hunchun base led by Han Zhenji is the largest in Beiman area, and several military factories have been built in other places. Luo Ronghuan's political commissar personally grasped the work of military production. In August 1947, the Northeast Bureau appointed Huang Kecheng as the deputy commander and logistics commander of the Northeast Democratic Allied Forces, in charge of logistics supply, military industry and military supplies. In September, 1947, the Northeast Bureau held the East in Harbin.