On some common sense of poetry, ci, qu, fu and couplets

On some common sense of poetry, ci, qu, fu and couplets

poetic sentiment

1) What is poetry?

Poetry _

It is a literary genre, which, according to the requirements of certain syllables, tones and rhythms, expresses social life and people's spiritual world with concise language, rich emotions and rich phenomena. It is a highly concentrated summary and reflection of social life, full of the author's rich thoughts and feelings, imaginative, concise and vivid language and strong sense of rhythm.

In ancient China, unhappy people were called poems, and happy people became songs. Poetry is the oldest and most literary style. Labor songs and folk songs originated from ancient humans were originally the floorboard of poems and songs; At first, there was no distinction between poetry and song, but poetry and music and dance were combined into one, collectively called poetry. (article reading network: www.sanwen.net)

Classical poetry rhymes sentence by sentence, while the form and content of modern poetry are greatly enriched and flexible.

People who "poetry" are all based on feeling things, which is an intuitive embodiment or feeling of the soul. Poetry expresses ambition and conveys feelings. Ancient poems are concise and have endless charm. Reciting ancient poems can cultivate sentiment and enrich imagination.

Ancient poetry, concise language, distant artistic conception, or chanting things to express feelings, or lyrical enlightenment, the first well-known, lofty realm, amazing philosophy behind the words, all imply the poet's emotional story at that time, there are pictures in the poem, feelings in the painting, and unfinished sentences. Poetry is the crystallization of artistic creation, which pursues the beautiful artistic conception of blending scenes and makes people appreciate this beautiful artistic conception.

2) the classification of poetry:

According to the nature of content, it can be divided into: narrative poems and lyric poems;

According to the language combination, metrical poems can be divided into: metrical poems and free poems;

According to whether it rhymes or not, it can be divided into rhyming poems and blank poems.

According to time, it can be divided into old-style poetry and modern poetry.

Because classical poetry is relatively free, I will focus on modern poetry (metrical poetry) here!

3) The difference between classical poetry and modern poetry:

1. Classification by instrument:

Classical poetry is not restricted by meter except rhyme.

In addition to rhyme, modern poetry is also limited by the established format of meter.

2. According to the number of words:

Modern poetry is generally only five words and seven words.

There are four words, five words (called five ancient styles), seven words (called seven ancient styles) and irregular words, which are called miscellaneous ancient styles (miscellaneous ancient styles are also called because they have seven words)

Seven ancient), there are also a few in a few words.

A few words is how many words there are in a sentence, five words are five words, and seven words are seven words.

3. According to the number of sentences:

Classical poetry ranges from two sentences to one hundred.

Modern poetry has four quatrains, eight rhymes and more than eight lines.

4. Classification by rhyme:

Classical poetry:

1. The whole poem can use flat and oblique rhymes, and can also be changed into other rhymes at will.

2. Every sentence in the poem can be rhymed, and the rhymed words can be repeated.

3. The rhyme in poetry is not limited to even sentences, but also can be used in odd sentences.

4. In poetry, we can communicate with neighboring rhymes and rising tones.

Modern poetry:

1. A poem is limited to one rhyme. Except for the first sentence, which can rhyme or not, all other sentences rhyme even.

2. The rhyming words can't be repeated, but must have the same rhyme.

3. You can't use adjacent rhymes except the first sentence.

4. Generally, flat and even rhymes are used.

4) The basic format of metrical poems

Take the seven-character quatrains as an example:

The rhythm of quatrains is as follows:

Flat type:

Plain, plain, plain.

Flat and light, flat and light.

Note: If the first sentence rhymes,

It is: flat and faint.

Start type:

Flat and light, flat and light.

Plain, plain, plain.

Note: If the first sentence rhymes,

That is: average.

The above is the basic format of the seven verses. What about the basic format of the seven laws? In fact, the seven laws are the overlap of two seven laws, and the combination of two seven laws is a seven-law format, such as:

Flat type:

Plain, plain, plain.

Flat and light, flat and light.

Plain, plain, plain.

Flat and light, flat and light.

Note: If the first sentence rhymes,

It's flat and flat.

Start type:

Flat and light, flat and light.

Plain, plain, plain.

Flat and light, flat and light.

Plain, plain, plain.

Note: If the first sentence rhymes,

It's flat and flat.

Regarding horizontal italics, only look at the second word of the first sentence, because the first word can be flat and even, for example, the first sentence is "flat and even", although the first word is oblique, it is a seven-character verse with a horizontal style; Similarly, the first sentence is "plain, plain", and from the second word, it is seven fonts.

Poetry. I have seen people write poems, so I am confused about this point. It is wrong to think that the first word is a flat voice and the first word is a flat voice.

If it is a five-character quatrain or a five-character quatrain, you can only remove the first two words of each sentence in the above sentence pattern.

The above-mentioned "Ping" is based on the rhyme of Ping Shui, in which "Shang" and "Xia" are flat sounds and "Shang" sounds are flat sounds; According to the new rhyme of Chinese 14 (based on Mandarin), "one" and "two" are flat sounds, and "three" and "four" are Nuo sounds.

5) The characteristics of metrical poems

Metric poetry is a kind of poetry that pays attention to the number of words, rhyme, tone and antithesis. Because the metrical requirements are very strict, it is called metrical poetry. There are three common types: five laws, seven laws and exclusive laws. Rhyme poetry is based on the characteristics of Chinese word and tone, and the special requirements of poetry for musical beauty, formal beauty and refined beauty, so it has strong vitality and is widely popular. The temperament requirement is extremely strict. Tone includes rhyme and flat tone, in which flat tone is the most important.

Rhyme has five characteristics:

1) rhymes with the same number of words.

The number of words in each song is five words and seven words, which is referred to as the five laws and seven laws for short. The usual metrical poems stipulate eight sentences each. If there are only six sentences, it is called short method. If there are more than eight sentences, that is, more than ten sentences, it is called exclusive method or long method. The Five Laws stipulate that each sentence has five words and * * * forty words. Seven laws stipulate that each sentence has seven words * * * 56 words.

2) Rhyme requires the whole poem to have rhyme, which is limited to flat and even rhymes, rhymes at the end, and no rhyme change is allowed in the middle.

The second, fourth, sixth and eighth sentences should rhyme, the first sentence can be pledged or not, and the words in each rhyme should be even. There are "flat rise" and "flat rise" in the upper and lower sentences.

The five laws take the first sentence as a positive example and rhyme as an example.

The seven laws take the rhyme of the first sentence as a positive example and the non-rhyme as an example.

3) The sentence pattern of each sentence and the level of words in the metrical poem are specified, and attention should be paid to sticking it right.

Right: Ping is right, Ping is right, that is to say, Ping is opposite in dialogue.

Sticking: it means sticking flat, sticking flat, and the fluency of the second word of the latter sentence should be consistent with the second word of the previous sentence. Specifically, let the third sentence stick to the second sentence, the fifth sentence stick to the fourth sentence, and the seventh sentence stick to the sixth sentence.

4) Rhyme must have antithesis, and the position of antithesis is also stipulated.

Duality in poetry is called duality. Duality means the juxtaposition of similar concepts or opposing concepts. Two sentences are relative, the first sentence is called a sentence, and the second sentence is called duality. The general law of duality is noun to noun, verb to verb, adjective to adjective. Duality in metrical poems also has its rules, that is, sentences and antithetical words are relative, and sentences and antithetical words cannot be repeated. Generally speaking, the third sentence should be opposite to the fourth, fifth and sixth sentences.

5) Usually an eight-sentence poem is divided into four parts, and every two sentences are connected.

It is customary to call the first couplet a topic, also known as the first couplet. The second couplet is parallel couplet. The third link is the neck chain. The fourth part is the ending sentence, also called the ending. Two or three couplets of each poem, that is, the upper and lower sentences of the couplet and the neckline, must be antithetical sentences. Except that the first and last couplets are not duplicates, the middle couplets must be duplicates. The dual requirements of secondary laws are more extensive.

Poems with more than eight sentences are called long laws. Dragon Rhyme is also a modern poem, usually five words, but there are also seven words, and the rhyme number is often indicated in the title. Long law, except tail or head and tail, uses antithesis, so it is also called exclusion law.

Metric poetry also includes law. Quatrains are a kind of quatrains, including archaic quatrains and quatrains. Ancient rhyme can be used, even if it is flat, it is not bound by the flat rules of metrical poetry, so it belongs to the category of ancient poetry. Laws and regulations must be formulated according to the requirements of law poems, and the number of words is only half of that of law poems. However, it is incorrect to think that quatrains are a branch of metrical poems. Quatrains appear before metrical poems. When quatrains came into being, metrical poems had not been fully finalized, so it was illegal to have ancient quatrains.

6) Requirements of metrical poems

Metric poems refer to quatrains and metrical poems, and every two sentences are called a couplet. For example, quatrains, 1 and 2 are the first couplet, and 3 and 4 are the last couplet. 1 and 2 sentences in metrical poems are called the first couplet, 3 and 4 sentences are called the neck couplet, 5 and 6 sentences are called the jaw couplet, and 7 and 8 sentences are called the tail couplet.

To sum up, the basic requirements are as follows:

1), temperament requirements

That is, the most important requirement for metrical poetry, the main requirements:

A, the sentence is flat (refers to the word unit in the sentence);

B, the sentences in the couplet are flat and parallel (especially the second, fourth and sixth words can't be wrong), otherwise it is called wrong, which is the taboo of metrical poetry;

C, the adjacent sentences in the couplet are the same (especially the second, fourth and sixth words can't be wrong), otherwise it is called paste, which is also not allowed in metrical poems;

D, feet clear, can't step on (refers to the white feet and rhyming feet)

Sentence flexibility of metrical poems

Interpretation of "No matter one, three, five, two, four and six, they are all distinct";

Metric poems have the saying that "one, three and five are distinct, and two, four and six are distinct" in the flat format. This is a general concept, that is to say, in the four sentence patterns listed above, the parity of each sentence can be in the first, third and fifth words, regardless of parity. Of course, because the seventh word rhymes, it should be even and clear. In this way, the above four sentence patterns A, B, C and D can become more sentence patterns. Beginners can properly follow the basic law of "one, three, five, two, four and six are distinct" when writing, and check whether there is any mistake in the level and horizontal meter of the poem.

However, not all sentence patterns can use the sentence "No matter whether one, three, five, two, four or six are distinct". Some sentence patterns must be discussed in three or five words, otherwise there will be loneliness, even tails, even tails. In any sentence pattern, the word "two, four, six" must be clearly defined, and the sentence pattern with the wrong word "two, four, six" is the "difficult" sentence, so beginners should follow the above basic format as much as possible, because for beginners, the "difficult" sentence and how to "save" it seem more profound and difficult to understand.

In all sentence patterns, the first and third words are even, and the so-called cadence only refers to the fifth, sixth and seventh words. Therefore, in writing, try to follow the metrical rules of the last three words, so that there will be no mistakes such as flat, even tail, tail leakage and awkward sentences.

What I want to emphasize here is that in metrical poetry, "lonely and dull" and "even to the end" sentences are taboo and are resolutely not allowed.

Embarrassed sentences and remedies when they appear;

The so-called "difficult sentence" means that it does not meet the requirements of metrical rules, and "difficult sentence" means that it does not meet the requirements of metrical rules. If there are "difficult sentences", we must save them. How to save "difficult sentences" is more profound for beginners. Now let me introduce a simple and practical formula to save "difficult sentences":

One depression, five six, five rescues, two doors, three five exchanges.

C, 6, 5, 6, 5, 3, 3, D, 1, 3, can be free.

(1) Flat and uniform.

(b) Even if it is flat, even if it is flat.

It's simple.

(4) Flat and flat.

A. One depression, five, six, one and five rescues:

It means that in the sentence pattern of "(a) flat and flat, flat and flat", if the fifth and sixth words are flat and flat, they can be remedied in the second sentence, and the fifth word in the second sentence can be changed into a flat and voiced word, which is to save the "contradiction".

B.b door, three to five exchanges:

It means that in the sentence pattern of "(b) Yi Ping Pingping", the third word and the fifth word can be interchanged, and the sentence pattern becomes "Yi Ping Pingping".

C.C. 65, rescue the apartment and keep three guards:

In the sentence pattern of "(c) flat and flat, flat and flat", if the fifth and sixth words are flat and flat, it is necessary to ensure that the third word is flat and flat, and its format becomes flat and flat.

D.d. is exempted:

It means that when writing a metrical poem, only in the sentence pattern of "(d) flat and even, flat and even" can the flat and even words of the first and third characters be flat and even, regardless of the metrical requirements. This is strictly a hierarchical relationship. In fact, when writing today, most people said the first and third words.

There are three ways to save embarrassing sentences: when the sentence is saved, when the sentence is saved, when the sentence is saved, when the sentence is separated, when the sentence is stuck, when the sentence is saved. However, many salvation sentences often form an awkward body, which is not respected by poets.

In fact, the above formula for saving the dilemma provides two common and commonly used basic formats for saving sentences (such as point 1) and saving sentences (such as point 2 and point 3).

2), antithesis requirements

The first couplet and the last couplet can be right or wrong, and the middle couplet must be right and must be right.

Refers to the same number of words, the same word order, the same part of speech, the same meaning or relative in the corresponding place.

Confrontation must be combined with leveling, preferably leveling.

Antithesis is one of the forms of metrical poetry. The antithesis between antithesis and duality is one of the three basic elements of metrical poetry.

Dueling is also called duality, team warfare and parity. It puts words with similar or opposite concepts in corresponding positions, so that they set off each other, make sentences more attractive and increase the expressive force of words. Confrontation is like a ceremonial ceremony of the government, opposing each other. The specific contents of the antithesis of metrical poems are as follows: first, the upper and lower sentences must be opposed; Secondly, the sentence patterns of relational sentences should be the same, and the syntactic structures should be consistent, such as subject-predicate structure versus subject-predicate structure, partial structure versus partial structure, and predicate-complement structure versus predicate-complement structure. The sentence structure of some antithetical sentences is not necessarily the same, but the words are required to be relative. Thirdly, the parts of speech (parts of speech) of words are required to be consistent, such as noun to noun, verb to verb, adjective to adjective, etc. The "lexical meaning" of words should also be the same. For example, the same noun should have the same meaning range, such as astronomy, geography, palace, clothing, utensils, animals, plants, human body, behavior, action and other words within the same meaning range can be correct.

Classification of duality:

The use of duality is wide and strict, so there are various types, such as work pair, adjacent pair, wide pair, borrowed pair, time-sentence pair, cross pair, intertextual pair, flow pair and off-sentence pair (also called fan face). In terms of content, there are names such as right, right, right and opposition.

Gongdui: The antithesis of neat use in modern poetry is called Gongdui. In order to make the antithesis neat, it is generally necessary to use words of the same category, such as astronomy, geography, seasons, utensils, clothing and other words with the same meaning. For example, in Du Fu's quatrains, "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets go up to the sky. The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat stops at the door. " The opposite is very neat. The words "two" to "one line" (quantitative structure to quantitative structure), "oriole" to "egret" (relative to poultry nouns), "Cui" to "green" (relative to color nouns) and "thousand" to "ten thousand" (relative to numerals) in the poem are all similar words, which are very neat.

One of the antitheses of modern poetic style. It is a relative concept with workers' pair. Wide antithesis is an untidy antithesis. Generally speaking, as long as the sentence patterns are the same and the parts of speech of words are the same, duality can be formed. This kind of confrontation is generally called "tolerance". Tolerance is slightly wider than adjacent tolerance pairs. For example, nouns generally use nouns and adjectives use adjectives. For example, the second couplet of Huang Luzhi's poem "Answering the Longmen Scholar", "The bright moon is cool and the breeze is good, and the light autumn fat horse is Xie Ercao" is a generous pair.

An antithesis in modern poetry. A pair of words with similar meanings are called "adjacent pairs". The so-called semantic categories are similar, astronomy and seasons, geography and palaces, utensils and clothing, plants and animals, orientation and quantity. When these words with similar meanings are used as a pair, they are adjacent pairs. For example, there are two sentences in Bai Juyi's Gan Chun: "The grass near the water is green, and the head near the water is white, which is different from flowers, water is different from flowers, and the earth is different from people. This can be regarded as an adjacent pair.

Sentence pair: also called self-pair, it is a kind of duality. Some words in a sentence are self-dual, which is called self-pair. For example, the poem quoted in Hong Mai's Rong Zhai Essays: "Mir Pingyang Lianlan is in Vaughan Palace. The pool light may be messy. At first, the sun's air was dry. But I feel that bees are dancing around butterflies, and I don't know that the lonely phoenix is far away from Luan, Samsung is spinning three mountains, and Zifu is far away. " Many poems are self-contradictory, such as the second sentence from Qin Lou to Han Palace, which is tile to board; The fifth sentence, bees swim against the butterfly; The sixth sentence, solitary phoenix to solitary phoenix and so on.

Borrowing duality: a way of antithesis in modern poetry, or false antithesis. It achieves the goal of neat confrontation by borrowing meaning or sound.

1. borrowing meaning is to use the ambiguity of a word to form a confrontation with the corresponding word through a certain meaning of a word, but it is not this meaning but another meaning used in poetry. For example, Du Fu's "Qujiang" poem: "It is common to borrow money. Life is seventy years old. " The word "ordinary" has many meanings, one is "ordinary" and the other is "eight-foot search, double search is ordinary". The former is a general adverb and the latter is a quantifier. Here the numeral "seventy" uses its original quantitative meaning, while the poem uses its adverbial meaning. This is "borrowing meaning".

2. Borrowing sounds means using the homonym relationship between words to express the second word (word) with one word (word). For example, if the sentence uses the word A, then the sentence should have used the word B with a similar meaning to the word A, but it is not appropriate to use the word B as a whole, so we choose a word C with the same pronunciation and related meaning to form a confrontation. For example, there is an old saying that "the residual aphrodisiac is there, and it is always red (harmonious purple), and another example is" living in the mountains for ten years now and moving to ten pairs tomorrow (harmonious thousand), all of which are pretexts and "borrowing sounds".

Fan: a form of antithesis between poems, words and songs, that is, being opposed by other sentences. In a poem, the front couplet and the back couplet form an antithesis, that is, face to face. The sentences and antitheses in each couplet do not constitute duality. As far as poetry is concerned, for example, Bai Juyi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "I heard that Zheng Ye shot Xiaoxiang to send a divine comedy to feel old": "The ethereal Wushan girl returned in 1978. Yin shui Diao, leaving thirteen strings. The bitter tone still came out, but the deep feeling did not pass. Thousands of clouds and waters, jathyapple Ming. " The first and third sentences are correct, and the second and fourth sentences are correct. Fan is also used in words, such as the first part of Liu Yong's Jade Butterfly: "The water and wind are light, and the apple blossoms are old; The moon is cold, and the leaves are yellow ",the next book" Reading Shuang Yan is hard to believe; Point to the sky and return to the air. "The fan face in the song, such as Cheng Jingchu's" Chun Qing ":"In the small pavilion, the swallows didn't roll the shutter when they came. In the small courtyard of Shenting, the cuckoo crows in the empty moon. " "Swallow" sentence and "cuckoo" sentence are just face to face. In other words, the second and fourth sentences are correct.

Intricate antithesis: a way of antithesis in ancient verse, independent of the position of words, and the opposite words are in an intricate situation. For example, Li Qunyu, a poet in the middle Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem that "six pieces of Xiangjiang River water are dragged by a skirt, and Wushan Mountain pulls a cloud in a bun". The sixth section of Xiangjiang River and Wushan are opposite, but their positions are different. This is a complicated pair.

An antithesis in modern poetry. The flowing pair is a language structure with a certain order, which is not opposite in meaning and grammatical structure, but has a continuous relationship. For example, there are two sentences in Du Fu's poem "Hearing the lawsuit leads to Henan and Hebei": "Come back from this mountain, come up from the south after crossing another mountain, and then go north-to my own town!" , they are interrelated. They must arrive at Wuxia from Sichuan dam, and then from Xiangyang to Luoyang. The word order cannot be reversed, but the relationship between sentences is that the next sentence follows the previous sentence to form a complex sentence, and the words used in these two sentences constitute duality. This duality is like running water, which flows from upstream to downstream, so it is called "running water pair".

Cross your hands: it is a sick sentence pattern in metrical poetry. In a poem, the words used in a sentence are basically synonymous or completely synonymous, and the meanings of the upper and lower sentences are repeated, as if two palms are together, so it is called "fighting". You should avoid crossing your hands when fighting. For example, the poem "First Arriving in Huangmei" in the Song Dynasty says: "Cold food will stop, and it is already late spring on the way". Same horse on the way, cold food in late spring, the meaning is cross.

3), rhyme requirements

A, even the end of a sentence must rhyme.

B, the first sentence can be gambling but not gambling. Generally, the first sentence of the first couplet does not rhyme, and the first couplet does not rhyme. The first sentence rhymes. The first sentence doesn't rhyme, with more than five words and less than seven words.

C, generally speaking, it is relatively flat.

D, rhyme to the end

E, foot cleaning

F, don't rhyme with the same word repeatedly, don't rhyme with homophones continuously.

G, no rhyme, refers to the rhyme on the white feet that should not rhyme, even if the levels are different.

H, try to avoid rhyming (words with the same vowel sound are used in inappropriate places)

4), composition requirements

In the structure of a poem, metrical poetry should be "a link between the past and the present".

Make sentences in pairs, connect in pairs, transfer in pairs, connect in pairs, and merge in pairs.

The so-called transition from inheritance to integration is explained in Ci Hai, the most authoritative reference book in China: transition from inheritance to integration is a term in the structure of poetry. "Start" is the beginning; "Commitment" is to undertake the above and negotiate; "Turn" is a turning point and an argument on the other hand; "He" is the end of the full text. "

From inheritance to integration is the basic composition of poetry creation.

The so-called "start" means "start", which can also be called "start" or "start". The hardest part is actually in the beginning The ancients attached great importance to the beginning of poetry creation, and they attached great importance to the beginning, including the so-called starting from the Ming Dynasty, starting from the dark, accompanying, starting from the right, starting from the single, starting from the right, or starting from the scene, or engaging in it, or expressing their thoughts directly, or placing their hopes on it, or writing scenes, or expressing feelings, or narrating, and so on. Poetry and prose creation, if started well, can receive the sound effect;

The so-called "bearing" means connecting the preceding with the following, leading to the following, closely linking the context according to the road of love, scenery and logic, connecting up and down, echoing back and forth, or always connecting, sharing, or coinciding, or smooth, or soothing, or rushing, or coming from the surface like a slow spring breeze, or roaring down like water that opens a gate;

The so-called "turn" means turning, changing, from emotion to scenery, from scenery to emotion, from there to here, from here to there, from matter to reason, from reason to matter, from matter to person, from person to matter, or taking advantage of the trend, or taking advantage of the trend, like a roaring river, meandering eastward under the barrier of Qian Shan. Whether a poem is well written depends largely on "turning". If the turn is good, wonderful, wonderful, unexpected and wonderful, it will make the work ups and downs. Therefore, poets of all ages have racked their brains in order to obtain the merit of "taking people's souls";

The so-called "combination" is the end, the end of the full text. The ending is often the essence of poetry and an important link for the author to express his feelings and ambitions. Generally speaking, there are two kinds of knots at the end, one is an open knot and the other is a dark knot. Clearing the knot is to express your feelings, make things clear, and express your feelings and lofty sentiments to the end; Dark knot is to reason with things, to express feelings with scenes, to convey, refract and imply the author's feelings, sustenance and ambitions with events and scenes, and to give people room for free play and imagination. The ending is often the climax of poetry. If combined well, the works will be magnificent, impassioned, far-reaching and thought-provoking.

The forty-eighth poem in A Dream of Red Mansions said that Daiyu taught Xiangling to learn poetry. Daiyu said, "Difficult things are worth learning! It's just a connection, in which there are two pairs of connections, flat voice to sound, virtual to real, and real to virtual. If there is a strange sentence, it will be true and false. " First of all, she said, "just start, bear, rotate and merge." Zhongcheng and Zhuan are two pairs, flat voice and falsetto. " It refers to the basic common sense of writing metrical poems, followed by saying, "There are strange sentences that are not even true or false."

Dai Yu's last words are aimed at the writing of poems other than metrical poems, that is, we often say that words can't hurt meaning. If you have a good artistic conception and a good poem, you can not talk about flat and even metrical poems. Of course, poems that don't talk about flat and even metrical are not metrical poems, but ancient poems.

Therefore, I would like to remind beginners and fellow poets that if your poems do not conform to the format of qualified metrical poems, it is best not to mark them specifically as seven verses, five verses, seven verses and five verses, so as to avoid making jokes.

To put it simply, the "connecting the past and the future" of a poem means that the first sentence (or the first couplet) begins with a scene or a story, the second sentence (or couplet) continues the previous theme to state or write a scene, and the third sentence (or necklace) should turn to send feelings or thoughts, and write far away. If the first sentence or the second sentence is realistic, the third sentence should be written in vain.

7) Problems that should be paid attention to in metrical poems

There are eight taboos in writing metrical poems:

Avoid loneliness; Two bogeys and three consecutive draws (three consecutive draws);

Three taboos rhyme; Four bogey;

Five bogey palms together; Six bogey words;

Seven bogeys are straightforward; Don't confuse the old rhyme with the new rhyme.

Avoid loneliness: the so-called loneliness means that in a sentence, except for the last rhyme, there is only one flat word, which is considered as loneliness. Loneliness is a taboo for poets.

For example, in Occasionally Flat, if the third word is occasionally flat, except for the seventh rhyme, only the fourth word is flat, which is loneliness. Isolated sentences are limited to rhyming sentences, that is, sentences whose last word is a flat syllable (that is, rhyming sentences), so be careful not to isolate them. In a sentence that does not rhyme, even if there is only one flat syllable, it is not an isolated flat sentence, such as "even if it is flat, it is flat".

Second, avoid three Lian Bi (three Lian Bi): It means that the last three words of each sentence are clear or flat, such as "clear, flat, flat", if the last word is clear, it is the last three; If the fifth and sixth words are flat voiced, they are flat-tailed. Wei Sanping is also a taboo for poets.

Three bogeys for rhyme change: It means that in a metrical poem, the rhyme part of a word with rhyme feet can only be in the same rhyme part, and if it is not in the same rhyme part, it is a rhyme change. The so-called rhyme is the last word of even-numbered sentences. If the first sentence rhymes, its rhyme is also included.

Four taboos: refers to the words between the first sentence and the second sentence in the same position, which are flat and opposite, and the words between the second sentence and the third sentence in the same position, which are flat and equal and sticky. If they are not sticky, they are sticky.

Five taboos: It means that three or four sentences and five or six sentences in rhyme are actually two couplets. If a couplet has similar or the same meaning, it means putting your hands together.

Six bogey words: it means that there can be no repeated words in a poem except one sentence.

Seven bogey straightforward: refers to too straight, tasteless.

Eight taboos: refers to the rhyme of the same poem, which can be homophony (Pingshui rhyme) or new rhyme (Chinese 14 new rhyme), and the old and new rhymes cannot be mixed. Of course, there are also poets who write poems with rhyme (such as Lin), which is relatively wider than poetic rhyme (horizontal rhyme). However, even the rhyme based on rhyme must be in the rhyme part of the same rhyme.

8) Steps to write a poem

Writing poetry can be divided into the following seven steps:

Step 1: Define the theme. Before writing, think about the purpose of writing this poem and make clear the general outline of writing.

Step 2: Confirm the rhyme. If it is a metrical poem, it must have rhyme, otherwise it is not called a metrical poem. So after writing the first poem, make sure it rhymes.

Step 3: Locate the basic format. After the rhyme is determined, look at the format that is easy to write and choose the format that is easy to rhyme.

Step 4: hammer words to refine sentences. As the saying goes, a word is worth a thousand dollars. Poetry has its rhythm and soul. It only takes dozens of words to make people think. If the words are not well honed, the expected effect will not be achieved at all.

Step 5: The structure is intact. As far as poetry is concerned, more efforts should be made on the four elements of "inheriting and combining"; See if two or three antitheses in each poem are antitheses.

Step 6: Metric Verification: After the work is completed, it is best to copy the work into the Metric Verification Table for verification.

Writing poetry should have original opinions and profound implications. You should reflect your unique views, feelings and senses about things through poetry, and you can't follow others' advice. Between the lines of a poem, you can think of or contain something beyond the literal meaning. This is the realm of poetry. A poet said that his poems have the principle of "three flavors of poetry". The so-called "three flavors" refers to:

New flavor-reflecting the flavor of the times and opposing blind antique;

Rhyme and taste-pursuing beautiful artistic conception and opposing slogans;

Interest-full of life interest, against boredom.

Poetry, against moaning and affectation, the so-called worry about illness is very tasteless for poetry.

Poetry takes the realm as the top. If there is a realm, it will be self-contained, and it will have its own famous sentence. Ci in the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty is unique here. He divided the realm into "creative realm", "writing realm", "with me" and "without me", which marked the completion of the traditional theory of artistic conception.

9) Reference books for writing poems

Pingyunshui or China Xinyun 14.

When writing metrical poems, take seven words as an example. After mastering the following metrical poem formats, it is necessary to use Pingshui rhyme or Chinese 14 new rhyme as a rhyme table to check whether the metrical form of Pingping is harmonious. When writing poems with old rhyme, we should take Pingshui rhyme as the rhyme table and compare the levels and the relationship between levels; When writing poems with new rhyme, we should take "China 14 New Rhyme" as the rhyme table, compare the relationship between levels and levels, and it is best to indicate the new rhyme after the title.

Take the seven-character poem as an example;

(1) Flat and uniform.

(b) Even if it is flat, even if it is flat.

It's simple.

(4) Flat and flat.

Five-character rhyme format, just remove the first two words of each sentence.

1. Download (or browse) Pingyunshui website:

Wordpad

Words, compared with metrical poems, require wider rhyme feet, and the lyrics have rhyme, and the division of rhyme is wider than that of poems (horizontal rhyme).

Ci is an art form of poetry and a style of China's ancient poetry, also known as Song Ci, Quzi Ci, poetic style and long and short sentences. Nanliang, which began in the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, was formed in the Tang Dynasty and reached its peak in the Song Dynasty. At first, it was sung with music, so writing lyrics is also called lyrics, relying on sound. Later, it gradually became independent and became a special art of poetry. Ci is an extension of metrical poetry.