Tell me about the couplets in Chinese characters. Urgently needed, please make a handwritten newspaper. Those who make random answers will die.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions

Oracle Bone Inscriptions mainly refers to the Yin Ruins Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which were carved (or written) on tortoise shells and animal bones by the royal family in the late Shang Dynasty (14th to 11th centuries BC) for divination and recording. text on. It is the oldest and most complete text among the ancient texts discovered in China.

Oracle bone script is an ancient Chinese writing. It is considered to be an early form of modern Chinese characters. It is sometimes considered to be one of the calligraphy styles of Chinese characters. It is also the oldest mature writing in China. Oracle bone inscriptions are also called deed inscriptions, tortoise shell inscriptions or tortoise shell and animal bone inscriptions. Oracle bone inscriptions are a very important ancient Chinese character material. Most of the oracle bone inscriptions were found in the Yin Ruins. The Yin Ruins are famous ruins from the Yin and Shang era, located in Xiaotun Village, Huayuanzhuang, Houjiazhuang and other places in the northwest of Anyang City, Henan Province. This place was once the location of the capital of the Central Dynasty in the late Yin and Shang Dynasties, so it is called Yin Ruins. These oracle bones are basically divination records of the rulers of the Shang Dynasty. The rulers of the Shang Dynasty were very superstitious, such as whether there would be disaster within ten days, whether it would rain, whether there would be a good harvest of crops, whether the war would be won, which sacrifices should be made to ghosts and gods, and whether fertility, disease, etc. Divination is needed to understand the will of ghosts and gods and the good or bad luck of events. The materials used for divination are mainly the plastron and carapace of tortoises and the shoulder blades of cattle. Usually, some small holes are dug or drilled on the back of the oracle bones that are to be used for divination. Such small holes are called "drilling" by oracle bone scientists. During divination, heating these small pits will cause cracks on the surface of the oracle bones. This kind of crack is called a "sign". The word "divination" in oracle bone inscriptions for divination looks like a omen. People who engage in divination judge good or bad fortune based on the various shapes of divination signs. Judging from the oracle bone inscriptions of the Yin and Shang Dynasties, Chinese characters at that time had developed into a writing system that could be complete and used in the Chinese language. In the oracle bone inscriptions of the Yin Ruins that have been discovered, the number of single words that appear has reached about 4,000. There are a large number of characters referring to things, pictographic characters, knowing characters, and many pictophonetic characters. There is a huge difference in appearance between these characters and the characters we use today. But from the perspective of word formation methods, the two are basically the same.

At present, about 150,000 oracle bones and more than 4,500 single characters have been found. The contents recorded in these oracle bone inscriptions are extremely rich and involve many aspects of social life in the Shang Dynasty, including not only politics, military, culture, social customs, etc., but also science and technology such as astronomy, calendar, medicine, etc. Judging from the approximately 1,500 single characters that have been identified in oracle bone inscriptions, it already possesses the character creation methods of "pictogram, meaning, pictophonetic, referring to things, annotation, and borrowing", showing the unique charm of Chinese characters. Documents based on tortoise shells and animal bones from China's Shang Dynasty and early Western Zhou Dynasty (approximately 16th century BC to 10th century BC). It is the earliest known form of Chinese literature. The characters engraved on armor and bones were previously called deeds, oracle bone inscriptions, oracle inscriptions, tortoise edition inscriptions, Yinxu inscriptions, etc., and are now commonly known as oracle bone inscriptions. Due to superstition, the emperors of the Shang and Zhou dynasties used tortoise shells (the most common ones were tortoise shells) or animal bones (the most common ones were the ox shoulder blades) for divination. The omen results, verification status, etc.) were engraved on the oracle bones and kept as archival materials by the royal historian (see Oracle Bone Archives). In addition to the inscriptions on divination, there are also a few inscriptions on oracle bones to record events. The contents of the oracle bone documents involve astronomy, calendar, meteorology, geography, country, lineage, family, characters, officials, conquests, prisons, agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting, transportation, religion, sacrifices, diseases, fertility, disasters, etc. It is extremely precious first-hand information for studying the social history, culture, language and characters of ancient China, especially the Shang Dynasty.

2 Bronze inscriptions

Bronze inscriptions refer to the characters engraved on the bronzes of the Yin and Zhou dynasties, also called bell and tripod inscriptions. The Shang and Zhou dynasties were the age of bronzes. The ritual vessels of bronzes were represented by tripods, and the musical instruments were represented by bells. "Zhongding" is synonymous with bronzes. Therefore, bell and tripod inscriptions or bronze inscriptions refer to the inscriptions cast or engraved on bronze vessels.

The so-called bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. China had already entered the Bronze Age in the Xia Dynasty, and the smelting of copper and the manufacturing of bronze wares were very developed.

Because copper was also called gold before the Zhou Dynasty, the inscriptions on the bronzes were called "jinwen" or "jinjinwen"; and because this type of bronzes had the largest number of characters on bells and tripods, they were also called "zhongdingwen" in the past. ".

The period when bronze inscriptions were used ranged from the early Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty when it destroyed the Six Kingdoms, about 1,200 years ago. The number of characters in bronze inscriptions, according to Rong Geng's "Inscriptions on Bronze Inscriptions", totals 3,722, of which 2,420 are identifiable.

The number of words in the inscriptions on the bronze vessels varies. The content recorded is also very different. Most of its main contents are to praise the achievements of ancestors and princes, and also record major historical events. For example, the famous Mao Gong Ding has 497 characters, covering a wide range of events, reflecting the social life at that time.

3 Dazhuan

The representative is the stone drum inscriptions that exist today, and the Taishi in the Zhou Xuanwen period It got its name from the book written by You. He carried out reforms on the basis of the original writing, which was named after it was carved on a stone drum. It is the earliest stone-engraved writing that has been handed down to this day, and is the ancestor of stone carving.

It started in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and spread in the Qin State during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The font is similar to Qin seal script, but the configuration of the glyphs often overlaps.

4 Xiaozhuan

It is also called "Qin Zhuan". Popular in the Qin Dynasty. The shape is relatively long, evenly rounded and neat, and it is derived from the large seal script. Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty wrote in "Shuowen Jiezi? Xu": "The First Emperor of Qin initially took over the world, and... let alone those who did not agree with Qin Wen. (Li) Si wrote the "Cangjie Pian", and Zhongche Mansion ordered Zhao Gao to write the "Ai Li Pian" ", Taishi ordered Hu Wujing to write the "Bo Xue Pian", all of which were based on the large seal script of Shi Zhou, or some provincial changes, the so-called small seal script."

5 Official script

The official script is basically a seal script. It evolved mainly from the round strokes of seal script to square folds, which makes writing faster. It is difficult to draw round strokes when writing on wooden slips.

Official script is also called "official script". , "ancient script". It is a font based on the seal script to meet the needs of convenient writing. It simplifies the small seal script and transforms the even and round lines of the small seal script into straight and square strokes to facilitate writing. Also known as "Ancient Li") and "Han Li" (also called "Modern Li"), the emergence of official script is a major change in ancient writing and calligraphy.

Official script is a common type of Chinese characters. The solemn font has a slightly wide and flat writing effect, long horizontal strokes and short straight strokes, and pays attention to "silkworm head and swallow tail" and "twists and turns". It originated in the Qin Dynasty and reached its peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the calligraphy circle, there is "Han Li Tang Kai". It is also said that the official script originated from the Warring States Period.

The official script originated from the Eastern Han Dynasty and was another major reform of Chinese writing. The art of calligraphy has entered a new realm, which is a turning point in the history of the evolution of Chinese characters, laying the foundation for regular script. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, the structure of official script was flat, neat, and exquisite. The changes have the artistic beauty of calligraphy. The styles are also becoming more diverse, which is of great artistic appreciation value.

It is said that the official script was compiled by Qin Weicheng Miao in prison, and the characters were simplified and rounded. , the strokes are changed from straight to straight. Changing "continuous strokes" to "broken strokes" makes it easier to write from lines to strokes. "Liren" does not refer to prisoners, but refers to "subordinate officials", that is, small officials in charge of documents, so in In ancient times, official script was called "Zuoshu". Official script became popular in the Han Dynasty and became the main script. As the first Qin Dynasty, it left many seal characters, and then continued to develop and process it, gradually establishing regular script. Under the unification of the idea of ??"deposing hundreds of schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", the official script of the Han Dynasty gradually developed and became the dominant calligraphy style. At the same time, cursive script, regular script and running script were derived, laying the foundation for art. .

6 Regular script

Regular script is also called Zhengshu, or true script. It is characterized by its square shape and straight strokes, so it is named after the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are many famous regular script writers, such as "Ou Ti" (Ouyang Xun), "Yu Ti" (Yu Shinan), "Yan Ti" (Yan Zhenqing), "Liu Ti" (Liu Gongquan), "Zhao Ti" (Zhao Yufu), etc.

In the early stage of "regular script", there are still very few official scripts left. The structure is slightly wider, with long horizontal strokes and short straight strokes. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties handed down, such as Zhong Yao's "Declaration Table" ( Pictured on the left), "Jian Ji Zhi Biao", Wang Xizhi's "Le Yi Lun", "Huang Ting Jing", etc., can be regarded as representative works. Looking at its characteristics, it is just as Weng Fanggang said: "The wave painting of the official script is changed, and the horizontal and straight lines of the ancient official script are still retained."

After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the north and the south split, and calligraphy was also divided into two schools. The Northern style calligraphy has the legacy of the Han Dynasty. The writing style is clumsy and vigorous, but the style is simple and strict. It is better than the list book. This is the so-called Wei stele. Southern calligraphy is more sparse, elegant and subtle, and is better than rulers and tablets. In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, due to regional differences, personal habits and calligraphy styles were very different. The northern books are strong and the southern books are borrowed from each other. Each one is perfect and there is no distinction between superior and inferior. However, Bao Shichen and Kang Youwei strongly praised the books of the two dynasties, especially the stele style of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Kang cited ten beautiful things to emphasize the advantages of Wei stele.

The regular script of the Tang Dynasty is like the prosperity of the country in the Tang Dynasty, which is truly unprecedented. The style of calligraphy has matured and calligraphers have emerged in large numbers. In terms of regular script, Yu Shinan, Ouyang Xun, and Chu Suiliang in the early Tang Dynasty, Yan Zhenqing in the mid-Tang Dynasty, and Liu Gongquan in the late Tang Dynasty were all valued by later generations and regarded as models for calligraphy practice.

7 Cursive Script

Cursive Script: A style of writing for Chinese characters. It was formed in the Han Dynasty and evolved on the basis of official script for the convenience of writing. There are Zhangcao, Jincao and Kuangcao. There are rules and regulations to follow when making changes in Zhangcao's strokes. Representative works include the Songjiang version of Wu Huangxiang's "Jijiuzhang" of the Three Kingdoms. Jincao's writing style is informal and smooth, and his representative works include "Chu Yue" and "De Shi" written by Wang Xizhi of the Jin Dynasty. Kuangcao appeared in the Tang Dynasty, represented by Zhang Xu and Huaisu, with wild and uninhibited writing styles, and became an artistic creation that was completely divorced from practicality. From then on, cursive script was just a calligraphy work that calligraphers copied from Zhangcao, Jincao and Kuangcao. Representative works include Zhang Xu's "Belly Pain" and Huai Su's "Autobiography". Cursive script is a font created for the convenience of writing. It began in the early Han Dynasty. What was commonly used at that time was "Cao Li", that is, scrawled official script. Later, it gradually developed into a kind of "Zhang Cao" with artistic value. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhi changed "Zhangcao" to "Jincao", and the style of the characters was formed in one stroke. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Xu and Huai Su developed "Kang Cao" with continuous and convoluted strokes and numerous changes in glyphs.

8 Running Script

A font between regular script and cursive script. It can be said to be the cursive version of regular script or the regular script version of cursive script. It was created to make up for the slow writing speed of regular script and the difficulty of legibility of cursive script. The writing style is not as sloppy as cursive script, nor does it require regular script to be as straight. Those with more regular script than cursive script are called "Xingkai". Those with more cursive than regular script are called "Xingcao". Running script was produced around the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Origin

From the ancient legend of Cangjie’s creation of Chinese characters to the discovery of oracle bone inscriptions more than 100 years ago, Chinese scholars of all ages have been committed to uncovering the mystery of the origin of Chinese characters. Regarding the origin of Chinese characters, there are various theories in ancient Chinese literature, such as "knots", "gossips", "pictures", "scripts", etc. Ancient books also generally record the legend of the creation of characters by Cangjie, the historian of the Yellow Emperor. Modern scholars believe that a systematic writing tool cannot be completely created by one person. If Cangjie does exist, he should be the organizer or promulgator of writing.

The earliest carved symbols are more than 8,000 years ago

In recent decades, the Chinese archaeological community has released a series of unearthed materials that are earlier than the oracle bone inscriptions at the Yin Ruins in Anyang and related to the origin of Chinese characters. These materials mainly refer to the engraved or painted symbols that appeared on pottery in the late primitive society and early historical society. They also include a small amount of symbols engraved on oracle bones, jades, stone tools, etc. It can be said that they all provide new basis for explaining the origin of Chinese characters.

By systematically examining and comparing the engraved symbols on pottery shards unearthed from more than 100 sites of 19 archaeological cultures across China, Wang Yunzhi, a doctoral supervisor at Zhengzhou University, believes that the earliest engraved symbols in China are Appeared at the Jiahu site in Wuyang, Henan, it has a history of more than 8,000 years.

As a professional worker, he tried to further analyze these original materials through scientific means, such as the comprehensive use of some basic methods such as archeology, ancient writing morphology, comparative philology, technological archeology, and high-tech means. After a comprehensive sorting, some clues about the occurrence and development of Chinese characters before the writing of the Shang Dynasty were revealed.

However, the situation is not that simple. In addition to the existing small materials from the Zhengzhou Shangcheng site and the Xiaoshuangqiao site (more than 10 examples of early Shang Dynasty Zhu Shu and pottery inscriptions have been discovered at this site in recent years), they can be directly compared with the Yin Ruins inscriptions. Compared with the sequence, other symbols from before the Shang Dynasty are scattered and scattered, with many missing links from each other, and most of the symbols are inconsistent with the characters of the Shang Dynasty. There are also some symbols with strong regional colors and complex backgrounds.

One of the 500 most commonly used Chinese characters

In this country, there are no people who can use it from time to time. Divided into pairs, the co-workers can lead the initiative and talk about the aspects of production, and then the people can get the experience of the Thirteenth Progress and other departments. The actual increase in the amount of small things in both systems should be used by practitioners to open and close it. However, due to the fact that the current foreign affairs on the 4th, the general appearance and the relevant internal numbers are correct. Is it true that Libby or Libi or his character and temperament have not solved the problem? The people who have no ties to the army and are very sentimental have already figured it out and raised the direct issue of the party agenda. The fruit material elephant clerk was transferred to the general manager of the general defective product design and management special parts. He asked the old man to get the basic information of the frontier pipeline manager. The ninth district was forced to release the west and was forced to fight. The first to return was to seize the seguangmen in the south. That is to protect the north and make hundreds of regulations. The hot lead was in the east of the seaport. Lian Shi recognized that the six *** right to receive the certificate was changed to the United States and then adopted the change of the single wind cut and whitened to teach the fast flower to install the vehicle body and the actual service tool 10,000 per eye to reach the final mark and report the final class eight. Hua Ming is indeed talented, Zhang Xin, Ma Jiehua, Mi Zhongkong, Yuan Kuang, Jin Ji, Wen Chuantu, Xu Buqun, Guang Shi Ji, need to study the world, Lalin rhythm, call and study, Guan Yue, weaving, shadow, low holding sound, many books, cloth and complex appearance. The Qingdao Provincial Xi Jinping Committee sent a general thank-you mission to Sulli City to eliminate the problem of deep and difficult near-mining mines. Mark out the mark and write down the waiting period for Mao Qin, quick-acting Si hospital, Chajiang type eye king, according to the grid, easy to set up, layer tablets, only the special breeding factory, Jingshi, suitable round package, fire, live, transfer, Manxian county bureau, reference to ginseng red fine, listen to the Iron Price Yan

Principles of Character Creation

The Six Books are the basic principles of Chinese character composition. The Six Books were mentioned in Zhou Rites, but the specific content was not explained. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen elaborated on the construction principles of Chinese characters of "Six Books" in "Shuowen Jiezi": pictogram, referring to things, understanding, pictophonetic, transliteration, and pretense.

Pictographic: This method of making characters is to depict the object according to its appearance characteristics. The so-called painting is to follow the object. The four characters such as sun, moon, mountain, and water were originally used to depict the sun, moon, mountain, and water, and later gradually evolved into the current shape.

Referring to things: This refers to the method of expressing abstract things. The so-called "each refers to his own thing and thinks of it". Ru Bu writes "Shang" above it, and Ren writes "Xia" below it.

Phonetic: This is a unique sound represented by a specific shape (root) in the text. For example: Hu, this character can also be a root. Combined with different attribute roots, it can be synthesized into: butterfly, butterfly, lake, gourd, coral, 鐐, etc., with the same pronunciation (some only have the same initial consonants) , expressing different things. However, due to changes in the phonology of ancient and modern languages, many pictophonetic characters of the same type in ancient times no longer have the same phonemes in today's Mandarin.

Knowing: This word-making method is to combine two radicals to derive new meanings. For example, when "sun" and "moon" are combined, sunlight plus moonlight becomes "bright". The word "人" and the word "言" combine to form the word "信", which means what a person has said in the past; "faith" means that this person always abides by what he has said.

Annotation: This is used when two words are annotations for each other, which are synonymous with each other but have different shapes. Xu Shen of the Han Dynasty explained: "To build a similar poem, we agree to accept each other, and it is always the same as Kao and Lao Shi." , how do you say this? These two words, "kao" in ancient times, can be used as "longevity". "Lao" and "kao" are connected and have the same meaning. That is to say, the old person is Kao, and the person who is Kao is old. The Book of Songs' "Daya? Chupu" also says: "The longevity test of the king of Zhou.".

Su Shi's "Poetry on Qu Yuan Pagoda" also has ancients who are immortal, so why bother to test it. One word. The words "kao" and "kao" all mean "old". It is particularly noteworthy that later generations of philologists also made a lot of explanations for Xu Shen's aforementioned definitions. These include "Xing Zhuo theory, Sheng Zhuo theory, and Yi Zhuo theory." "Three categories, but some people think that these three views are not comprehensive enough. Mr. Lin Yu, a contemporary ancient calligrapher, also explained that "zhuanzhu" is a form (root) that records two words with completely different pronunciations and meanings. For example, "broom and" "Woman" and "Mother and daughter" in oracle bone inscriptions, etc.

Borrowing: In short, this method is to borrow a word to express other things. Generally speaking, there is an indescribable new Things are borrowed from a root with similar pronunciation or similar attributes to express this new thing. For example: "you" originally refers to the right hand (first seen in oracle bone inscriptions), but was later borrowed to mean "also". The original meaning of "smell" is to listen to things with ears. For example, in "University? Chapter 7" there is "turn a blind eye, hear but not hear, eat without knowing the taste", but it was later used as a verb for smell (although some people think this is a misuse). ).

To summarize the above six books, the first two are "methods of making characters"; the second two are "methods of forming characters"; the last two are "methods of using characters". The principle is a theory of Chinese characters summarized by ancient philology scholars. It has evolved over a long period of time and is not created by any one person. Edit the structure of Chinese characters in this paragraph.

One or more radicals are composed of two-dimensional characters (European languages ??are one-dimensional characters) arranged in a square in a specific space, so they are also called square characters. From a structural point of view, Chinese characters have the following characteristics:

There is a high information density in a single character. When expressing the same thing, the same message can be expressed in a shorter length than phonetic characters, so the reading efficiency of Chinese characters is very high.

A Chinese character is composed of more than 400 ideographic letters as basic radicals, such as gold, wood, water, fire, earth, etc., which are combined like building blocks.

The meaning of an unknown character. The meaning of a detachable character can be inferred from the arrangement of its constituent roots and spaces. When the evolution of the times creates new things that are difficult to express in words, new characters can also be synthesized based on the principle of radical combination, such as the Chinese word uranium. , is a newly created character in modern times to express a newly discovered chemical element.

The spatial arrangement of Chinese character roots has an impact on the meaning of the character: for example, it is also a combination of "heart and death", and the left and right rows are. "Busy", the upper and lower rows are "forget", different arrangements lead to different meanings; there is a component of the character "乂" on the right side of the text, which means that the right hand (the left radical of the hand represents the left hand) is holding something to do something to the root of the left character (Discovered by archeology of bronze inscriptions and oracle bone inscriptions), if you hold something on the right hand, it becomes "攵". People with this root are almost always aggressive or use violence to achieve something, such as attacking, defeating, knocking, and collecting. . The fonts and shapes of Chinese characters are different.

Chinese characters written in regular fonts (such as regular script, Song style, official script, seal script, etc.) are square characters, and each character occupies the same space. Chinese characters include single characters and combined characters. Single characters cannot be separated, such as "文", "中", etc.; combined characters are composed of basic components and account for more than 90% of Chinese characters. Common combinations of combined characters include: upper and lower structures, such as "xiao" and "jian"; left and right structures, such as "ci" and "ke"; semi-enclosed structures, such as "同" and "成"; full-enclosed structures, such as "Tuan", "Hui"; compound structures, such as "Win", "Ban", etc. The basic components of Chinese characters include single characters, radicals and other uncharacterized components.

The smallest unit of Chinese characters is the stroke.

When writing Chinese characters, the direction and order of strokes, that is, the "stroke order", are relatively fixed. The basic rules are: first horizontally and then vertically, first left and then flattened, from top to bottom, from left to right, first outside then inside, first outside then inside before sealing, first in the middle and then on both sides. The stroke order of Chinese characters in different writing styles may be different.

Edit the development of Chinese characters in this paragraph

1 Oracle bone inscriptions

Oracle bone inscriptions mainly refer to the oracle bone inscriptions of the Yin Ruins, which were used by the royal family in the late Shang Dynasty (14th to 11th centuries BC) in China. Texts carved (or written) on tortoise shells and animal bones for the purpose of divination and recording events. It is the oldest and most complete text among the ancient texts discovered in China.

Oracle bone script is an ancient Chinese writing. It is considered to be an early form of modern Chinese characters. It is sometimes considered to be one of the calligraphy styles of Chinese characters. It is also the oldest mature writing in China. Oracle bone inscriptions are also called deed inscriptions, tortoise shell inscriptions or tortoise shell and animal bone inscriptions. Oracle bone inscriptions are a very important ancient Chinese character material. Most of the oracle bone inscriptions were found in the Yin Ruins. The Yin Ruins are famous ruins from the Yin and Shang era, located in Xiaotun Village, Huayuanzhuang, Houjiazhuang and other places in the northwest of Anyang City, Henan Province. This place was once the location of the capital of the Central Dynasty in the late Yin and Shang Dynasties, so it is called Yin Ruins. These oracle bones are basically divination records of the rulers of the Shang Dynasty. The rulers of the Shang Dynasty were very superstitious, such as whether there would be disaster within ten days, whether it would rain, whether there would be a good harvest of crops, whether the war would be won, which sacrifices should be made to ghosts and gods, and whether fertility, disease, etc. Divination is needed to understand the will of ghosts and gods and the good or bad luck of events. The materials used for divination are mainly the plastron and carapace of tortoises and the shoulder blades of cattle. Usually, some small holes are dug or drilled on the back of the oracle bones that are to be used for divination. Such small holes are called "drilling" by oracle bone scientists. During divination, heating these small pits will cause cracks on the surface of the oracle bones. This kind of crack is called a "sign". The word "divination" in oracle bone inscriptions for divination looks like a omen. People who engage in divination judge good or bad fortune based on the various shapes of divination signs. Judging from the oracle bone inscriptions of the Yin and Shang Dynasties, the Chinese characters at that time had developed into a writing system that could be complete and in the Chinese language. In the oracle bone inscriptions of the Yin Ruins that have been discovered, the number of single words that appear has reached about 4,000. There are a large number of characters referring to things, pictographic characters, knowing characters, and many pictophonetic characters. There is a huge difference in appearance between these characters and the characters we use today. But from the perspective of word formation methods, the two are basically the same.

At present, about 150,000 oracle bones and more than 4,500 single characters have been found. The contents recorded in these oracle bone inscriptions are extremely rich and involve many aspects of social life in the Shang Dynasty, including not only politics, military, culture, social customs, etc., but also science and technology such as astronomy, calendar, medicine, etc. Judging from the approximately 1,500 single characters that have been identified in oracle bone inscriptions, it already possesses the character creation methods of "pictogram, meaning, phonetic sound, reference, transfer, and pretense", demonstrating the unique charm of Chinese characters. Documents based on tortoise shells and animal bones from China's Shang Dynasty and early Western Zhou Dynasty (approximately 16th century BC to 10th century BC). It is the earliest known form of Chinese literature. The characters engraved on armor and bones were previously called deeds, oracle bone inscriptions, oracle inscriptions, tortoise edition inscriptions, Yinxu inscriptions, etc., and are now commonly known as oracle bone inscriptions. Due to superstition, the emperors of the Shang and Zhou dynasties used tortoise shells (the most common ones were tortoise shells) or animal bones (the most common ones were the ox shoulder blades) for divination. The omen results, verification status, etc.) were engraved on the oracle bones and kept as archival materials by the royal historian (see Oracle Bone Archives). In addition to the inscriptions on divination, there are also a few inscriptions on oracle bones to record events. The contents of the oracle bone documents involve astronomy, calendar, meteorology, geography, country, lineage, family, characters, officials, conquests, prisons, agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting, transportation, religion, sacrifices, diseases, fertility, disasters, etc. It is extremely precious first-hand information for studying the social history, culture, and language of ancient China, especially the Shang Dynasty.

2 Bronze inscriptions

Bronze inscriptions refer to the characters engraved on the bronzes of the Yin and Zhou dynasties, also called bell and tripod inscriptions. The Shang and Zhou dynasties were the age of bronzes. The ritual vessels of bronzes were represented by tripods, and the musical instruments were represented by bells. "Zhongding" is synonymous with bronzes. Therefore, bell and tripod inscriptions or bronze inscriptions refer to the inscriptions cast or engraved on bronze vessels.

The so-called bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. China had already entered the Bronze Age in the Xia Dynasty, and the smelting of copper and the manufacturing of bronze wares were very developed.

Because copper was also called gold before the Zhou Dynasty, the inscriptions on the bronzes were called "jinwen" or "jinjinwen"; and because this type of bronzes had the largest number of characters on bells and tripods, they were also called "zhongdingwen" in the past. ".

The period when bronze inscriptions were used ranged from the early Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty when it destroyed the Six Kingdoms, about 1,200 years ago. The number of characters in bronze inscriptions, according to Rong Geng's "Inscriptions on Bronze Inscriptions", totals 3,722, of which 2,420 are identifiable.

The number of words in the inscriptions on the bronze vessels varies. The content recorded is also very different. Most of its main contents are to praise the achievements of ancestors and princes, and also record major historical events. For example, the famous Mao Gong Ding has 497 characters, covering a wide range of events, reflecting the social life at that time.

3 Dazhuan

The representative is the stone drum inscriptions that exist today, and the Taishi in the Zhou Xuanwen period It got its name from the book written by You. He carried out reforms on the basis of the original writing, which was named after it was carved on a stone drum. It is the earliest stone-engraved writing that has been handed down to this day, and is the ancestor of stone carving.

It started in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and spread in the Qin State during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The font is similar to Qin seal script, but the configuration of the glyphs often overlaps.

4 Xiaozhuan

It is also called "Qin Zhuan". Popular in the Qin Dynasty. The shape is relatively long, evenly rounded and neat, and it is derived from the large seal script. Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty said in "Shuowen Jiezi? Shu": "The first emperor of Qin ruled the world at the beginning, and... let alone those who did not agree with Qin Wen. (Li) Si wrote the "Cangjie Pian", and Zhongche Mansion ordered Zhao Gao to write the "Aili Pian" ", Taishi ordered Hu Wujing to write the "Bo Xue Pian", all of which were based on the large seal script of Shi Zhou, or some provincial changes, the so-called small seal script."

5 Official script

The official script is basically a seal script. It evolved mainly from the round strokes of seal script to square folds, which makes writing faster. It is difficult to draw round strokes when writing on wooden slips.

Official script is also called "official script". , "ancient script". It is a font based on the seal script, which is simplified to meet the needs of convenient writing, and the even and round lines of the small seal script are changed into straight and square strokes to facilitate writing. Also known as "Ancient Li") and "Han Li" (also called "Modern Li"), the emergence of official script is a major change in ancient writing and calligraphy.

Official script is a common type of Chinese characters. The solemn font has a slightly wide and flat writing effect, long horizontal strokes and short straight strokes, and pays attention to "silk head and swallow tail" and "twists and turns". It originated in the Qin Dynasty and reached its peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the calligraphy circle, there is "Han Li Tang Kai". It is also said that official script originated from the Warring States Period.

The name of official script originated from the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was another major reform of Chinese writing. The art of calligraphy has entered a new realm, which is a turning point in the history of the evolution of Chinese characters, laying the foundation for regular script. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, the structure of official script was flat, neat, and exquisite. The changes have the artistic beauty of calligraphy. The styles are also becoming more diverse, which is of great artistic appreciation value.

It is said that the official script was compiled by Qin Weicheng Miao in prison, and the characters were simplified and rounded. , the strokes are changed from straight to straight. Changing "continuous strokes" to "broken strokes" makes it easier to write from lines to strokes. "Liren" does not refer to prisoners, but refers to "subordinate officials", that is, small officials in charge of documents, so in In ancient times, official script was called "Zuoshu". Official script became popular in the Han Dynasty and became the main script. As the first Qin Dynasty, it retained many seal characters, and then continued to develop and process it, gradually establishing regular script. Under the unification of the idea of ??"deposing hundreds of schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", the official script of the Han Dynasty gradually developed and became the dominant calligraphy style. At the same time, cursive script, regular script and running script were derived, laying the foundation for art. .

6 Regular script

Regular script is also called Zhengshu, or true script. It is characterized by its square shape and straight strokes, so it is named after the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are many famous regular script writers, such as "Ou Ti" (Ouyang Xun), "Yu Ti" (Yu Shinan), "Yan Ti" (Yan Zhenqing), "Liu Ti" (Liu Gongquan), "Zhao Ti" (Zhao Yufu), etc.

In the early stage of "regular script", there are still very few official scripts left. The structure is slightly wider, with long horizontal strokes and short straight strokes. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties handed down, such as Zhong Yao's "Declaration Table" ( Pictured on the left), "Jian Ji Zhi Biao", Wang Xizhi's "Le Yi Lun", "Huang Ting Jing", etc., can be regarded as representative works. Looking at its characteristics, it is just as Weng Fanggang said: "The wave painting of the official script is changed, and the horizontal and straight lines of the ancient official script are still retained."

After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the north and the south split, and calligraphy was also divided into two schools. The Northern style calligraphy has the legacy of the Han Dynasty. The writing style is clumsy and vigorous, but the style is simple and strict. It is better than the list book. This is the so-called Wei stele. Southern calligraphy is more sparse, elegant and subtle, and is better than rulers and tablets. In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, due to regional differences, personal habits and calligraphy styles were very different. The northern books are strong and the southern books are borrowed from each other. Each one is perfect and there is no distinction between superior and inferior. However, Bao Shichen and Kang Youwei strongly praised the books of the two dynasties, especially the stele style of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Kang cited ten beautiful things to emphasize the advantages of Wei stele.

The regular script of the Tang Dynasty is like the prosperity of the country in the Tang Dynasty, which is truly unprecedented. The style of calligraphy has matured and calligraphers have emerged in large numbers. In terms of regular script, Yu Shinan, Ouyang Xun, and Chu Suiliang in the early Tang Dynasty, Yan Zhenqing in the mid-Tang Dynasty, and Liu Gongquan in the late Tang Dynasty were all valued by later generations and regarded as models for calligraphy practice.

7 Cursive Script

Cursive Script: A style of writing for Chinese characters. It was formed in the Han Dynasty and evolved on the basis of official script for the convenience of writing. There are Zhangcao, Jincao and Kuangcao. There are rules and regulations to follow when making changes in Zhangcao's strokes. Representative works include the Songjiang version of Wu Huangxiang's "Jijiuzhang" of the Three Kingdoms. Jincao's writing style is informal and smooth, and his representative works include "Chu Yue" and "De Shi" written by Wang Xizhi of the Jin Dynasty. Kuangcao appeared in the Tang Dynasty, represented by Zhang Xu and Huaisu, with wild and uninhibited writing styles, and became an artistic creation that was completely divorced from practicality. From then on, cursive script was just a calligraphy work that calligraphers copied from Zhangcao, Jincao and Kuangcao. Representative works include Zhang Xu's "Belly Pain" and Huai Su's "Autobiography". Cursive script is a font created for the convenience of writing. It began in the early Han Dynasty. What was commonly used at that time was "Cao Li", that is, scrawled official script. Later, it gradually developed into a kind of "Zhang Cao" with artistic value. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhi changed "Zhangcao" to "Jincao", and the style of the characters was formed in one stroke. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Xu and Huai Su developed "Kang Cao" with continuous and convoluted strokes and numerous changes in glyphs.

8 Running Script

A font between regular script and cursive script. It can be said to be the cursive version of regular script or the regular script version of cursive script. It was created to make up for the slow writing speed of regular script and the difficulty of legibility of cursive script. The writing style is not as sloppy as cursive script, nor does it require regular script to be as straight. Those with more regular script than cursive script are called "Xingkai". Those with more cursive than regular script are called "Xingcao". Running script was produced around the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Answer: LiHai4458 - Level 2 2008-11-17 19:20