Basic knowledge of art in junior and senior high schools [art students]

Learn geometry first. Buy books and copy them.

Pay attention to perspective and light and shade.

Buy a still life book to copy when you can learn.

Sketch if you think you can. Draw bottles and cans at home.

When you finish drawing these, find a class to follow.

But be careful. Be correct.

Some bad habits, once formed, are hard to change.

So I advise you to find a teacher to learn.

I have laid a good foundation and am teaching myself.

Sketch, in short, is monochrome painting. However, this is not entirely correct. After all, sketch covers too many things and solves too many problems. Sketching process is a comprehensive thinking activity that considers many problems at the same time. At present, all majors in art colleges take it as a basic course, although each major has different emphasis, such as oil painting emphasizing volume and tone, Chinese painting emphasizing lines, printmaking and design emphasizing structure. But the sketches are similar. At the same time, sketch, as an independent art category, has its unique artistic value. Of course, there are not many specialized sketch artists, most of whom are part-time. For example, masters, their drafts are already very valuable, so you don't have to distinguish between basic sketches and independent works of art, even if these sketches seem to be several strokes, the skill behind them is very good. Sometimes a random undulating line reflects the artist's profound understanding and mastery of modeling, structure, characteristics, rhythm, charm and art history, and the hardships behind it are naturally self-evident.

Let me talk about my understanding of sketch, or my experience in teaching and learning for more than ten years. The following parts overlap, which is determined by the comprehensiveness of the sketch. Each part is only one aspect of the sketch complex, and the relationship between them is decomposition and reorganization.

1. Show as much as you can understand.

Generally speaking, sketch is very rational, and the process of sketch is an activity that people combine their brains, eyes and hands highly. The brain is the commander-in-chief, and substantial rationality is particularly important; Eyes are sensitive and lively, but they are often one-sided and wrong; Hands are just tools to achieve the results of brain-eye consultation, as long as they are obedient, which belongs to the technical category (of course, there are other tools). Therefore, the brain should keep learning and thinking. Only thinking can bring innovation, and thinking is the biggest feature that distinguishes people from animals. First of all, we should learn the history of art, understand the development process of art, and understand the unique growth process, artistic concept, style difference and skill expression of masters. Only by constant evaluation and thinking can we correctly position ourselves, promote our better development and avoid confusion and repeated waste. Can't you learn to sketch without learning to reach out? Finch, Michelangelo, Raphael, Diu Lei, Rubens, Kumfer, it is not enough to know about Che Shakov. The birth of anatomy and perspective has injected more scientific and rational factors into sketch, which takes time and energy to learn and master. For example, without understanding the underlying bone structure, muscle movement and visual perspective deformation, it is impossible to express a person only by understanding the contour fluctuation of the surface; Every line and every ups and downs should reflect the knowledge of anatomy and perspective, which can make the sketch more profound and complete. The knowledge of composition makes sketch works more perfect and personalized, more visual and more artistic. The clever use and control of structure, characteristics, proportion, shape, orientation, rhythm, contrast, points, lines and planes undoubtedly play a key role in the full expression of sketch, while the mastery of geometric concepts and in-depth shaping skills will also play a macro and micro control role in the picture. The invention of the camera and the arrival of the Internet era liberated sketch from the objective world, thus paying more attention to the infinite space of people's thoughts and feelings in the post-industrial era, and sketch showed more diverse styles.

Obviously, with such a rich knowledge reserve, you have to be an excellent conductor to express yourself artistically with intuition and passion.

2. Foundation, ability and quality

Sketch is the foundation of plastic arts, and the purpose of sketch learning and training is to cultivate learners' correct cognitive ability, observation ability, modeling ability, expression ability and aesthetic ability. A generous and solid foundation has become a necessary quality to enter the art palace, just like the foundation of a high-rise building, which is thick, hidden and unpretentious. It's like standing in a pile in the martial arts. You can't stand still, "Kung Fu" is just a flower shelf. Beginners must hold their horses, endure loneliness, endure hardship and have a sense of difficulty. Rome was not built in a day, nor was it built in a day by the ancients. However, it is not enough to rely on the head work alone. We should consciously cultivate our correct observation ability and expression ability. Observation methods usually refer to the whole and comparison, such as squinting at the whole and comparing in the whole. Details, especially wonderful details, should be carefully observed. If describing the front, it is best to observe the object from the side or top. Such a multi-angle three-dimensional investigation is helpful to show the structure, ups and downs, characteristics and turning points of the object. We should be able to keenly judge and perceive the unique image characteristics and spiritual temperament of the performance object, discover the form and charm of beauty from the ordinary, and quickly choose our own methods to express and deal with it. As a form of painting, sketch has its own artistic vitality, and the word "foundation" alone can no longer accommodate the full meaning of sketch, not just laying the foundation. Sometimes, cultivating good aesthetic quality can lay the foundation for a lifetime of artistic activities.

3. Basic skills and creativity

Good basic skills, creative? Not necessarily. In fact, the basic skills of many excellent artists are not very "solid", especially in today's era when this art has stepped out of modernism and entered postmodernism, and innovative ideas have become the mainstream. In China, there are still many purely technical "talents" who only bury their heads in pulling carts and don't look up at the road, which can also be said to be a common problem in our basic education. The reason why we want to implement quality education and now push forward the curriculum reform of basic education is mainly aimed at the fatal problem of low creativity of talents in China. We are not short of solid basic skills and can be said to be leading the world. What we lack is the originality to lead the world. Therefore, it is very important to deal with the relationship between basic teaching and the cultivation of creative thinking. Now, to update our basic concepts, laying the foundation is not only rote memorization and mechanical repetitive training, but also extensive reading, appreciation, knowledge, communication, cooperation, discussion, investigation, synthesis, comparison, doubt, exploration, imagination, creation, reverse thinking, divergent thinking, breaking the routine and so on. Gradually cultivate creativity in daily study and life. The basic skills of sketch and the cultivation of creativity should be synchronized, because sketch carries all valuable artistic information and creativity, and the essence of art is "innovation". Looking back at art history, it is obvious that only artists with innovative value can be recorded. Therefore, you should be a person who studies art seriously.

4. About initiative

The initiative of learning sketch refers to active practice in action and diligent exploration in thinking. The two are combined into one, and it is impossible to talk without practice, and it is impossible to practice without thinking. We often say that someone is active in learning and his works are thoughtful. That's what we mean. Even a beginner's sketch can't be reproduced purely and objectively, so we must add our own subjective feelings, rational understanding and subjective treatment. In order to feel life and know art by learning sketch. Think with your own brain and see the world with your own eyes. Initiative is a learning state, a way to consciously seek various ways to acquire knowledge and ability. We should cherish the use of learning resources such as bookstores, libraries, networks, art galleries and museums. Don't rely too much on teachers, take the initiative to study by yourself, be diligent in thinking, look around the world and actively classify, summarize, criticize and choose all kinds of information. Don't lose yourself in diversity, but keep learning in progress.

Step 5 get in position and open it

The content of "in place" includes composition, structure, characteristics, shape, proportion, orientation, rhythm, strength and so on. Being in place is a basic skill and an ability, which is not exactly the same as the "accuracy" and "trust" we usually hear. "Being in place" refers more to the subjective feeling and artistic being in place, with a higher level and greater subjective development space, and even "truth" is only artistic truth. "Openness" is a humanistic quality and a subjective means. The content of "Kai" includes artistic language, physical characteristics, black and white gray, primary and secondary, virtual reality, strength, rigidity, shade, straightness, front and back, density and so on. It is a simplification and induction in a higher sense, more subjective and free than "in place", and it is the spiritual expression of the artist's personal subjective initiative.

"Being in place" and "being apart" are equivalent to the relationship between objectivity and subjectivity, description and expression, richness and conciseness; They are unity of opposites and interrelated; Excessive "in place" is plain and mediocre, and it needs "openness" to inject vitality and vitality; Excessive "pulling away" is gorgeous, broken and simple, and needs to be integrated in place. The difficulty lies in how to master this "degree", or "just right", and it doesn't hurt to go too far. Qi Baishi's theory of "between similarity and dissimilarity" also means this.

6. The importance of "black, white and gray"

The importance of emphasizing the concept of "black, white and gray" here is entirely based on years of experience, because it has really brought many benefits to me and many students. Introducing the generalization of "black, white and gray" into the study, design and creation of sketches or all colors will get twice the result with half the effort, especially for beginners. The specific operation is as follows: the complex and disorderly objects are summarized as black, white and gray in brightness, which is a subjective grasp and orderly organization of the macro whole. Any piece contains many levels (tone and decency), but it must be under the absolute rules of "black", "white" or "gray"; Generally, "grey" blocks are rich in hierarchy, while "black" blocks are simple in hierarchy. The areas of the three blocks are specific, but they must be available. In this way, we can easily overcome the common problems of beginners such as "gray", "chaos" and "dirty" in the picture, thus making the picture structure of the work more powerful, vivid and orderly.

"Black, white and gray" is an active overall grasp and control of the picture, which may have more significance.

7. The meaning of lines

There are no pure lines in the world, and the Su school only recognizes the continuous arrangement of points (faces). However, art is art and the product of human spirit. Although it is scientific, it can never be equated with scientific "truth". One plus one is not equal to two, art has no standard answer, and line is the product of the subjective and objective world reflecting to the artist's spiritual world. Line is the most basic language of visual art, and it is a kind of generalization and "abstraction". It is both ancient and modern, and will never be out of date. Therefore, in the world of sketch, artists and lines are inseparable, and the first hand is the line, which can be fully utilized according to subjective and objective needs. The artistic expression of lines is very strong. Up to now, we are all impressed by the flying and elegant lines in Dunhuang murals and the magnificent lines in Yongle Palace murals thousands of years ago. Lines not only express contours, regions, structures, features, turning points (between forms and two colors), rhythms, etc. An object, but also expresses the artist's subjective feelings. Impulse and passion at that time is a subjective refinement, which sometimes becomes the soul of the work, so there are tough and powerful lines, flowing lines, line movements and line melodies. In fact, the use of lines is very particular, both rational and emotional, not as simple as "outline". Lines should pay attention to expressing the ins and outs of objects: where should the front and back sides of lines and the strength of lines be used? Where should I not use it? How to penetrate the air and how to compare the density? Everyone is learned. Only one sideline embodies the connotation of modeling, characteristics, space, reality, strength and so on. Line should be higher than tone (plane), because it is the subjective product of the artist and a kind of "spiritual expression".

8. The tune is the server

We should have a correct understanding: don't tune for the sake of tuning, tuning is just a physical server. In other words, the use of tones should reflect the internal structure and ups and downs, and should focus on the physical structure, and oppose the use of specious, ambiguous or useless tones; Tone is best used in conjunction with lines, which are the masters of external contours, and tone is a strong manifestation of internal volume, texture and hierarchy; If the line is the basic framework in the building, then the keynote is the interior and exterior decoration, which complement each other and promote each other. The popular Supai sketches pushed the tune to the highest position. Draw everything except one bright spot. What doesn't actually exist is the invisible surface. This too physical and rigid teaching theory system made China gloomy, weak and powerless at that time. In art, people who pursue science excessively will lose many unique advantages that they should have.

However, hue has another function: it can render the background atmosphere, adjust the rhythm of the picture, and make the picture seamless and more beautiful.

9. Emphasize the significance of "characteristics"

Introducing the concept of "characteristics" when beginners sketch will give people a feeling of taking shortcuts. "Features" are included in the images expressed, as well as in the artistic language and style expressed by the author. First of all, the combination of body structure and characteristics can produce the first impression of "what it looks like", such as someone looks like an apple, wax gourd and scissors, and the idiom "as thin as a bone", as well as the commonly known "moon eyebrows", "triangular eyes", "garlic nose" and "cherry mouth". It can also be described by "external characteristics" and "internal characteristics"; "Appearance characteristics" can draw lessons from some skills of paper-cutting art; Others, such as shadow, blank, beard, collar, cloth pattern, etc. In a word, you can dig out the objects and details that you think are worth describing. Grasping the beauty of features means that people subjectively highlight some distinctive features of objects, or attach importance to the visible shapes of some pictures, so as to treat them "seriously" and make the pictures "shaped" from a distance, so that the whole and small parts will appear attractive and weighty. The concept of "characteristics" should be carried out throughout the sketch performance.

10. Pay attention to "modification"

The "modification" here is similar to the adjustment in the general sense, but the difference is that the adjustment is mostly based on the routine step by step, while the "modification" is based on the courage and directness in positive performance; Because you dare to draw and make mistakes, you should "modify"; And every "modification" is a process of thinking and progress, and sometimes drastic "modification" is actually a sublimation or resurrection. Therefore, don't be afraid of being dirty, don't be overly cautious, and dare to do it; Don't worry about leaving traces of change, this trace should be the footprint of progress.

"Review" is a down-to-earth learning attitude and a self-confident and enterprising learning exploration. Beginners often make a mistake and start over. They always want to make a quick decision, make a blockbuster, but they don't know that this is an impetuous performance.

Although I have tried many times and tried many times, the above statement is only one-sided and inaccurate. However, it is also from the bottom of my heart that there should still be its place today when pluralism can coexist, because the discussion on sketch teaching will never end.

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Sketch of formal training for art beginners

Many beginners, including some teenagers who have received sketch training, want to sketch, but they always feel at a loss. In contact with these beginners, I always try to tell them some training methods in sketching, but more beginners also need this knowledge and skills, which I can't reach. Due to the limited learning conditions, many of them have no chance to contact teachers in this field. To this end, I would like to take this opportunity to sort out some of my sketching teaching experiences and methods in the past ten years, and dedicate them to those teenagers who are interested in learning painting to help them learn, so that they can make fewer detours in the process of sketching, master the correct learning methods, and receive more scientific and formal sketching training guidance.

Is it difficult to learn to draw? Mr. Xu Beihong, an art educator, once said that people with higher intelligence can learn painting well through hard work. It seems that as long as you are willing to work hard, go in and gradually touch the rules, the originally difficult problems will become easier. Among the teenagers who have just started to learn painting, some have painted children's paintings when they were young, and some have copied comics and comic books. There are still some people who have never done sketching but have always been interested in sketching. These are all good beginnings of sketch professional training.

Sketch is a kind of painting form that quickly depicts objects in a short time. It has two functions: collecting painting materials and training modeling ability. Sketch can best show the painter's keen observation ability and fresh feeling of the material world, and the picture is vivid and touching, which is the remarkable feature of sketch. Because of the short painting time, when painting an object, it can draw any image in the life around us at any time, especially good at depicting moving objects and fleeting dynamics. The subject matter of sketch description is far beyond the scope of sketch practice in class. So often sketching can help us form a good habit of observing the life around us. Long-term adherence to sketching can accumulate rich artistic materials for future artistic creation and design. Sketch is also a good training method to exercise hands-on ability. We advocate developing the good habit of sketching from the beginning of learning painting. Some contents of sketch training can be understood as the short-term operation form of sketch. It is a good method to draw more sketches while training for a relatively long time, so that long-term and short-term operations can be interspersed. Therefore, sketch is an auxiliary practice form of sketch training.

Some masters of painting, such as Rembrandt, a Dutch painter in17th century, Huo Jiasi, an English painter in18th century, and Menser, a German painter in19th century, are all sketch masters. Many famous China painters have also made great achievements in the field of sketch, forming a unique personal style. Such as Ye, Alau, Huang Zhou, Liu Wenxi,. Some of them have never had the opportunity to study in formal art colleges, but have taken sketch as the basic form of painting training and embarked on the road to success. Teenagers who are interested in learning painting, as long as they are willing to work hard, maintain a high degree of enthusiasm, study hard, use more brains, use proper methods and persevere, will certainly be able to sketch well and lay a solid foundation for painting learning.

Sketch requires drawing the object to be represented in a short time. So it is the most straightforward way to describe the image in the form of lines. In addition to describing the shape of objects, lines also have artistic expression functions, which can embody rich connotations, such as strength, lightness, dignity and elegance. When drawing a sketch, the author will unconsciously show his artistic personality through the use of lines. Line modeling is the most commonly used form of expression in sketch. In addition, the combination of line and surface is also one of the common forms. Sometimes arranging some light and dark tones at the structural turning point can increase the expressive force of sketch art and make the atmosphere of the picture more changeable and rich. In addition to the above two forms, pure light and shade sketch is rare. Of course, there are also some painters who explore this form out of the need to pursue their own style of painting. But this can't be the goal that beginners pursue in the training process.

This book mainly teaches some basic knowledge and training methods of sketch, trying to build a bridge between beginners' general interest in painting and realistic modeling rules. I hope everyone can enter the professional training stage of painting learning together.

Tools and materials for sketching

For sketching pens, beginners can choose 2B pencil or charcoal pen, because these two kinds of pens are easier to master in the process of sketching training, and they can also draw with pens and brushes after a certain foundation.

Sketch paper is nothing special, just plain white paper of about 70 grams, or newsprint (paper for printing newspapers), which is suitable for drawing with charcoal. Beginners can practice with all kinds of loose paper. Now some art shops sell special sketch books, which provides more convenience for sketch practice.

In addition, when you go out to sketch, you should prepare a small drawing board or clip.

Painting is a form of expression in which three-dimensional objects are drawn on long and wide paper in a three-dimensional space, but at the same time, it produces an accurate and true three-dimensional sense, so painting art cannot be separated from the application of perspective knowledge.

Generally speaking, there are two main forms of perspective, namely, Parallel perspective perspective and angle perspective. Parallel perspective means that a certain elevation of the painted cube is parallel to the picture, and the perspective of this surface does not disappear; Angle perspective means that the two vertical facades of the cube form a certain angle with the screen, and the perspective disappears on both facades.

Apparent horizon refers to the horizontal line as high as the human eye. The center point refers to the painter's point perpendicular to the picture.

Basic methods of sketch training

Sketch training is a comprehensive training for learners' observation ability, analysis ability, understanding ability and expression ability The training of observation in sketch training should not only train eyes to see accurately, but also train them to have correct observation methods when painting. What is the correct observation method? Generally speaking, drawing according to our usual habit of seeing things is often a one-sided observation method, which cannot express the essential relationship of objects. If you want to sketch well, you must change the habit of local observation, learn the method of overall observation, and form the habit of observing the various morphological and structural relationships of objects as a whole. This holistic observation method requires the observed object to have a holistic consciousness when painting. When drawing a certain point or part, don't just stare at it. Compare this point and this part with other parts, understand the up-and-down relationship between the part to be drawn and other parts and the internal structural relationship between them, and write from the overall relationship. This process of comparison is actually a cognitive process of analyzing and understanding the object as a whole. The correct observation method can only be mastered step by step through a lot of practice. Sketch training is a process of practicing eyes, brain and hands at the same time. Painting is a highly skilled art. The general sequence of sketch training, some learning methods and painting steps are introduced below.

First, from simple to complex

At the beginning of sketch painting, we can start with a relatively simple description of the object. For example, a small wooden stool, a pair of rain boots placed casually, and a dress hanging on the wall. When painting, first draw the relationship between the outlines of objects, draw the basic shape with straight lines, and pay attention to the length ratio of lines and the inclination of each line. After that, enrich some details. For example, when drawing a stool, the relationship between the stool surface and the stool legs is great, while the tenon and local features are details, which can be drawn gradually in the further stage.

"Complex" image refers to objects with complex structural relations. For example, trees with lush foliage, figures with various clothes patterns, etc. The painting method is the same as Jane, starting from the big aspects, and then enriching the details after determining the big relationship. It is necessary to understand a complex object as consisting of various simple parts, and then draw the simple parts into complex relationships, so that it can be completed in an orderly manner. When drawing complex objects, one of the more difficult things to deal with is the relationship between the whole and the parts. When drawing details, we should pay attention to the relationship between their parts, at the same time, we should take care of the big relationship of the whole, and don't make the whole look trivial because of depicting details. It is not difficult to draw "complex" objects as long as we grasp the principle of drawing big relations first and then enriching details.

From simple to complex training, starting from a big theme, you can draw flowers first, then trees and landscapes, and finally people.

Second, from static to dynamic.

When you first start sketching, you should start with static objects, and then paint moving objects after a little proficiency. A static object or a person in a static state is helpful for beginners to observe the object calmly and compare the various structural relationships of the depicted object repeatedly when painting, so that beginners can write on the basis of carefully studying the various structural relationships of the depicted object. You must draw with lines. Drawing lines is to express the physical relationship of objects and explain the structural modeling clearly. The entry and exit of lines should be based on the structure of the depicted object.

Beginners sketchers should compare their sketches with the depicted objects repeatedly when drawing to correct inaccurate parts. The best description objects of sketch modeling practice are static objects and static graphics. We see many sketches, and an outline sometimes has several lines. This is the trace of correcting homework.

Dynamic objects, such as dynamic figures and animals, need to be trained by combining the basic skills of static sketch with the laws of structure and movement, so that they can be drawn easily. Matters needing attention and drawing steps of dynamic sketch will be elaborated in detail in the later part.

Third, from slow to fast.

Sketching is not as easy as some beginners think, just like writing cursive script. Because the process of sketching is a modeling process of observing, understanding and expressing the body. Beginners should carefully understand this process and draw it in three dimensions. As you become more skilled, you can draw faster. Beginners draw slowly first. For example, each sketch of a character can be completed in about 45 minutes to 65,438+0 hours, and then it can be gradually turned into half an hour or a quarter of an hour. And in the process of training, slow and fast training methods should be interspersed from time to time, so as to get solid practice and master some sketch methods in sketch training.

Fourth, from depicting regular objects to depicting irregular objects.

Beginners should draw some regular objects first, which is conducive to grasping the accuracy of modeling and mastering some sketching skills. To describe a regular object, you can first draw some flowers with clear basic shapes and regular character dynamics that appear repeatedly. After mastering some basic sketching skills, draw some irregular objects, such as chaotic bushes and fleeting irregular character dynamics. Regular objects are easier to grasp, and more accurate contours can be obtained through the principle of central axis symmetry. Objects with weak sense of regularity are more difficult to grasp and need a certain sketching foundation to sketch.

Five, the combination of copying and sketching

The process of learning sketch should be a process of alternating training by copying excellent sketch models and comparing physical sketches. The purpose of copying is to learn the techniques of predecessors, such as the generalization, selection and explanation of structure and some skills of using pen and line, so as to gain experience in copying as much as possible. In addition, excellent line drawings and cartoons similar to sketches can also be copied. By copying, we can learn some sketch techniques such as general modeling, clothing line processing, interspersed with density and so on. In addition, in the process of sketching, beginners should copy the excellent anatomical drawings of the artistic human body so as to master the basic structural knowledge of the human body in the process of learning. Copying and sketching should be repeated alternately, so that copying can be experienced, and what copying has learned can be applied to sketching and truly become yourself.

Also, if you like fashion design, you should practice sketching well.