Find out all the phrases and cloze skills in high school English.

1, test center prompt

Set up a space to pay attention to the meaning of words in the context. This feature well reflects the reform direction from focusing on testing language form to testing language meaning, and embodies the proposition principle of "emphasizing application and communication" The four alternative answers to cloze questions generally belong to the same part of speech and the same semantic category, and they often form some collocation with unprecedented words, thus forming strong confusion and interference.

Empty classification. The answer to the empty question is determined by one sentence, a group of sentences that are not far apart, and the comprehensive content of the text. So space is divided into: sentence level; Sentence group level; Discourse level. Some of the empty answers have been seen above, some have not been seen below, and some depend on the comprehensive context. Therefore, gaps can be divided into three categories: (1) active gaps; (2) Post-production vacancy; (3) The text is empty. It goes without saying that preconceptions are difficult, preconceptions are difficult, and preconceptions in words are the most difficult. Generally speaking, the spatial proportion of the three levels accounts for one third each. However, judging from the college entrance examination questions in recent years, the proportion of blank space at the discourse level has increased to more than one third, which embodies the proposition of "highlighting discourse".

Cloze has three difficulties: first, the four options are very confusing and disturbing; Second, the proportion of spaces at sentence group level and text level is higher, exceeding two-thirds, especially at text level; Third, it is very difficult to create post-emptiness, especially at the discourse level. Some answers didn't appear until the end of the article. To overcome these difficulties, candidates need not only solid knowledge of vocabulary and expression, but also strong reading comprehension ability and logical reasoning, judgment and analysis ability. At a deeper level, we should have good language experience and conscious language awareness. Only with these comprehensive qualities can candidates succeed in gestalt. Judging from the college entrance examination questions over the years, it is precisely because of these characteristics that this type of question reflects a good degree of discrimination.

In order to get candidates into the topic quickly and lay a foundation for understanding the article, the proposer always leaves a complete or basically complete sentence blank when designing cloze questions. This kind of non-empty sentence is a prompt sentence, which often appears at the beginning of the article. Through prompt sentences, candidates can determine the topic, theme, background, people, time, place, events and so on. The article also determines the style, so as to properly grasp the development direction of the article and successfully achieve the purpose of "gestalt". The rest of the article may have some sentences that are not empty, or sentences that can still read the main information even if they are empty, and can also be used as prompt sentences.

2. Strategic guidance

(1) solution steps

Step 1: skip the first and last sentences, judge the style and predict the theme.

Generally speaking, the first sentence and the last sentence of the cloze in the college entrance examination are not hollow. If you skip these two sentences first, you can judge the genre and guess what it will say. If the first sentence explains when, where, who and what, that is, four W's, then it is a narrative, probably a story. In order to test the understanding ability of the text, the questioner pays special attention to the interest of material selection, and its ending is often unexpected and intriguing; If the first sentence is to put forward or explain something, it is usually explanatory text; If the first sentence puts forward an argument, it is argumentative.

Step 2: Read the full text and grasp the main idea.

When doing cloze, we should pay attention to the function of the prompt sentence at the beginning of the article and the enlightening function of the complete sentence in the short passage. First of all, we should quickly browse the full text, understand the internal relationship between paragraphs and levels, and grasp the integrity of the article. Only in this way can we meet the problem-solving ideas of this type of problem.

Step 3: read carefully sentence by sentence and determine the options.

After roughly grasping the main idea of the full text and the author's intention, you can choose the most suitable option according to the context. At this point, we should follow the principle of easy before difficult, and "make a decision" on the sure options. If you are not sure about the options, you may wish to put them aside first and then look down, which often leads to a "bright future".

Step 4: Read it again and check your answers.

When reviewing, we should consider the meaning and grammar, and focus on the whole article. In particular, we chose the "best" option instead of the "correct" answer.

The above three steps can be summarized as follows: one step of rough reading to find ideas, two steps of careful reading to choose answers, and three steps of repeated reading to correct mistakes. If you can do this calmly, you will have a well-prepared plan and fewer mistakes.

(2) Problem solving skills

(1) Determine the best option according to the context. In recent years, cloze questions have increasingly weakened the grammatical structure in the setting of options, paying attention to the interference of text and meaning, that is, dissolving specific language knowledge into specific language situations, and examining candidates' ability to grasp the overall text and meaning through contextual hints or hints. This examination method accounts for a large proportion, and it is also relatively difficult. If we simply analyze the sentences or individual paragraphs, the four answers may be correct in grammar and structure, but if we look at the whole situation, they may not be correct. Therefore, it is the key to solve this kind of problem to browse the full text quickly, understand the main idea of the article and choose the answer through the context.

(Zhejiang Volume 2004) Bob has just signed a "maternity contract"-stating that he will take care of their four children and do all the housework within 70 days this summer. Although he didn't even know how to make coffee when he signed the contract, he was very confident. After 40 days in 70 days, he was ready to give up. ""I was defeated, "Bob admitted. Being a mother is not only an arduous task, but also an impossible job for any normal person. "….

37. A. Insist on B. Start C. Think D. Take over

40. A. Strange B. Happy C. Difficult D. Serious

Question 37: From a grammatical point of view, all four options are acceptable, but from a contextual point of view, we can read in the article that the host and hostess voluntarily signed a contract to do housework instead of the mother and look after the children for 70 days. So from the date of signing the contract, he will take over all the housework of his wife. The d (takeover) option is context-sensitive in meaning and grammar. Question 40 can be judged by beaten down above and impossible job below.

(2) Cloze based on common sense of life and cultural background often provides complete text information with its own content, which is interwoven with various related cultural background knowledge and common sense of life, and examines the ability of candidates to use this knowledge flexibly. To solve such problems, candidates should not only have extensive knowledge and rich life experience, but also be able to master the full text, not only to understand the superficial meaning of the article, but also to understand the deep meaning of the article. When the grasp of language is not accurate, we can make full use of social and cultural knowledge and common sense of life to help us judge.

But we ran so much that after Ward, we were in trouble.

A. Talking, sleeping, breathing and exercising

[Analysis] According to common sense, the result of running too much is panting, so I choose to breathe, that is, I can't breathe after running; Talking and sleeping are not the only results of running; If you can't move after running, it will hurt your health. There are too many words.

(3) According to the idiomatic usage and fixed collocation of words, especially the collocation of verbs in cloze, choose the fixed collocation of answer words. Most questions involve the usage of verbs and various collocation relationships, which are determined by the importance of verbs in sentences. Verbs are closely related to the usage of nouns, prepositions and adverbs in collocation. To solve these problems, candidates need to read and remember more, master the words they have learned firmly or use them flexibly.

For example, I used to see a neatly dressed woman on my way to work every morning.

A. let b give c to d.

By mastering the fixed collocation of take, the answer to this question is B (Take), for example.

4. Distinguish the meaning according to the meaning and usage, and determine the answer. To do this well, we should try to combine word discrimination with plot reasoning and logical reasoning, start with the meaning of words and grasp plot clues to solve problems.

[Example 4] When she answered the question, she found that 12 boys made exactly the same mistake in the test.

A. checked B. completed C. marked D. answered

[Analysis] This question examines the meaning of verbs. Spaces need past participles of verbs to form predicates with were. Each option may be the correct answer, and the confusing items have strong interference, because the word can form the familiar verb-object collocation of candidates: examining questions, filling in the blanks, marking papers and answering questions. But the following is "She found that twenty boys made exactly the same mistake in the test." (He found that 12 students made exactly the same mistake in the exam.) The teacher can only find this situation when he "marks", so the correct answer should be C (marked).

Since many words are repeated in different forms in the context, please pay attention to the following points:

(1) Contextual representation of the same word: Many correct options are often words that appear above or below.

(2) Synonymous representation: connecting two synonymous words or sentences. Happiness and happiness; Unhappy, disappointed.

(3) antonym reproduction: but connect two words with opposite meanings: small but neat; ; Expensive but delicious; Give them reasons to reflect on the past and plan for the future.

(4) Lexical chains are associations of different parts of speech, such as believed and believed; Thinking and thinking; The mechanic repairs cars.

(5) Differences in the deep meanings of words: For example, there are many words available in English, but their meanings are different. Common: emphasize the frequency of things, not common, such as common sense; ; Orderliness: emphasizing the meaning of hierarchy, generality, routine and generality of things, such as: ordinary people; Ordinary: emphasize habits; General: emphasize the majority and a few exceptions; Normal: It means standard and normal.

⑤ Using grammar analysis to solve the cloze problem also involves examining grammar knowledge. For them, candidates should not only understand the logical relationship of the context, but also make necessary analysis and thinking on the grammatical structure, sentence characteristics, what components should be used in the essay to fill in the blanks, what words should be used appropriately, and what form to take. , so as to solve the problem quickly. For example, when choosing verbs, we should consider a series of problems, such as tense, voice, mood, predicate form, non-predicate form, transitivity, intransitive, persistence, non-persistence, subject-predicate collocation and how to use it with other parts of speech. It is a very effective method to master basic grammar knowledge and use it to analyze and solve cloze problems.

[Example 5] (National Volume 2003) I played squash with my cousin ed last week. This is one of the most surprising and tiring competitions I have ever participated in. When Ed first called to play with us, I smiled quietly and thought I would win easily. ……

A. announce B. mention C. persuade D. to suggest

By analyzing the sentence structure, we can see that we should play with the object clause, and only the predicate of the object clause after suggest should be added with the verb prototype and should be omitted. Another example is:

(Tianjin Volume 2004) I left 49 powerful girls' camps to me at that time.

A. And B. When

"Being … when …" is a common sentence structure, meaning "At this time …". So choose B. (when).

6. Marking problem solving with text generally refers to language units that are longer than single sentences, such as sentence groups, paragraphs, chapters, etc. There are often words between texts that show their internal relations, and these words can be called text symbols. For example, discourse markers indicating structural levels are: first, second, third and last. The logical relationship is: this way, there, and so on. Change the subject: by the way, and so on. Have an idea, go further and so on. There were before, now, still, in the meantime, and now, later and so on. When doing cloze, if we can make full use of these discourse markers, we can quickly sort out the context of the article and understand the context.

[Example 6] (Beijing Volume 2004) How happily we laughed about the respectable method of moving spaghetti from the plate to the mouth. I want to write it down, but I think it's only for myself, not for my composition teacher, Mr fleagle. I will write something else.

44. A. Especially B. Maybe C. Suddenly D. Fortunately,

Question 44 examines the ability to make judgments based on discourse markers. At the beginning of the article, the author told a memory caused by writing a composition, and then mentioned "I want to write it". Especially progressive in degree, taken out of context. Fortunately, it is out of context and probably inconsistent with "I wanted to write it", so C (suddenly) is the best option.

⑦. Solving problems by exclusion sometimes we will encounter such a situation: we are not clear about the meaning and usage of the correct option of a topic, but we find that other options have obvious fallacies. At this time, you can try the exclusion method: check and verify the interference items one by one, and immediately exclude the selection range if you find wrong options. With the narrowing of the selection range, the accuracy of the options will continue to improve. After such analysis and careful consideration, we will get to the bottom of it and find the correct answer. Exclusion method can get twice the result with half the effort if used well.

[Example 7] Philip Petit is waiting in a crowded street on the roof of a building with a height of 1 10. This lovely French man is about to walk a tightrope between the two towers of the World Trade Center.

A. Throw B. Walk C. Climb D. Fix

[Analysis] If the examinee is not very familiar with the usage of transitive verbs, it is difficult to choose the answer directly. In this case, it will be very convenient and practical to use the exclusion method. We can exclude the obviously irrelevant items A, C and D.. Because it is mentioned below that Philippe Petit made seven trips (round trip) on the guy rope. So obviously, this bold Frenchman didn't throw a rope between two buildings, nor did he climb up along the rope, let alone fix the rope between two buildings. The remaining b (go) is of course the correct answer.

8. Get rid of fixed thinking. If candidates study improperly and overemphasize some knowledge points, they will have a mindset. For example, if we overemphasize the structure of make sb. Do sth. When we see make someone. We will do something with infinitives. Take to as an object complement without thinking. In fact, make someone. You can also follow an infinitive phrase. For example, a father made a paper tiger to please his son. But please your son is not an object complement, but an adverbial of purpose. The mindset makes some candidates form the psychology of guessing questions. In cloze, counter-guessing is often used to design some specious questions, and students' mindset is used to induce them to go astray.

When I started playing football, I was very thin, but as a member of this team, I didn't eat much because I was afraid I was too fat to run. I'm afraid of making mistakes. The extra pressure made me make 49 more mistakes than usual.

48. A. Full B. Tired C. Lazy D. Big

49. A. Scale B. Share C. Space D. Status

[Analysis] Item 49 mentioned making mistakes and making more mistakes. According to the meaning, find a noun that can replace the mistake. The meaning of this sentence is not to discuss the size of the error. The size is obviously wrong, and it doesn't match. Space and state have nothing to do with errors; B. Share can indicate the proportion of mistakes, and when linked with multiple, it can indicate that there are many mistakes. However, due to the influence of mindset, many candidates dare not choose share. It seems that they always use share when dividing things, but never think of using share when they are "wrong", which fully proves that students have insufficient language experience and rigid grasp of word meaning. Secondly, it also shows that they lack the ability to logically link context and blank.

In short, we should pay attention to the use of appropriate skills to overcome impatience, and try to analyze it from the perspectives of context, cultural background, common sense of life, idioms and fixed collocation, grammar and word meaning, that is, to synthesize various methods.

There are too many phrases to appear. Go and see for yourself. sorry .....

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