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Text discussion

First, the overall grasp

The Story of the Stone is a lyric poem praising fossils. Reading this poem can arouse people's infinite reverie. Yin is the name of a classical poem. This is the meaning of praise.

This poem has seven sections, which can be divided into three layers. 1 and 2 are 1 layers, which arouse readers' imagination in the form of questions. The continuous questioning shows the author's strong scientific interest and thirst for knowledge, and also opens the floodgates of readers' thinking, allowing readers and the author to think about the mysterious world hundreds of millions of years ago and listen to fossils telling fantastic myths.

Verses 3, 4, 5 and 6 are the main parts of this poem, which are dedicated to expressing reverie. "You lead my thoughts to ancient times" is a sentence to express the author's thoughts, and then to write flying thoughts. Through the study of fossils, scientists have come to the scientific view of biological evolution, and the so-called statement that God created everything is not in line with objective facts. Look, isn't that a cold skeleton certificate? Although ancient creatures have died and their bodies have been wiped out for hundreds of millions of years, they are real evidence of life that once existed. The existence of these buried fossils is enough to prove that life on earth is endless and productive. In these fossils, organic compounds, as the basic substances of life, are preserved, which provides necessary conditions for scientists to study biological evolution. Isn't the residue of these organic substances the information of life? Isn't it the research work of scientists to decipher these codes? Before the fifth festival, two sentences said that "years have carved wrinkles on your face", which naturally reminded readers of people. The wrinkles on a person's face are portraits of the course of life, which is a truth that every reader knows. But the author is not writing about people, but also writing about fossils. The author's thoughts flew to the ancient flood, the sea dried up and the rocks crumbled, the sea changed and the stars changed. No matter how long it takes, no matter how big the change is, it can't stop the ship of life from sailing from ancient times to modern times, and the form of life has evolved from low to high. What is the relationship between wrinkles and fossils? Why does the author write wrinkles? If the fossil is a human face, aren't the wrinkles carved on this face the archives of ancient life on earth? In the sixth section, the author turns to reality. When you visit the Museum of Paleontology, what do you think of the recovered dinosaurs and mammoths? You might imagine it screaming; Standing in the reappearance of ancient trees, don't you admire the beauty of nature? "Admire nature" is the author's heartfelt admiration. Nature is a magician and a sculptor. At this point, the author's feelings reached a climax. After reading this, we will suddenly feel how the four problems in the 1 paragraph in the poem are caused. It may be a question from visiting the museum.

The last section responds to sections 1 and 2, which makes the whole poem complete in structure and has questions and answers.

This poem uses personification. The author regards the fossil as a talking person, and the second person calls it "you", which is naturally kind. Pay attention to the rhythm of poetry in teaching, and experience the musical beauty of poetry through repeated reading.

Second, the problem research

This poem is easy to understand and is a textbook to guide students to expand their imagination and association. In the teaching process, teachers should not be confined to the small circle of Chinese, but should let students think, speak and read aloud. We should pay attention to the combination of Chinese knowledge and knowledge of nature, so that we can learn not only poetry, but also natural science. Of course, Mr. China may know little about fossils, so he might as well find some information when preparing lessons, or ask the biology teacher for help.

There is no need to delve into the meaning of some words in the poem, but a basic understanding is enough.

Practice note

What kind of world is a lost world reappeared by fossils? What did the stone that has been sleeping for billions of years say? It can be supplemented by relevant knowledge learned in biology class or after class. )

The purpose of this topic is to inspire students' imagination and mobilize their knowledge reserves. This is an open topic. Paragraphs 3, 4, 5 and 6 are what fossils say.

Second, this poem has a distinct rhythm, harmonious tone and strong musicality. Read aloud repeatedly and realize this feature. And talk about the relationship between the second paragraph and the last paragraph of the poem, then where to write it.

The purpose of this topic is to let students understand the rhythmic beauty of poetry and the structural characteristics of front and back reference. "The world that has passed away for thousands of years reappears", and care about "whether the world that has passed away for thousands of years can reappear"; "The stone that has been sleeping for hundreds of millions of years speaks", and take care of "Can the stone that has been sleeping for hundreds of millions of years speak?" The last two sentences of these two sections also take care of each other. It can be said that section 7 is an answer to section 2.

According to your own conditions, ask teachers and experts after class, or watch feature films, find information, and write a short article about dinosaurs or other paleontology.

The purpose of this topic is to expand students' extracurricular reading, write down relevant knowledge and exercise students' ability to collect and sort out information.

Teaching suggestion

Combined with the study of this poem, lead students to visit the natural museum, or find some picture books (there are many) to introduce paleontology. Teachers should cultivate students' interest in biological evolution by teaching this poem, and also introduce some latest research results in biology.

related data

First, let's talk about fish evolution (bro)

As the oldest vertebrate on the earth, fish's long evolutionary history has always been an issue of interest to many biologists. The appearance of fish marks a qualitative leap from lower primitive invertebrates to vertebrates. The development and evolution of fish also put forward an obvious evolutionary pedigree of vertebrates. All higher animals, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals and even ourselves have developed on this basis.

Paleontological research is usually based on fossil materials. Scientists determine the absolute age of rocks by radioisotopes and divide them into different geological ages. The paleontology preserved in these geological times recorded the environmental conditions and biological information at that time, and formed fossils after thousands of years of deposition, which became the basis for studying geological history and biological evolution history.

Fish fossils are not very rich, but they can still show the development process of all kinds of fish in ancient and modern times. The earliest fish fossils were deposited in Cambrian and Ordovician rocks, about 400 million years ago. Through the study of rocks, people know that the earliest fish lived in salt water environment, or in the ocean, and their bodies were covered with an exoskeleton as hard as armor. These primitive fish are covered with hard armor, and the front and back armor are flat. Because they have no jaws, they are called jawless. They are arguably the oldest fish. Because they wear armor and can't swim, they can only live in underwater sediments. It should be said that they are a group of fish that can't swim. The endoskeleton of jaws has not been preserved, so scientists speculate that they have soft bones, just like cartilaginous fish, sharks and gill fish we see now.

A large number of complete jawless fossils were found in Devonian, which can be regarded as the infancy of fish. The Jurassic and Cretaceous of Mesozoic (about 65.438+0.3 billion years ago ~ 65.438+0.6 billion years ago) were the times of fish revival. In the Cenozoic, all kinds of ancient and modern fish * * * existed in the ocean and other waters on the earth, and the fish family reached its peak.

On the basis of jawless fish, the earliest jawed fish was also developed. The original jaw was transformed from several bony branchial arches. The branchial arch was originally buried in the muscle. In the process of evolution, the jaw and the head and shell merged into one, thus forming a stronger and more efficient feeding organ-chewing device.

Primitive jaw fish, also known as shield fish, flourished in Devonian, but most of them became extinct at the end of Devonian. It is generally believed that both cartilaginous fish and bony fish evolved from shield fish, and they developed in different directions, but no clear evidence was found to prove this inference. Some shield fish still have flat bodies, just like their ancestors; But most of them have become streamlined and their armor has been reduced, which gives them a strong swimming ability. Chondroid fish also shed their heavy armor (but there are still traces of the backboard) and developed stronger muscle tissue suitable for swimming. Some scientists think that cartilaginous fish are "primitive" fish, but whether they are really more primitive than bony fish remains to be confirmed.

The research on the genesis and evolution of vertebrate jaws began with embryology research in19th century, which revealed an important process in evolution. The appearance of jaw shows that the appearance of a new important feature of animals can expand the life field of a group to the field that could not be lived in the past. Since then, fish have expanded rapidly and become the most common swimming organism group today.

Skeletal fish first lived in fresh water, then gradually extended to the ocean, and finally became the dominant group of marine fish. In the process of evolution, they produced internal hard bones, which turned stiff armor into thin scales, thus making their movements agile and flexible and improving their moving speed.

There are two kinds of bony fish, among which the number and species of radial fin fish greatly exceed that of another kind of fish-internal nostril fish. Internal nostril fish include some primitive species with special morphology and structure. They have internal nostril structure, which can close their mouths without affecting their breathing. Today, fish with internal nostrils can only see lungfish and marlin. Barracuda belongs to echinoderma. Known as a living fossil, it was considered an extinct species by scientists before 1938. 1938 A fisherman on the southeast coast of Africa caught the first pike tail, which caused a sensation in the world. Later, they were caught one after another, confirming that this ancient fish still lives in the modern ocean. The important feature of coelacanth is that its fins are leaflike, with muscles and connected spines, so that some fish can crawl on land. They are closely related to amphibians. People think that amphibians evolved from them.

(Excerpted from Sea WorldNo. 1999,No. 12)

Second, the mystery of bird ancestors

In the past, people always thought that birds originally evolved from reptiles. Archaeopteryx, as the product of the intermediate stage of this evolutionary process, has always been regarded as the ancestor of birds. Although this evolutionary theory seems to have some truth, many paleontologists still have some doubts about the conclusion that reptiles like lizards will really become birds because of mutation and natural selection. As a result, in academic circles, experts have launched a protracted debate on the issue of birds.

In the era when Darwin's Origin of Species was just published, people could not understand the view that birds first evolved from reptiles. Later, in 186 1 year, archaeologists discovered a strange biological fossil in a limestone quarry in Germany. This fossil has wings, teeth in the mouth, claws in the front of the wings, and a long tail composed of multiple coccygeal vertebrae like a lizard. The discovery of this fossil called Archaeopteryx excited many archaeologists and paleontologists. Because many people insist that "birds evolved from lizards", here is the basis.

However, today, this widely accepted view suddenly loses its authority. Because in 1986, American archaeologists discovered a bird fossil 75 million years older than Archaeopteryx in Texas and named it "Primitive Bird", so the "throne" of bird ancestors will be taken away by Primitive Birds. Paleontologists point out that if so, the idea that birds evolved from reptiles will also be denied.

In order to understand the significance of primitive bird discovery, it is necessary for us to look at the evolution of birds according to archaeopteryx fossils. Regarding the origin of Archaeopteryx, Pomfret of the British Museum pointed out that in the past, people thought it was a reptile group that was the ancestor of birds, but it was not actually a lizard. Archaeopteryx evolved from a member of dinosaur family. Archaeopteryx and dinosaur are both "distant relatives" and "close neighbors", and both originated from teeth. Undeniably, Archaeopteryx is very similar to a small dinosaur called Bone Dragon, so as early as the19th century, paleontologists believed that the ancestors of birds were dinosaurs of this group.

Although it is difficult to accept that birds are descendants of dinosaurs today, we will gain more confidence if we can compare birds with dinosaurs.

From the appearance, many birds are similar to dinosaurs now. Among dinosaurs, there was a parrot-billed dragon, whose mouth was very similar to that of a parrot who taught human language. Ostrich dragon's feet, like ostrich's feet, have three toes and are good at walking. Ostrich dragon had no teeth, and neither did ostrich. A hadrosaur's mouth is like a duck's mouth, and a hadrosaur swims like a duck. Birds live in 1? 800 million years ago, even dragons had long hair all over their bodies. Birds have hollow bones, so that they can lose weight and fly easily. The bones of some early dinosaurs were also hollow, and scientists called this dinosaur an empty-boned dragon. The hollow-boned dragon is light and agile, and its shape and body structure are very similar to those of birds.

In the process of exploring the origin of birds, one of the focuses of debate is the clavicle problem. The left and right clavicles of birds adhere to each other, which is a V-shaped healing clavicle and is very developed. The dinosaur's collarbone completely disappeared because of degeneration. In this regard, people who hold the view that "birds originated from dinosaurs" think that both dinosaurs and birds originated from teeth, but the clavicle changed differently in the later evolution, so it cannot be said that dinosaurs were not the ancestors of birds.

However, when putting forward the above viewpoint, some scientists found some bones with collarbones. Fossil analysis shows that archaeopteryx's bones and bones in bones in bones in bones in bones in bones in bones in bones in bones in bones in bones in bones in bones in bones in bones in bones. This overturns the previous view that dinosaurs and birds originated from teeth.

Later, the fossils of primitive birds were discovered, and experts and scholars with different views turned their attention to primitive birds, trying to find a new theoretical breakthrough from primitive birds. After analyzing the fossils of primitive birds, paleontologists were surprised to find that primitive birds had many characteristics closer to birds than archaeopteryx.

First of all, primitive birds have the characteristics of sternum and keel process that archaeopteryx can't match, and they are very large. More importantly, it also has a strange shoulder bone. This is because the muscles supporting feathers pass along the shoulder bone, so the shoulder bone of ordinary birds is very large. In this feature, primitive birds are very similar to modern birds. Secondly, the bones of primitive birds are also hollow and have flight-related skeletal characteristics.

In addition, primitive birds have some characteristics of ordinary birds and some characteristics of reptiles. For example, it has a long tail and a sciatic bone firmly attached to the spine, like a reptile, and so on.

From the above facts, it is not difficult to find that the origin time of birds should be explored before primitive birds. The discovery of primitive birds is likely to deny the previous view that birds originated from dinosaurs. The discovery of primitive bird fossils undoubtedly provides new information for exploring the origin of birds, but scientists have not yet reached an agreement on who the ancestors of birds were, and can only draw a conclusion after discovering older bird fossils.

Third, the ancestors of amphibians

1938 One day in February, a fishing boat in the Indian Ocean caught a strange fish in the deep sea near the east coast of Africa.

Fishermen have never seen such strange fish. About 1? 5 meters long, not ugly, steel blue all over, dark blue eyes. The most special thing is that the fins under its body are very big, a bit like legs.

This kind of fish can only live for four hours without water. The captain thinks that this is indeed a special kind of fish, which may have certain research value in science. So as soon as the ship landed, he sent a letter to Latiman, the librarian of the museum there. But in that season, Africa was sweltering and the fat fish had begun to rot.

Latiman saw the fish and thought it was a novelty and should be well preserved for scientists to observe and study. She hired a person who specializes in making animal specimens, peeled off the skin of this strange fish, stuffed some grass in it and made a specimen. She thought this strange fish must be a newly discovered species, so she called it "Latiman fish" with her own name. Now it is usually called barracuda.

But it's a pity that no one knew the importance of this strange fish at that time. If I knew, I would try to keep every part of it. But the result is only a skin, a head and some fragmentary bones.

This novel fish is actually a very old fish, and people have caught it. It is "ancient" not because it has lived for 20 years, 50 years, 100 years; More precisely, it is almost the same as a fish that lived 300 million years ago.

Later, people caught several similar strange fish in the deep waters of Na Pianhai, which further confirmed the previous findings.

What are the characteristics of barracuda? The most striking feature is that it has unique pectoral fins and ventral fins, just like the ancient total fin fish. The internal bones of these fins are very similar to the limbs bones of amphibians such as frogs. In addition, it has a breathing swim bladder.

Paleontology tells us that the total fin fish is an ancient fish and the ancestor of amphibians. They are divided into two branches in the development process: one landed in life and evolved into amphibians, such as frogs; One stayed in the ocean and gradually evolved, and most species became extinct. Dog fish is the representative of this kind of fish.

A long time ago, the climate was warm and humid, and the trees were lush. In the endless swamp area, there are many kinds of total fin fish. At that time, some total fin fish climbed onto the land, became the ancestors of amphibians and developed into terrestrial vertebrates.

Later, great changes have taken place on the earth, such as landslides, ground fissures and dry and cold climate. Rivers and ponds began to dry up, and many freshwater fish became extinct. It is suspected that the total fin fish also became extinct at that time. So 1938 found Latiman fish, and there is a live total fin fish, just like meeting a live dinosaur-Qingdao Dragon near Qingdao.

Four. angiosperm

Angiosperms are seed plants whose seeds are covered with pericarp. From the first half of Cretaceous to now, angiosperms are the dominant plants with the highest degree of evolution and the widest distribution on the earth. About 250,000 species are widely distributed in mountains, plains, deserts, lakes and rivers, and a few are distributed in seawater. There are about 25,000 species in China. Angiosperm sporophyte is highly developed, and its roots, stems, leaves and flowers are obviously differentiated. They are trees, shrubs or perennial herbs. Most angiosperms have vessels in xylem, sieve tubes and companion cells in phloem, but some aquatic, parasitic, saprophytic and fleshy angiosperms lost their vessels during evolution. Some primitive angiosperms have no ducts. Leaves are big leaves with gaps. Flowers usually consist of calyx, petals, stamens and pistils.

The early taxonomic status of angiosperms belongs to angiosperms of seed plants. However, most modern systems divide it into angiosperms. According to the comprehensive characteristics of morphology, it is often divided into dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous. It is recognized that the trees and shrubs in angiosperms are primitive, the herbs are relatively evolved, and monocotyledons are evolved from dicotyledons.

Angiosperms are closely related to human life, including rice, barley, wheat, soybean, sorghum, corn, potato, chestnut and so on. Vegetables include green vegetables, radishes, wax gourd, tomatoes, onions and so on. Oilseeds include rape, peanuts and sesame; The raw materials for light industry include sugarcane, famous beverage tea, cotton for textile, castor oil, rubber for national defense industry and transportation, bamboo for construction and textile, etc. Fruits include watermelon, apple and pineapple. The drugs are Coptidis Rhizoma and Herba Menthae; Building materials include camphor tree, Populus tomentosa, birch, etc. Many angiosperms are still available for viewing.

Five, the story of the mammoth

Mammoths are extinct mammals on the earth. Although the ice age in which they lived was a long time ago, scientists are still very interested in their mysterious living habits.

Mammoths (also known as ancient elephants), as the ancestors of elephants, are bigger than elephants, and their tusks protruding from their mouths are much longer than ivory of their contemporaries. Therefore, from the appearance, mammoths do give people a fierce feeling of blue face and fangs, rather than being as docile and modest as elephants today.

As early as Peter the Great in Russia, the famous scientist lomonosov made a detailed study of mammoths. The remains of mammoths were first discovered in Siberia. At that time, there were different opinions about the origin of mammoths. Some people say that mammoths were used by Hannibal, the ancient commander in chief, to fight. They were scattered in the European continent during the expedition, and some of them froze to death in the Urals. It is also speculated that the mammoth's body drifted along the Siberian River in Central Asia and South Asia, where it grew up. Ye Wei, an outstanding French scientist, put forward a scientific conclusion in the first half of the 9th century. Mammoths' long hair, long nose and other physiological characteristics are enough to show that their origin is Siberia, where their bones and remains were found. Because the excavation site of mammoth bones and bodies is in the permafrost outside the Arctic Circle, despite millions of years of historical changes, this natural refrigerator still preserves the remains of bones well. During the last hundred years from 1805 to 1900, the Russian Academy of Sciences * * * received 30 pieces of news about the discovery of mammoths. However, due to the limited traffic conditions and people's weak awareness of archaeological science, human beings have never obtained a complete mammoth corpse. The number of bones and teeth found at that time was amazing. According to statistics, before World War I, Yakutsk, Russia sold an average of 14570 kg of mammoth bones every year, but it took about 200 mammoths to find such a large number of bones. It can be inferred that the number of mammoths in Siberia at that time was very considerable.

190 1 year, a deer hunter discovered a complete mammoth corpse and managed to successfully transport it to the Academy of Sciences in Petersburg. At the excavation site, it was found that the mammoth died in a "sitting position" on a large piece of hard clod, with a broken skull, obvious congestion of muscles, undigested food in the stomach-branches and grass, and even a pile of grass in the mouth, which had not been swallowed before. According to the above-mentioned situation and site environment of the mammoth corpse, scientists made a logical speculation on the cause of death and natural burial of the mammoth: on an ancient autumn day, a mammoth wandered along the bank of the Berliozovka River, and from time to time rolled grass and branches into his mouth with its long nose. Suddenly, the soil on the river bank collapsed because of the long-term infiltration of the river, and the mammoth was at a loss. When it struggled to finally stand up, a large number of heavy and hard stones hit its back, so it fell into the abyss. Judging from the congestion in its muscles, it was finally suffocated.