How to grow strawberries?

Strawberry is a kind of small berry with high economic value and edible value, which is deeply loved by people. There are many cultivation modes of strawberry, such as open field, protected field and soilless culture, but no matter which cultivation mode is adopted, the core content of its management is the same. Let's take protected cultivation as an example to talk about strawberry cultivation techniques.

First, the preparation work before planting

We should do some preparatory work before planting strawberries.

1, plot selection

Strawberries have certain requirements for planting soil. Strawberry is most suitable for planting in loose, fertile soil with good water permeability and air permeability, and the suitable pH value is 5.8~7, which is a neutral or slightly acidic soil environment. When the pH value is lower than 4 or higher than 8, there will be growth and development obstacles.

2. Apply base fertilizer

Strawberries need a lot of fertilizer, so before planting, we should apply enough high-quality organic fertilizer and a certain proportion of chemical fertilizer as base fertilizer. Generally, 4000 kilograms of decomposed organic fertilizer is applied per mu, and 50 kilograms of slow-release ternary compound fertilizer with low nitrogen, medium phosphorus and high potassium is applied per mu.

3. Land preparation and soil cultivation

Tillage after fertilization. Strawberry roots are shallow, and most of them are distributed in the surface soil within 20 cm. In order to make the root system absorb the nutrients in the base fertilizer better, the ploughing depth should be between 15~20 cm. After ploughing, the ridge should be flat, and the ridge surface should be high from north to south, with a width of 50~60 cm at the bottom and 40~50 cm at the top.

Second, seedling colonization.

Selecting seedlings that meet the standards is the key to the smooth production of strawberries. The standard of seedling planting is that the seedling height is about 15 cm, there are no pests and diseases, the root system is developed, the fibrous roots are numerous and thick, and the average seedling weight is about 25~30 grams.

1, seedling treatment

First of all, removing some old leaves before planting, leaving only 2~3 new leaves, can reduce evaporation and water loss, which is beneficial to the survival of seedlings. When picking leaves, pinch off the old leaves with your nails and leave a petiole at the base. Never split the leaves, or you will damage the roots. If the sorted seedlings cannot be planted immediately, they should be placed in a cool place and covered with a sunshade to reduce water evaporation.

Before planting strawberries, we must do a good job of disinfection and sterilization to ensure the planting of aseptic seedlings. Effective viable count? 30 billion /g Bacillus subtilis 20g+ 1% difenoconazole water dispersible granule 25g+30% methyl cream? 10 ml hymexazol solution mixed with 30 kg water and sprayed directly on the roots of strawberry seedlings can effectively control strawberry root rot and anthracnose.

Dipping the roots with 5~ 10㎎/㎏ sodium naphthylacetate solution for 2~6 hours before planting has obvious root promotion effect and can effectively improve the survival rate of planting.

2. Planting time

In order to be listed during New Year's Day and Spring Festival, it is more suitable to plant from early August to mid-August (of course, all localities can flexibly grasp the planting time in combination with the local market). At this time, the outdoor temperature is high, and the greenhouse film should be removed before planting. In order to prevent the seedlings from withering due to the sun after planting, the roof can be covered with a sunshade net, otherwise the high temperature will be unfavorable to the growth of strawberries and even lead to the death of seedlings. In addition, when planting, you should choose sunny morning or evening to avoid sun exposure and accelerate seedling delay.

3. Planting method

Strawberries are usually planted in one row and two rows. The planting spacing of strawberries is 15~20 cm, and the row spacing is 20~25 cm, which can be adjusted according to different varieties and cultivation methods. When planting, first determine the position according to the plant spacing, then dig a planting pit of 5~7 cm, put the roots of seedlings into the planting pit, and then fill the soil for compaction. What is the principle of planting? Deep without burying the core, shallow without exposing the root? When planting, the arch back of seedlings is required to face the ridge edge. In this way, strawberry fruit will be hung on the ridge, which is beneficial to sunshine and ventilation, reducing the humidity of fruit surface and improving the quality of fruit. Generally, the planting density of strawberries per mu is 8000~ 10000 plants.

4. Water the planting

After planting is completed, the planting water should be watered once. This time, the amount of watering should be slightly larger, which is conducive to delaying seedlings as soon as possible. At the same time, microbial agents for improving soil should be applied with water to improve the growth environment of strawberry roots, which is beneficial to root growth and improve strawberry quality. After 4~5 days, the seedlings should be properly aired, but the newly survived seedlings are not drought-tolerant, so they should be properly watered. In the meantime, it is enough to water them every 3~4 days.

About 8 days after planting, strawberry seedlings have survived, and farmers can take off the shade at this time. After delaying seedling, areas with conditions should also be irrigated with drip irrigation equipment, which can not only improve the good fruit rate 15%~20%, but also save irrigation by 30%.

5. Film coverage

With the decrease of temperature, when the lowest temperature in a day is below 15℃, it is better to lay plastic film for strawberry insulation, because using black plastic film can not only keep the ground temperature stable, but also kill the weeds under the film with high temperature and darkness. Cover strawberry plants with plastic films, and the edges of two adjacent plastic films overlap. Fix them in the soil with U-shaped iron wires. Touch the film with your hand to find the seedlings under the film. Make a small hole in the film and lift the seedlings to the film so as not to damage the stems and leaves. When opening the seedlings, raise the seedlings in order to avoid missing the burning seedlings. Because the plastic film can keep moisture and increase temperature, the growth period of strawberry can be advanced accordingly, the flowering period can be advanced by about 1 1 day, the fruit maturity can be advanced by 10~ 15 days, the harvest period can be extended by about half a month, and the yield can be increased by 20%.

Third, the daily management of strawberry in the rapid growth period

After more than 20 days of cultivation, new leaves will grow on the seedlings, and the plants will enter the stage of rapid growth. So, what daily management work should strawberry management do?

1, tent insulation

Effective control of temperature and humidity is an important link in the success of strawberry cultivation in protected areas. Strawberries have strong adaptability to temperature. Roots begin to move at 2℃, and new roots will form above 10℃. The optimum growth temperature of roots is 15℃~20℃, and the optimum temperature of aboveground growth and photosynthesis is 20℃~25℃. So when the temperature can't reach the required temperature, it is necessary to buckle the shed to keep warm in time.

In order to prevent strawberry plants from dormancy and dwarfing, the daytime temperature can be kept at about 26℃, and the nighttime temperature can be kept at 10℃~ 12℃, but not higher than 30℃ or lower than 8℃. If the air temperature in the shed can't meet this requirement at night, some other measures should be taken, such as covering grass. If the grass can't reach the required temperature, a small arch shed will be built on the bed. If the temperature in the shed exceeds 30℃ at noon, the tuyere should be opened in time to cool down.

2. Moisture regulation

Besides the temperature, we should also control the humidity in the shed. Scientific humidity management is an important link to meet the physiological needs of strawberries and reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases. Because strawberry is a fibrous root plant, its root system is shallow, generally distributed in the soil layer 20 cm away from the surface, and it is not resistant to drought and flood; The plant has many leaves, large area and strong transpiration.

The whole growing season requires high humidity, so the relative humidity of the air in the shed should be below 70%, but in winter, the humidity often exceeds this value. Therefore, it is necessary to ventilate in time and adjust the humidity in the shed. However, due to the limitation of external temperature, considering the contradiction between cooling and moisturizing, ventilation is generally carried out around noon when the external temperature is high.

3. Lighting management

Strawberries like light. Generally speaking, the light intensity is around 15000 lux. Insufficient light is a common phenomenon in greenhouses. In order to solve this problem, we can often open the greenhouse film at noon when the temperature is high to increase the light intensity. In addition, it is necessary to clean the dust on the greenhouse film regularly to keep the greenhouse film clean, which is also conducive to enhancing transparency.

4. Water management

Strawberries need a lot of water, so farmers must pay attention to daily observation in order to water them in time. Watering is based on the premise that there are no water drops on the leaves. It's time to water it in time. Under normal management, water is usually poured once every 5 to 8 days, and drip irrigation is started for about 3 hours each time.

5. Apply foliar fertilizer.

About 30 days after planting, in order to promote the rapid development of new leaves, foliar fertilizer can be applied with watering and balanced ternary compound fertilizer of 20 kg per mu. Strawberry has shallow roots and poor absorption and utilization rate of fertilizer. In order to prevent root burning and seedling death caused by excessive fertilization, fertilizer can be sprayed on the foliage. Generally, after 65,438+00 days of application of leaf-promoting fertilizer, 0.3% urea solution is sprayed for topdressing outside the roots.

6, whole leaf pruning

With the passage of time, the leaves on strawberry plants will gradually age and turn yellow, showing a horizontal growth state. Leaves make nutrients through photosynthesis, and nutrients made by diseased leaves and old leaves can't offset consumption. Therefore, the old leaves should be removed in time. When removing the old leaves, cut them from the base of the petiole, leaving 2~3 new leaves per plant. Removing old leaves can not only reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, but also stimulate lateral buds to sprout new stems and promote flower bud differentiation. About 20 days after the old leaves are removed, new leaves can grow one after another. The work of picking leaves needs to go on. According to the specific situation of the plant, pick the leaves every 30~40 days until the strawberries are pulled out.

7. Apply flower-promoting fertilizer

About 90 days after planting, some small buds will appear on the plant. In order to ensure the amount of flowers, the second topdressing should be carried out at this time. The variety and quantity of topdressing are the same as the first topdressing.

8. Sparse flowers and buds

After planting, the buds before four new leaves should be removed, and the buds after four leaves can be kept. Generally, one bud can be left in each inflorescence. If the branches are thick, two buds can also be considered. When thinning flowers, small buds and weak buds should be removed, while large buds and strong buds should be kept. When buds coexist, sparse buds should be kept.

9. Assisted pollination

Strawberry in greenhouse is in outdoor low temperature during flowering and fruiting. Because there is little outdoor air and no insect transmission, there are often many deformed fruits and low yield. Therefore, adopting artificial pollination measures can effectively improve the quality and yield of fruits. Artificial pollination should be carried out between 10 and 3 pm.

Strawberry flowers are bisexual. Pollination method is to select flowers with open petals on the same day or the next day, draw two circles on the stamens with a small brush, and then click the pistil.

10, thinning fruit

Strawberries should be thinned frequently at fruiting stage. According to the growth of the plant, 5~9 young fruits are reserved for each plant, and the abnormal fruits, diseased fruits and small fruits are thinned in time.

1 1. Apply fruit-promoting fertilizer.

During the growing period, the growth of strawberries is very large, and the demand for fertilizers increases accordingly. Therefore, after the fruit appears on the plant, it is necessary to topdressing the fruit-promoting fertilizer in time and topdressing 25 kilograms of balanced ternary compound fertilizer per mu. In addition, in order to promote fruit coloring and nutrient absorption, potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution was sprayed every 15~20 days from the beginning of fruiting to the end of harvesting, and the spraying concentration was 0.2%.

Fourth, timely harvest.

Timely harvesting is the key to ensure the quality of strawberry fruit. Generally speaking, the fruit turns red 30 days after flowering, about 120 days after planting, and is harvested at 8~9 when it is mature. Fruits harvested prematurely have less nutrient accumulation, poor aroma and low quality; If it is harvested too late, it will not be easy to transport and the fruit will rot easily.

Strawberry harvest time should avoid high temperature stage to avoid fruit softening and rot. The best harvesting time is before 1 1 am or after 3 pm.

There are many contents in the daily management of strawberries. In addition to the above work, it is very important to pay special attention to the active prevention and control of pests and diseases in the growth process, which is very important for improving fruit quality and yield. Limited to space, I won't go into details here.