Why do ancient poets like to use chrysanthemums to express their ambitions and flowers to express their feelings?

Chrysanthemum, written as "bow" in ancient times. In ancient times, chrysanthemums bowed their heads In ancient times, I ate with rice and bowed with it. These flowers are very compact and are called chrysanthemums. Chrysanthemum is one of the traditional famous flowers in China. Ancient books record that "seedlings can be used as vegetables, flowers can be used as medicine, bags can be used as pillows, and brewing can be used as drinking." Therefore, a hermit can't live without this flower for a day. " Chrysanthemum has the medicinal function of prolonging life, which can prolong life and prolong life; Because chrysanthemums open in September of the lunar calendar, they are also called Jiuhua, Jiuhua and Qiuju. Chrysanthemum is a beautiful and famous female stem and king flower; In ancient times, there was a single variety of chrysanthemums, which only had yellow flowers, so they were also called "yellow flowers" and "Jin Rui". Chrysanthemum originated in China and is the origin center of chrysanthemum in the world. Chrysanthemum has been planted in China for more than 3000 years. As early as in the ancient book "Book of Rites", there was a record that "the moon is bright and autumn, and chrysanthemums bloom with yellow flowers". Chrysanthemum was cultivated as a medicinal plant in Han Dynasty, and was widely cultivated in Jin and Wei Dynasties, and then gradually developed into an ornamental flower. The Song Dynasty was the heyday of chrysanthemum development. The Chrysanthemum Book written by Liu Mengquan in Song Dynasty contains 163 species of chrysanthemums, which is the earliest chrysanthemum monograph in China. In the Ming Dynasty, Wang's Qunfangpu included more than 270 varieties of chrysanthemums. There are many kinds of chrysanthemums. Someone once summed up four words for choosing chrysanthemums: light, raw, strange and delicious. The general idea is that "light" means that flowers should be colorful until they wither, "raw" means that the branches are graceful all the time, "strange" means that the petals are colorful and elegant, and "tasteful" means that unconventional styles have their own natural charm. It has always been regarded as a symbol of loneliness, elegance and first frost, representing the gentleness and friendship of celebrities. Chrysanthemum flowers are all kinds, proud of frost and snow, independent of cold and autumn, not afraid of cold, making people more and more fond of them. Deeply loved by ancient China literati, there are many poems praising them. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the court held a chrysanthemum contest every year and lit chrysanthemum lanterns at night. The folk flower market in Song Dynasty had the wind of "tying chrysanthemums". At the annual chrysanthemum meeting, famous chrysanthemums were exhibited, drunk and appreciated, and some people wrote poems praising chrysanthemums. During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhong Hui, an important counselor, praised chrysanthemums with five virtues: "Flowers hang high in the garden, who is immortal?" Pure yellow does not mix, and the back color is khaki. Early planting and late hair make a gentleman virtuous. Spit out glume in frost, such as chastity. The body in the cup is light, and the gods eat it. " Qu Yuan, a patriotic poet in the Warring States Period, wrote a poem in Songs of the South: Lisao, which symbolizes unyielding will and unyielding fighting spirit. Later generations used "dining English" as an allusion when reciting chrysanthemums, which implied nobility. Drink dew from Mulan in the morning, dew from Mulan in the morning and chrysanthemum in the evening. In the evening, I use chrysanthemum petals to satisfy my hunger. I am willing to believe in my feelings and practice as much as I want, as long as my feelings are firm. It shows the poet's lofty integrity, not eating when flowers bloom, showing the poet's love for flowers and plants, and eating when flowers are old. The implication is: Mulan is born without dew, Qiuju is born without dew, and things change because of their unchanging nature. It is not surprising that Qu Yuan should not have been exiled between Chu and Ze. Therefore, Jia Yi wrote a eulogy to Qu Yuan in Hunan in the Han Dynasty, saying that "slow learning is dull". It means that Qu Yuan is like a sharp sword, but in that dark age, it was just a blunt sword. When the ancients were in adversity, they liked to use the paradox of supporting things as a metaphor. Qu Yuan, a great poet, expressed his full love for the motherland and infinite sympathy for the people's sufferings with his emotional brushwork and ups and downs of mental journey. The poet used "drinking the dew of Mulan" and "eating autumn chrysanthemum" to describe the pure soul and upright nature of Bletilla striata. Here, Mulan and Qiuju are the purest and most beautiful symbols. Moreover, the poet used a series of flowers and plants to describe noble sentiments in Li Sao, which can be said to push the combination of flowers and literature to an unprecedented height. Praise beauty, goodness and preciousness, despise ugliness and filth, use fragrant grass and fragrant flowers to compare truth, goodness and beauty, and use evil wood and smelly grass to compare falsehood and ugliness, which shows the poet's character of advocating nobility and despising vulgarity. In his poems, he exposed the filth of the ruling clique, saying that even if he was pushed out and attacked, he would never go along with it, which showed his noble character and fighting spirit of adhering to integrity and preferring death to surrender. At the same time, many scholars and poets followed suit and began to praise flowers and express their feelings, which was the fashion until the Qin and Han Dynasties. M thousands of years later, we can still see its traces, such as the names or pen names of some celebrities in Li Sao; Zhou (the late famous Peking Opera performer) and Hu Sheng (the late famous theorist) are taken from Hu Sheng in Li Sao, which are the names of flowers and grass, and they are both symbols of good feelings and character in the poem. From this, we can see the status of flowers in people's hearts at that time from another side. "Drink Mulan dew early and eat autumn chrysanthemum late." A poem that Mao Zedong had cleverly quoted at dinner. It was a night in 1949, and Wang Hebin, a health care doctor from Mao Zedong, was called to Ziyunxuan in Zhongnanhai to have dinner with Mao Zedong. Wang Hebin walked into the restaurant and saw a hot pot in the middle of the table. Among the vegetables beside the hot pot, there is a dish of chrysanthemum petals, which is particularly eye-catching. To his surprise, how could this chrysanthemum be on the dining table? Can chrysanthemum petals be eaten? At this time, Mao Zedong came in and saw Wang Hebin staring at the chrysanthemum petals in the dish with questioning eyes. He said humorously, "Dr. Wang, eat, look, we won't enjoy the flowers. Eat!" I don't know if I don't eat. It tastes wonderful. Wang Hebin picked up chrysanthemum petals with chopsticks and dipped them into hot pot soup. The flowers immediately softened. The soup is knurled and fresh. After the entrance, although slightly medicinal, but can not resist the temptation of tender fragrance, feeling good, so habitually nodded. Mao Zedong smiled and said, "Dr. Wang, what's the matter? Not bad! Our ancestors knew about eating chrysanthemums a long time ago. " After that, he also picked up chrysanthemum petals, reached into the hot pot, and then put them in his mouth to savor ... Mao Zedong went on to say: You know Qu Yuan, he is "drinking Mulan in the morning and autumn chrysanthemum in the evening". It seems that eating chrysanthemum at that time was a poor trick. Let's do something for the poor. Let's have a "night meal and autumn chrysanthemum" Tao Yuanming, an idyllic poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, wrote a famous poem "Drinking" (VI): "Building a house in the mirror, but there are no chariots and horses. Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. There is a real meaning in this, and I have forgotten what I want to say. " The main idea of the poem is that in a crowded place, you can't hear the sound of horses and chariots, and when you are calm, you won't realize the interference of the noisy atmosphere around you. You pick chrysanthemums under the hedge and enjoy yourself. Looking up occasionally, Nanshan is far away. The setting sun sprinkled a touch of pale yellow on the phoenix lotus, and the birds returned to their nests. This natural interest is really hard to express in words, and the poet takes this opportunity to forget the world. The theme of the poem shows the poet's thinking process of understanding the "true meaning" by using the theory of "forgetting the image with pride" in Wei and Jin metaphysics, which is full of rational interest. However, it is not a boring philosophical deduction. The poem writes about carefree feelings and beautiful distant scenery. In the realm of scene blending, there is a philosophy that everything is in its place and entrusted for life. This philosophy is refined and condensed by the poet into epigrams such as "the heart is far away from itself, and there is truth in it", which gives readers rational enlightenment and makes the rhyme of the whole poem more beautiful and profound. The artistic conception of this poem can be divided into two layers, and the first four sentences are one layer. The poet's mood after getting rid of secular troubles shows his thoughts and feelings of despising officialdom and not colluding with the rulers. The last six sentences are on the first floor, which describes the beautiful night scene of Nanshan and the infinite fun that poets get from it. It shows the poet's true feelings and noble personality of loving rural life. In the Song Dynasty, Zhu said: "Although the figures in Jin and Song Dynasties are still lofty, they all want official positions. Here, they speak freely, and there, they demand rights and goods. Can Tao Yuanming really have it? This is higher than the figures in the Jin and Song Dynasties. " This poem depicts the different spiritual characteristics of the poem. Unlike ordinary hermits, he flaunts that he was born outside the dust, but "building a house is based on human feelings"; He is in a "human environment", but he can achieve "no car and no horse" and not dye worldly things. What is the reason? The poet said meaningfully: "The heart is far from self-centered". Peace of mind, peace of mind If you don't seek fame and fortune, even if you live in a downtown area, it's like living in a deep mountain. This profound truth is plain and touching by the poet. Poetry skillfully uses symbolism. "The bird is tired of flying, but it knows it is back." The birds coming back in the evening photos are in harmony with the people who see the mountains leisurely, as if they all found their homes in this quiet mountain forest. Tao Yuanming's Drinking has 20 poems. This group of poems was not written after drinking, but the poet's dissatisfaction with reality and love for rural life on the topic of drinking, in order to escape persecution through drunkenness in a very sinister environment at that time. In his twentieth poem "Drinking", he wrote that "it is more fallacious to hate others, so you should forgive others", which can be described as well-intentioned. This is the fifth one. This poem is based on emotion and melts into the scenery, writing the carefree mood of the poet after retiring to the countryside. Yuan Zhen, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote the poem "Chrysanthemum": "Autumn shrubs are like Taoist priests, and the more they bypass the fence, the more inclined they are. It's not that chrysanthemums are preferred in flowers, but that this flower is even more flowerless. " The main idea of this poem is that chrysanthemums are planted around the house, and the fragrance wafts all over the house with the wind, like Tao Yuanming's house that loves chrysanthemums. The chrysanthemums beside the fence are shining in the sunset, and Hui Jin is dazzling, not partial to chrysanthemums, because chrysanthemums are not afraid of the cold and are proud of flying snow in the wind. Chrysanthemums bloom at the latest in a year, and there are no flowers in nature after chrysanthemums bloom. Chrysanthemum is not as rich as peony, nor as precious as orchid, but as the flower of Ao Shuang, it has always been favored by people. Some people praise its strong character, while others appreciate its noble temperament. Yuan Zhen's poems about chrysanthemums show his reasons for loving chrysanthemums in a new way. In general, I want to talk about the loveliness of chrysanthemums. However, the poet did not list adjectives such as "hanging the moon with a golden hook", nor did he describe the scene of striving for beauty. Instead, a metaphor is used-"Autumn silk is like a Potter." Clusters of chrysanthemums open around the house, as if they were in Tao Yuanming's home. Autumn bushes are clumps of autumn chrysanthemums. Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty loved chrysanthemums most, and chrysanthemums were planted everywhere in his home. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan" and "drinking" are both famous sentences. Comparing the place where chrysanthemums are planted here to "Tao Jia", it is not difficult to imagine that autumn chrysanthemums are in full bloom in the courtyard. How can such a beautiful chrysanthemum scene not be intoxicating? As a result, the poet "gradually inclined to fence", completely attracted by the chrysanthemum in front of him, absorbed in watching the fence, and did not even know that the sun was setting in the west. "Wandering around, the sun sets" truly shows the poet's infatuation and lingering about enjoying chrysanthemums, and exaggerates the atmosphere of loving chrysanthemums. Three or four sentences explain why I like chrysanthemums: "It's not that chrysanthemums are favored among flowers, but that this flower has no flowers." Chrysanthemum is the latest flower to wither. Once chrysanthemums are exhausted, there will be no flowers to enjoy, and people's love for flowers will naturally focus on chrysanthemums. Therefore, as a post-withered person, it is uniquely cherished by people. The poet draws a profound truth from the natural phenomenon that chrysanthemums wither at the latest in the four seasons, answers the reasons for loving chrysanthemums and expresses the poet's love for chrysanthemums. This also includes praise for the steadfast character of chrysanthemum after weathering and withering. This poem excavates unusual poetry from the common theme of chanting chrysanthemums, gives people new inspiration, and appears novel and natural, unconventional. In writing, the brushwork is also very clever. The first two sentences write the real scene of enjoying chrysanthemums and render the atmosphere of loving chrysanthemums as a foreshadowing; The third sentence is a transition with sharp brushwork, and the last sentence is a beautiful sentence, which further opens up the realm of beauty and enhances the artistic appeal of this little poem. The appearance of chrysanthemum in China's classical poems can be traced back to the Warring States Period. There is a saying in Qu Yuan's masterpiece Lisao, a great poet of Chu, "Drink magnolia in the morning and watch autumn chrysanthemum in the evening." Although the chrysanthemum in this poem is just an ornament, it does not belong to the real chrysanthemum-chanting poem, but it has become the source of the vast chrysanthemum-chanting poem in later generations. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, poems about objects reached a stage of high prosperity, and pure poems about chrysanthemums began to appear. For example, Cheng Gongsui's Ju Fu, Guo Pu's Ju Fu, Yuan's Ju Fu and other works, or describe the appearance, or praise the wonderful use, or praise the quality, are all concentrated expressions of chrysanthemum. Tao Yuanming, a great poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, chanted chrysanthemums in his poems such as Drinking, which had a far-reaching influence on later generations. The Tang and Song Dynasties were the peak of chrysanthemum poetry creation. Almost all famous poets and poets have written poems about chrysanthemums, and their performance characteristics have mostly changed from emphasizing the description of appearance to emphasizing the excavation of connotation, gradually shaping and strengthening the historical and cultural significance of chrysanthemums. From Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties to the present age, the creation of chrysanthemum-chanting poems has maintained a relatively prosperous situation. While inheriting the traditional theme of chanting chrysanthemums, many more innovative works have appeared. Throughout China's poems of chanting chrysanthemums, there are rich ideological contents and various artistic expressions. Some focus on describing the elegant appearance and color of chrysanthemums; Others focus on the unique inner charm of chrysanthemums. Some directly express their love for chrysanthemums; There are also people who express their complex feelings through chrysanthemum with implicit brushstrokes. Although the content of chrysanthemum poems is extensive and diverse, it personifies the natural attributes of chrysanthemum in autumn and winter, and praises the excellent qualities of chrysanthemum such as arrogance, tenacity and loyalty. In late autumn and early winter, the weather turns cold, the west wind is bleak, the vegetation withers and everything is cold. The disappearance of vitality and the passage of time easily make people feel sad and sad. At this time, the chrysanthemums that should bloom in the festival are colorful and warm, which is in sharp contrast with the cold world around them and the gaudy flowers that bloom in spring and summer. People can't help but admire the tenacious vitality and valuable spirit of chrysanthemums. This quality often becomes the foothold and starting point for poets to chant chrysanthemums, just as Yuan Zhen, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote, "There is no chrysanthemum among flowers, and this flower is even more flowerless." Close relationship between chrysanthemum and hermit culture. Chrysanthemum is called "the hermit in the flowers", which is mainly attributed to Tao Yuanming, a famous hermit and pastoral poet in Jin Dynasty, who loves and praises chrysanthemum. Tao Yuanming, who lives in seclusion in the countryside and pursues his true nature, has become a hermit model in the minds of later literati. He likes chrysanthemums and has written many famous poems about chrysanthemums. Famous sentences such as "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan" and "forgetting things here, leaving me on earth" are classics in chrysanthemum-chanting poems. If Tao Yuanming's literature on chrysanthemum chanting mostly stays on the description of the shape and function of chrysanthemum, then from Tao Yuanming, the literature on chrysanthemum chanting gradually turns to praise and praise the internal quality of chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemum's noble and unyielding character is consistent with the lofty and indifferent characteristics of traditional literati's ideal personality and has become a fixed symbol of seclusion culture. Chrysanthemum has also become a hermit, that is, a hermit in flowers, and its aesthetic value is reflected in the aspects of expressing virtue, expressing ambition and expressing emotion with chrysanthemum. People in China regard flowers as sentient beings. With the progress and development of science and culture, those feudal superstitions and religious colors have vanished, and flowers are full of feelings of loving nature, life and looking forward to a bright and happy future. In order to eulogize the truth, goodness and beauty in society and life, a unique aesthetic view has been formed. In the emphasis of using flowers, praising flowers and appreciating flowers, middle-aged people not only attach importance to the external beauty of flowers, but also attach more importance to the inner beauty of flowers' prosperity and brilliance, and are more inclined to pursue the spiritual feeling of enjoying flowers in order to achieve pleasing pleasure. It shows that the purpose of China people's praise and appreciation of flowers is twofold, with both the practical effect of decoration and beautification and spiritual enjoyment. We can get inspiration, inspiration and sentiment from it. No matter what form we take to express the beauty of flowers, we should pay attention to the beauty of unity and harmony between form and connotation. Like traditional culture and art, it should be expressive in form and have both form and spirit. We like to describe, tell, chant, sing and watch flowers directly and objectively. And we prefer to express our subjective feelings through flowers. We often personify flowers, endow them with various auspicious and beautiful symbolic meanings, and even deify them. We use the method of expressing our wishes through association to achieve more far-reaching significance. Poetry expressing aspiration is a fine tradition of China's ancient realistic and romantic poetry. Although there are a lot of ancient poems about chrysanthemum, it is those works that really take root in readers' hearts.