Who was the slogan of the Qing dynasty's closed door?

The Qing dynasty was completely closed to the outside world. Ganlong hopes it will help you. In the 22nd year of Qianlong (1757), an imperial edict spread from Beijing to coastal provinces, ordering Xiamen, Ningbo and other ports to stop foreign trade. This is the so-called "one-stop trade" policy. This order marked the thorough implementation of the closed-door policy by the Qing government. For more than 200 years, this imperial edict of Qianlong has been regarded as the bane that caused modern China to lag behind the world. Then, why did the Qing Empire, which was in its heyday at that time, have such a move? In order to prevent Zheng from successfully counterattacking, the Qing dynasty implemented the policy of sea ban. Long before the demise of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng Chenggong and other political forces had made up their minds to fight against the Qing Dynasty, recover lost ground, and rely on maritime forces to deal with the Qing Dynasty for a long time. According to historical records, some westerners directly participated in the military struggle between the Nanming regime and the Qing Dynasty, and Zheng Chenggong also asked the Tokugawa family in Japan for assistance. Therefore, since the founding of the Qing Dynasty, a closed door policy has been implemented, but before Qianlong, its main intention was to isolate the contacts between the mainland and Zheng anti-Qing forces in Taiwan Province Province and prevent new anti-Qing forces from gathering at sea. 1June, 655, at the suggestion of the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, the Qing government prohibited officials and people from going to sea for trade without authorization, and offenders were punished as collaborators. Anyone who dares to go abroad to sell prohibited items to foreign countries or "sneak into pirates (that is, Zheng Chenggong)" will be handed over to the Ministry of Punishment for punishment. Even if someone rents a boat to a foreigner, it is a felony. 1662 After Zheng Chenggong recovered Taiwan Province Province, the Qing government believed that Zheng Chenggong was able to attack the Qing army many times along the coast because of the support and help of the coastal people. In order to cut off the connection between coastal residents and Zheng Chenggong, the Qing court issued three more boundary clearance orders, all the village residents within 50 miles of the southeast coast were removed, all the houses and land were burned or abandoned, and coastal residents were not allowed to go to sea. The Qing government stipulated that those who brought cattle and horses, military supplies, iron goods, copper coins, silks and satins, and silk cotton out of the country for trading were rewarded with 100 sticks; Those who smuggle people or weapons abroad will be hanged. After the Qing Dynasty recovered Taiwan Province Province, Emperor Kangxi opened the sea ban in 1685, and set up four customs offices in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong as windows for foreign trade. The southern tour witnessed a large influx of foreign businessmen. After Qianlong issued a decree to lock the country and ascended the throne, he basically followed the policies of his ancestors in terms of sea ban. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/8th century, the western capitalist countries started the industrial revolution, and their overseas trade expanded day by day. Western businessmen, especially those headed by the British East India Company, have been eager to find opportunities to open the China market. At that time, more and more foreign businessmen came to trade and speculate in four trading ports along the coast of China. At the same time, incidents involving Chinese often occurred in Nanyang, which quickly aroused the vigilance and disgust of the Qing government. In the fifth year of Qianlong (1740), Dutch colonists slaughtered overseas Chinese in Java, Nanyang, creating a shocking "Red Creek Massacre". The news shocked the whole country. At the same time, foreigners often commit crimes in places where foreigners gather, such as Macao, which annoys the Qing government, which has always hated judicial disputes. On the other hand, in order to fill the huge trade deficit with China, British businessmen at that time sent ships to Ningbo and Dinghai in an attempt to buy silk and tea nearby. Coincidentally, Emperor Qianlong was very keen on cruising in the south of the Yangtze River. It is said that when Gan Long visited Suzhou for the second time, he learned from local officials that there are more than 1000 ships sailing in Suzhou Port alone every year, and hundreds of them are sold to foreigners. Gan Long also saw with his own eyes that in the waters around Jiangsu and Zhejiang, an endless stream of foreign merchant ships came to trade every day, and most of them carried weapons. He can't help worrying that Ningbo will become the second Macao. Therefore, after returning to Beijing from a southern tour in 1757, Qianlong categorically promulgated that famous imperial edict, stipulating that foreign businessmen were not allowed to have direct contacts with the government, and only the "Guangzhou Thirteen Lines" handled all matters related to foreign businessmen, thus beginning to implement a closed-door policy of comprehensively preventing foreign countries and isolating China and foreign countries. In order to challenge the customs clearance policy of the Qing dynasty, foreign businessmen in Beihang have declared the imperial edict. Shortly after the imperial edict of Qianlong's retreat was issued, a lawsuit provoked by the British East India Company further strengthened Qianlong's determination, which was a sensational "flood incident". James flint, an Englishman, whose original name was james flint, was a translator of the East India Company at that time. 1755, under the instruction of the East India Company, james flint led a merchant ship to Ningbo for trial, hoping to expand the scope of trade and open up a new trading port. When they arrived at Ningbo Port, they were warmly welcomed by local officials. To their surprise, the customs tariff in Zhejiang is lower than that in Guangdong, and all kinds of miscellaneous fees are much less than that in Guangzhou. Therefore, in the following two years, the British East India Company bypassed Guangzhou Port for many times and sent ships to Ningbo for trade, which led to a sharp drop in the tariff revenue of Guangdong Customs. Officials such as the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi rushed to play the dragon, hoping to ban foreign ships from trading in Ningbo. Emperor Qianlong, who had no affection for foreign businessmen, informed Zhejiang Customs to double the tariff rate, in an attempt to make foreign businessmen unprofitable by imposing tariffs and prevent them from trading in Ningbo. Unexpectedly, the British East India Company continued to send merchant ships to Ningbo for trade. In desperation, Ganlong had to close the ports in Ningbo and other places at 1757, leaving only one port in Guangzhou for trade. Of course, the British East India Company does not want to stop there. It instructed james flint to go to Ningbo for trial. If we can't achieve our goal, we will sail directly to Tianjin and try to report to Ganlong. After receiving instructions, james flint set sail from Guangzhou on 1759 and lied to local officials that he was returning to China. In fact, he flew directly to Ningbo in secret. However, their whereabouts were soon discovered by Qing officials. As a result, james flint's ship was intercepted by the Qing army in Dinghai and could not sail into Ningbo. In desperation, james flint sailed to Tianjin according to the company's instructions. In Tianjin, james flint submitted a complaint to the Governor of Zhili through bribery, and the Governor of Zhili handed the complaint to Emperor Qianlong. In the complaint, james flint accused Guangdong customs officials of corruption, making things difficult for foreign businessmen, and hoped that the Qing government would change its foreign trade system on behalf of the East India Company. Lucky james flint still fantasizes that this trick will work miracles, but he is all wet. Emperor Qianlong flew into a rage after reading his complaint. He thinks that it is not only insulting to China's dignity to go to Beijing to complain without listening to the advice of Zhejiang local officials, but also suspected of "borrowing the name of giving, making prostitution a lure". As a result, james flint was deported and the China man who wrote the complaint for james flint was beheaded. Ganlongjia locked the country, and foreign countries sent missions to negotiate with Hong many times. Shortly after the incident, Ganlong felt that in order to prevent foreign businessmen from intruding, in addition to restricting foreign trade to Guangzhou, it was necessary to strengthen their management and prevention. 1759, the court promulgated "five things to prevent foreign countries", which stipulated that foreign businessmen must live in the guild hall designated by Guangzhou, and were not allowed to spend the winter in Guangzhou, and were not allowed to go out to play, and even specifically stipulated that "Fanfu" could not accompany them; Chinese businessmen are not allowed to borrow money from or be employed by foreign businessmen, nor are they allowed to inquire about business on behalf of foreign businessmen. In the next hundred years, in order to break the closed China market, Russia, Britain and other European countries sent missions to China many times, trying to persuade the Qing emperor to change the national policy of closing the country to the outside world, but all ended in failure. Among them, 1793 British Magalny Mission to China is undoubtedly the most famous one. Although Britain made full preparations to achieve its diplomatic goals, even at the expense of compromise, Emperor Qianlong said in his reply to King George III that China was rich in natural resources and did not need to strengthen foreign trade, thus completely closing the door to China. In the end, decades later, both sides had to solve the problem in another way. (Excerpted from Global Times)