The founder, sincerity, important political and metallurgical system or major historical events of the Western Han Dynasty.

Liu Bang, the founder of the Western Han Dynasty, is in Chang 'an.

the western Han dynasty basically inherited the political system and state supervision system of the Qin dynasty, but it also had some institutional innovations of its own. For example, in the central government of the Western Han Dynasty, the system of separation of powers and checks and balances among Yushitai, Prime Minister Sizhi and Sili Captain is a unique innovation system of the Han Dynasty itself. This system of separation of powers and checks and balances within the supervisory organization is of great significance to the political reform in China today.

Although Daqin Dynasty established and operated a relatively perfect national civilized political system and supervision system in China in a short time under the compulsory military control means, Daqin Dynasty died in just fifteen years due to the tyranny of Daqin, so the national political system and supervision system under the centralized rule designed and formulated by Qin Dynasty were mainly realized in the Western Han Dynasty. Therefore, if we understand the design and operation of the political and supervision system in the Western Han Dynasty, we will have a great impact on the reform of China today.

first, the layout of the political system of the Western Han Dynasty

1, the layout of the central political officials

three public offices

A, the prime minister. To assist the emperor in charge of and handling the national government affairs, the salary is mangoku, equivalent to an annual salary of 58,8 kilograms of grain.

B, the imperial doctor. Deputy prime minister, the salary is 2 stone. Equivalent to an annual salary of 3, kilograms of grain. Assist the Prime Minister in handling the national government affairs. The Imperial Adviser is mainly responsible for the national picket task and is in charge of the national supervision system.

C, fu. The salary is full of stones. Before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, this post was called Taiwei. In the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, because of the need of war, Taiwei was abolished and Fu was established. Assist the emperor in charge of national defense and military work.

the prime minister has the greatest power in the setting of the three public offices. If the emperor of the current dynasty is not diligent, then the power of political affairs in the whole country will almost be monopolized by the prime minister. In this way, the post of prime minister is placed high above the supervision work. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to decentralize the prime minister, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up the "China-DPRK", which was the secretary institution of the emperor's pro-government, such as the official in charge of the Secretariat and the official in charge of ministers. By the time of Emperor Xuandi of Han Dynasty, Emperor Xuandi was a famous diligent emperor in history, so Emperor Xuandi reused the secretarial institutions of these emperors, which made the early imperial secretaries, such as Zhongshu, Servant Shooter and Shangshu, even become senior national officials. Through the evolution of the actual power of the emperor's secretary, we can also see that there has always been a contradiction between the primary and secondary prestige of the imperial power and the prime minister's power in ancient China.

Since the reign of Emperor Xuandi of Han Dynasty, the prime minister and his subordinate officials have been bullying and ignoring the picket of the ancient officials in the Western Han Dynasty. Therefore, during the reign of Emperor Aidi of Han Dynasty, He Wu, a Shu man, suggested that the prime minister should be decentralized and the rank of the ancient officials in charge of picketing should be upgraded to be equivalent to that of the prime minister, so that the national picket work will not be interfered by the prime minister in the future. Therefore, during the period of Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty, the country once carried out a political reform to change the ancient imperial scholar who was originally a deputy prime minister into a "big common" with the functions and powers of the prime minister. Later, this system fluctuated, but all the dynasties from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the next inherited this reform. From this, it can be seen that the independence of the state supervisory power is one of the key points of political reform in past dynasties. < P > Jiuqing

A is too common. Qin's name is often served. Salary 2 stone. In charge of national sacrifices and ceremonies. Too often, there are doctors, who are the emperor's senior staff. In the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, doctors of Imperial College and Five Classics were established, so that doctors began to transfer to the authority of academic officials.

B, guang luxun. The name of Qin dynasty is Langzhongling. Salary 2 stone. In charge of the central institutions and the imperial guard. Subordinate officials have different positions of advice, such as doctor Tai Zhong, doctor Zhong, doctor advice and so on. At the same time, Guang Luxun is also the institution in charge of the national talent reserve. Therefore, there are many "Langguan" in Guang Luxun who have no actual power, and these Langguan may indulge foreign officials at any time.

C, Wei Wei. Salary 2 stone. In charge of the imperial guard army.

D, ting Wei. Salary 2 stone. In charge of national justice and police public security. During the reign of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, it was renamed Dali. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, Tingwei was officially renamed Dali Temple.

E, typical country. Salary 2 stone. In charge of national minority affairs and frontier affairs.

F, big sinong. Salary 2 stone. In charge of national agriculture and fiscal revenue and expenditure.

G, Shaofu, with a salary of 2, stone. In charge of the economic expenses of the emperor and the affairs management of the working institutions of the emperor's inner government.

H, Zong Zheng. With a salary of 2, stone, he is in charge of all kinds of affairs of the royal family and the work of punishing crimes. This official is generally held by the royal family.

I, too servant. Salary 2 stone. In charge of the national horse administration.

The post of nine officials is not static. Sometimes, the state will increase or decrease some public or ministerial organizations according to political needs. For example, according to the public security of the capital, there were two thousand stone officials who held Jin Wu. According to the vassal princes and vassal kings, there were two thousand stone officials in Dahonglu. According to the management needs of the industrial and commercial technology industry, a captain of Shuiheng has been set up with two thousand stone posts. These officials are all central management departments.

In particular, it should be pointed out that the "Shangshu" institution, which emerged in the central government during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was established in the early days mainly to meet the needs of the emperor's pro-government and to decentralize the power of the prime minister. At first, these officials in the secretariat and ministers were all low-ranking, but they were paid a salary of 1, stone. However, after all, this is the inner government secretariat that the emperor himself can directly control, so these officials often have great power. This kind of bullying problem of secretarial officials is not only the root of the eunuchs' power in successive dynasties, but also the direct embodiment of the emperor's autocracy. That is to say, if there is no such "Shangshu" institution, then I'm afraid we can't arbitrarily conclude that China's dynasties are emperors centralization of authority. The "Shangshu" institution that directly obeyed the emperor later even became the direct expression of the emperor's power. In this way, the imperial political autocracy that spared the functions and powers of the central institutions to check and balance the supervision mechanism could not be avoided anyway. Therefore, whether a historical dynasty is autocratic in imperial power should mainly depend on whether the emperor established and reused the central secretariat. For example, the reason why the Qing Dynasty was a typical autocratic dynasty was that the emperor had a military department who exceeded the checks and balances of other central officials. military department, who only obeyed the emperor's instructions, could almost directly give orders to the state administration beyond the functions and powers of various central institutions.

In the Western Han Dynasty, there was another kind of position that looked like an official but was not an official, but it was extremely powerful. These were the teachers of the emperors or princes. The title of these people was Shao Shi, a teacher. Or a teacher, a young teacher. These people do not have any actual power, but their special status is also a privileged figure in the country that no one dares to touch, and their salary treatment may even be higher than that of the court. The phenomenon of "a great teacher, Shao Shi, a great teacher and a young one" in the dynasties of China is a very special phenomenon in the national civilization of China, and it is also a political and cultural phenomenon worth studying today. Sometimes, the influence of these scholars who have no actual power on national politics is often much greater than that of the three fairs. Therefore, it has always been one of the highest pursuits of China scholars, hoping to be the teacher of the emperor and the prince, because it can realize their political ideal of "entrusting the main system to reform".

2. the layout of the central supervisory organization is set up

the imperial historian. This is a senior national supervisory official set up by the Qin Dynasty, and the Han Dynasty inherited this central police institution. Its main duty is to standardize the law, that is, to supervise the fair implementation of national laws from the central to the local. However, there is no subordinate relationship between the censor and Ting Wei of the judiciary. Ting Wei is in charge of the national justice and police public security, while the censor is in charge of the fair implementation of the law and the local secretariat. The establishment of such a national legal system obviously comes from China's theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements. That is to say, the establishment of the judicial and supervisory institutions in the Daqin Dynasty itself is very "modern", and even today, there are no flaws. It is particularly noteworthy that the official of admonition belongs to the jurisdiction of Guang Luxun. This kind of official of admonition doctor is a speech official, who specializes in finding out all kinds of problems in the political and judicial work of the country. Once they find any illegal phenomenon from the central government to the local government, they all have the responsibility to discuss and criticize. Because their authority and subordinate units are independent, neither the censor's state supervision organization, the Tingwei judicial organization and the prime minister's political organization can and cannot interfere with their personal authority to criticize state affairs. These officials can even directly interfere with the illegality of the emperor and the royal family.

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu's nephew and son-in-law committed a crime, and Ting Wei, an independent judiciary, sentenced the client to death according to national laws. However, considering the prisoner's special status and the fact that the emperor himself had the right to pardon, Ting Wei reported the verdict to the emperor for consideration. Because the prisoner's mother, the younger sister of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, once entrusted her son to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty before her death, and she donated a huge fortune to this unruly son, she had previously obtained the promise from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to avoid death. Therefore, at that time, the civil servants of the Manchu Dynasty advised Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to keep his promise to his younger sister and use his right of pardon to exempt the prisoner from death. However, Dong Fangshuo, a doctor in Taizhong who belongs to the official, argued that everyone should be equal before the national law. Finally, he forced Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to approve the killing of his nephew and son-in-law, and after the execution of the prisoner, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty wept bitterly in front of the civil servants of the Manchu Dynasty. From this actual case, we can see that the law enforcement, judicature, supervision and official criticism systems of the Western Han Dynasty were not only independent, but also balanced with each other. The biggest effect of such a balancing mechanism was to ensure a good political pattern of equality before the law.

During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, even Emperor Wu, who was famous for his autocratic power in history, had to abide by national laws, and he could not even go beyond the law to protect his relatives. This shows that the independent and balanced system of law enforcement, justice, supervision and criticism in the Western Han Dynasty is very good. The question is, why did such a system exist in name only in the late Western Han Dynasty? Moreover, we can clearly see from the investigation of history that the main reason for directly destroying this just, fair and open national political structure is the scholar-officials, that is, a large number of scholar-officials who changed their poor status in the past and advanced to the status of marquis, a senior official. It is their scholar-officials who engage in corruption and ganging up unscrupulously, especially using the relationship between teachers and students to form a party for selfish ends, which causes them to collude with the dignitaries in the imperial court to occupy a large number of national political, class and cultural resources, thus ultimately undermining the fair and just order of the country. Thus, how to put an end to the occupation of the country's political, economic and cultural resources by the huge literati and bureaucrats, and how to get rid of the privileged class in the country's society is a major matter to ensure national security.

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, due to various contradictions in the country, he specially set up two supervisory officials, namely, "Prime Minister Si Zhi" and "Sili Captain". In this way, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty created three political phenomena of supervisory officials, namely, Yushitai, a subordinate of Yushitao, Sizhi, a subordinate of the Prime Minister, and a captain of the independent Sili.

It should be said that Prime Minister Sizhi was a political reform in which the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty granted the Prime Minister the power of supervision, which obviously tended to check and balance the Imperial Scholar, because before the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Imperial Scholar was the only supervisory organization in the country, and the Imperial Scholar was the immediate boss of the secretariat in all counties and countries. In this way, although the salary of the Imperial Scholar was far lower than that of the Prime Minister, according to the political system, the Imperial Scholar was still an official of the Prime Minister, but This made Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty uneasy. Therefore, he wanted to set up a direct official of the Prime Minister's Department in the Prime Minister's Office to curb the problem that the power of the Imperial Adviser was too great. Of course, Emperor Wendi of the Han Dynasty probably didn't think that by the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, that is, the Han Yuan Emperor and the Han Cheng Emperor's era, the power of the Prime Minister Sizhi was so great that Zhai Fangjin, who was then the Prime Minister Sizhi, impeached several Si Li captains in a short time. As a result, the power of the Prime Minister soared and lost the supervision and supervision of other departments.

A captain from Sili is almost a supervisory official set up by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty himself. Because, in the later period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were many incidents in the DPRK, especially witchcraft incidents. In this way, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up a captain of Si Li, who was directly responsible to the emperor. After the death of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, a captain from Sili became a high-ranking supervisory official who specially picketed officials in the imperial court. This supervisory official was neither subordinate to the Prime Minister nor to the Imperial Adviser. In this way, in fact, the three supervisory powers of the imperial power, the Prime Minister's power and the state became a triangular and balanced supervisory pattern. This kind of triangular checks and balances of supervisory power is very worthy of our attention and study. We should draw lessons from this supervision mechanism in which the three powers are independent and balanced, so as to make use of it in today's political reform in China.

Second, the local political layout and supervision system in the Western Han Dynasty

According to the statistics of the Western Han Dynasty in the second year of Emperor Han Ping's Yuan Dynasty, that is, in the second year of the Western Han Dynasty, there were 13 counties, countries and 1587 counties, cities, roads and waiting countries in the middle and late Western Han Dynasty. Among them, there are 1314 counties and cities that fully implement the unified national laws; There are 32 ways to implement regional ethnic autonomy; There were 241 marquis fiefs with special administrative policies. There are 6,622 townships and 29,635 pavilions in China.

In 16 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty divided the whole country into thirteen states, and each state was assigned a supervisor directly sent by the central government to secretariat the history. The capital area is supervised and managed by a captain from Sili.

Captain Sili is responsible for and supervises: Jingzhao, Zuo Fengling, You Fufeng, hongnong county, Hedong County and Henan County.

Yuzhou secretariat is responsible and supervised: Yingchuan County, Runan County, Peijun County and Liang State.

Jizhou secretariat is responsible and supervised: Wei County, Julu County; Changshan County, Qinghe County, Zhao State, Guangping State, Zhending State, Zhongshan State, Xindu State and Hejian State.

Yanzhou secretariat is responsible for and supervises: Chenliu county, Shanyang county, Jiyin county, Taishan county, Dongjun county, Chengyang county, Huaiyang country and Dongping country.

Xuzhou secretariat is responsible for and supervises: Langxie County, Donghai County, Linhuai County, Surabaya State, Guangling State, Chu State and Lu State.

Qingzhou secretariat is responsible for and supervises: Pingyuan county, Qiancheng county, Jinan county, Beihai county, Donglai county, Qi county, Zichuan county, Jiaodong country and Gaomi country.

Jingzhou secretariat is responsible and supervised by Nanyang County, Jiangxia County, Guiyang County, Wuling County, Lingling County, Nanjun County and Changsha State.

Yangzhou secretariat is responsible and supervised: Lujiang County, Jiujiang County, Huiji County, Danyang County, Yuzhang County and Lu 'an State.

Yizhou secretariat is responsible for and supervises: Shu County, Ba County, Hanzhong County, Guanghan County, Qianwei County, Yizhou County, Yuesi County and Zhangke County.

Liangzhou secretariat is responsible and supervised: Longxi County, Jincheng County, Tianshui County, Wuwei County and Jiuquan County; Dunhuang County' Anding County, Beidi County, Wudu County and Zhangye County.

Responsible for and supervise the secretariat of Bingzhou: Taiyuan County, Shangdang County, Yunzhong County, Dingxiang County, Yanmen County and Daixian County.

The secretariat of Youzhou is responsible and supervised: Bohai County, Shanggu County, Yuyang County, Youbeiping County, Liaoxi County, Liaodong County, Xuantu County, Lelang County, Zhuojun County and Guangyang County.

the secretariat of Shuofang prefecture is responsible and supervised: Shuofang county, Wuyuan county and Xihe river.