What is the basic knowledge system of tourism geography in China?

China's basic knowledge system of tourism geography summarizes physical geography. 1. Characteristics of tourism resources: species diversity, regional distribution, structural combination, timeliness and seasonality of changes, sustainability and non-renewability. 2. Landscape landform type: (1) Granite landform is classified according to lithology: stone eggs produce strange light due to surface erosion, and become spherical elegance in geomorphology. For example, basalt and rhyolite in Yishan, Zoucheng, Shandong Province and Tianya Haijiao: formed by the cooling and condensation of volcanic lava, with pictographic or modeling landforms. For example, Wudalianchi in Heilongjiang, Yandang Mountain in Zhejiang and seasonal sandstone peaks: the forests are angular and unique. For example, limestone in Zhangjiajie, Tianzi Mountain and Suoxiyu in Wulingyuan Scenic Area in northwest Hunan is formed by soluble rocks such as limestone during the chemical and mechanical action of surface water and groundwater on rocks, and it is concentrated in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi. Danxia landform is a metamorphic rock formed by a series of weathered red gravel with low hardness under the action of weathering peeling, flowing water erosion and gravity collapse. The reasons are divided into running water erosion and surface water erosion. For example, the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon in Chongqing and Hubei, and the Hutiaoxia Glacier were all formed by glacial erosion and accumulation. The former has ice erosion landforms such as ice bucket, tinder, knife ridge, glacial valley, fjord and sheep back stone; The latter has moraine landforms such as moraine mound, bulging mound and ice gravel fan; In addition, ice tables, ice bridges, ice beasts and ice mushrooms formed by melting ice bodies also have great ornamental value. Aeolian sand: special weathering, erosion and accumulation landform caused by strong wind, quicksand and intermittent surface water in arid inland areas. The main tourist types are Ya Dan landform, sand dunes, desert, Gobi and Xiangsha coast: bedrock coast, sandy coast and biological coast. For example, the karst Danxia loess along the mangrove forest and coral sea is a special gully and flowing water landform. Quaternary sediments transported by wind in northwest desert area are uniform in texture, intelligent, vertical in joints and easy to be eroded by running water. The main form is valley landform volcano. 3. Tourism value of middle and low mountains: (1) The peaks are undulating, the scenery is beautiful and the natural scenery is charming. Steep peaks and strange peaks and rocks constitute beautiful mountain scenery; There is more precipitation in mountainous areas than in flat areas, often forming springs, waterfalls, snow or glaciers; Because of the high humidity in the air and many clouds in the mountains, you can enjoy the wonders such as the sea of clouds and the sunrise. There are many kinds of plants with high terrain and vertical distribution in mountainous areas. (2) The climate is pleasant and it is a summer resort in midsummer. The temperature decreases with the elevation, which is generally lower than the plain at the same latitude; Mountain areas are far away from cities and industrial centers, with little environmental pollution; Generally, the natural vegetation in mountainous areas is well preserved with high negative ion content; This height is easy for most tourists to reach. (3) The combination of nature and human environment makes the famous mountains more distinctive. The visit of the literati left a lot of humanities and made the famous mountains more distinctive. 4. Five Mountains: Taishan, Huashan, Songshan, Hengshan and Hengshan (east, west, middle, north and south); (1) geomorphology: sitting, standing, lying, walking and flying; (2) Features: majestic, steep, majestic, quiet and beautiful; (3) Religion: Except Huashan is monopolized by Taoism, the rest are occupied by Buddhism and Taoism. (4) the origin of the name: it began with the sacrificial activities of the emperor; East Mount Tai is the place where the emperor worships heaven and holds Zen rites. Sacrificial activities began in Qin Shihuang, and the names of the five mountains (Taishan in Shandong, Huashan in Shaanxi, Songshan in Henan, Tianzhu Mountain in Anhui and damao mountain in Hebei) were originally decided by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Wendi changed Hunan Hengshan to Nanyue; Change Hengshan Mountain in Shanxi to Beiyue Mountain in Ming Dynasty; During the Shunzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, that is, today, Mount Tai was the first of the five mountains, and Dongyue had the greatest influence. (5) The reason why the five mountains are exclusive: geographically, three of the five mountains (east, middle and west) are located on the banks of the Yellow River; It is the birthplace of the Yellow River. From the topographical conditions, the Five Mountains are towering above the plain basin, which is extremely steep, that is, the absolute height is not high. The emperor retired from Zen and created the Five Mountains. Monks practice here, good men and women burn incense and make wishes, and celebrities and Confucian scholars recite poems and paint here, leaving many cultural relics for the Five Mountains. 5. Introduction of Wuyue (1) Taishan and Dongshan: Wuyue Statues. Since ancient times, 72 emperors have climbed Mount Tai to worship heaven or held amenorrhea ceremonies. Nature and historical sites are integrated (poems and inscriptions are everywhere); There are one of the four ancient buildings and one of the three halls-Dai Temple and Tianquan Hall. Watch the sunrise at the top of the mountain and see the golden belt of the Yellow River (2) Huashan and Xishan: Huashan has been the Tao since ancient times, with the highest dangerous rock, ranking first among the five mountains; Of the five mountains, only Huashan is monopolized by Taoism. (3) Zhongyue Songshan: Zhongyue Temple is one of the earliest Taoist temples in China. As the birthplace of Zen Buddhism, Shaolin Temple is famous all over the world. Songyang Academy, one of the four major academies; There is also a stargazing platform written by Guo Shoujing, a famous scientist in Yuan Dynasty. (4) Hengshan Mountain in Beiyue: the middle of the mountain is wild, with pine and cypress towering, sparsely populated and very quiet; Hangkong Temple is famous all over the world, and the halls of the three religions are very rare. Muying Pagoda in the county seat is the only one in China (not on the main tourist routes) (5) Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue: lush forests, beautiful scenery and unique five mountains; The top of the four wonders of Mount Hengshan-the height of Zhurong Peak, the beauty of the temple, the depth of Fangguang Temple and the wonder of water curtain cave 6. World Heritage (as of 20 12) (1) World Natural Heritage (8 places): Jiuzhaigou, Huanglong, Wulingyuan, Three Parallel Rivers, Giant Panda Habitat, South China Karst (Wulong in Chongqing, Shilin in Yunnan, Libo in Guizhou), Sanqingshan, Danxia in China (Chishui in Guizhou, Taining in Fujian, Wolf in Hunan) Temple of Heaven, Great Wall, Pingyao Ancient City, Dazu Stone Carvings, Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and Terracotta Warriors, Suzhou Classical Gardens, Old Town of Lijiang, Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site, chengde mountain resort and its surrounding temples, Wudang Ancient Buildings, Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple and Longmen Grottoes. Qingcheng Mountain-Dujiangyan, ancient villages in southern Anhui-Xidi Hehong Village, Yungang Grottoes, Koguryo Mausoleum and Noble Tombs in China, Macao Historic City, Yinxu in Anyang, Kaiping Diaolou and Village, Fujian Tulou, Kaifeng Tiandi Middle Road Historic Complex, Yuanshangdu Site in Inner Mongolia (3) Double (4 places): Taishan, Huangshan, Emei, Leshan Giant Buddha, Wuyishan 7. Rivers. The valley has a peculiar shape, dense vegetation on both sides, beautiful scenery and rich human resources in the coastal zone. You can visit on the shore or on the water. Generally in the middle reaches. (2) The upper reaches are suitable for water rafting activities with strong sports and participation because of the large longitudinal slope of the riverbed and the rapid water flow. (3) Estuary tidal observation, such as Qiantang River tide. 8. 1- 18 of the lunar calendar every year is the best tide-watching period. (4) water network. 8. China's famous tourist river: Yangtze River: golden waterway; The most representative-the Three Gorges area, namely Qutang Gorge, Wuxia Gorge and Xiling Gorge; Small three Gorges, small three Gorges; The plains in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River-Jianghan Lake Plain, Poyang Lake Plain, Dongting Lake Plain, Yellow River, Pearl River and Lijiang River: four wins.

9. Famous lakes and reservoirs: Hangzhou West Lake, Jingbo Lake, Zhaoqing Star Lake, Wuxi Taihu Lake and Qiandao Lake in Zhejiang Province. Genesis: (1) Artificial lake-formed by geological activities, characterized by flat shore, steep slope, long and narrow lake and deep water, such as Dianchi Lake, Erhai Lake, Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake and Chaohu Lake. (2) Crater Lake-a nearly circular or horseshoe-shaped lake with a large water depth, such as Tianchi Lake in Changbai Mountain and Huguangyan Lake in Zhanjiang. (3) dammed lakes-landslides, mudslides, lava, etc. block rivers, such as Jingbo Lake (black lake) and Wudalianchi. (4) Glacial lake-a depression formed by the impact of glaciers. Lakes formed by accumulated water are mostly distributed in alpine plateaus or high latitudes, such as Tianchi Lake in Tianshan Mountain and Kanas Lake. (5) Karst lakes-Karst areas are formed by dissolved water in depressions, with the characteristics of uncertain arrangement direction, small area and shallow water, mostly round or oval, such as Xinghu in Zhaoqing and Baihua Lake in Guizhou. (6) Rivers along the lake-rivers are diverted and deposited in abandoned rivers to form lakes, mostly located in the middle reaches of river plains, with crescent-shaped lakes, such as Slender West Lake in Yangzhou, East Lake in Wuhan and West Lake in Huizhou. (7) SeamarkLake, also known as lagoon, is formed by the continuous extension of sand mouth and sandbar along the coast, and finally closes the river bend. Mainly distributed in coastal delta impact plain areas, such as West Lake and Taihu Lake in Hangzhou. (8) Wind erosion lake-formed by wind erosion of sandy land, characterized by different sizes and shallow lakes, mainly distributed in desert areas, such as Crescent Spring in Gansu. (9) Artificial lakes-Reservoirs refer to artificial water storage areas with multiple functions, such as Miyun Reservoir in Beijing, Qiandao Lake in Zhejiang and Lvwan Lake in Guangdong. 10. Classification of waterfalls: (1) According to the flood and drought of water flow: perennial, seasonal and sporadic; According to the number of falls-single level, multi-level; According to the environmental conditions-waterfalls on the main tributaries of rivers (underground waterfalls) and waterfalls in mountain streams; According to the distribution characteristics-isolated type and group type. (2) Three waterfalls in China: Huangguoshu Waterfall (the waterfall on the waterfall and the two wonders of water curtain cave); Hukou Waterfall of the Yellow River (Three Musts: Snail in Water, Underwater Smoke, Seven-color Bridge); Jinghu Diaoshuilou Waterfall. (3) Sandie Spring in Lushan Mountain: it is divided into three classes according to the mountain. It fell from the top of the mountain in one go, just like a water curtain hanging in the sky, also called water curtain spring. It is formed at the intersection of the wide valley at the crack point and the Jiudian Spring Canyon, carved by glaciers along the ice steps. The folds above are like snow, and the folds in the middle are like broken jade destroying ice. Many waterfalls in Lushan Mountain are the most magnificent and beautiful. 1 1. spring water (1) classification: hot springs (hot water, hot steam and dew springs with local average temperature above 20 degrees) and constant temperature hot springs/cold springs (dew springs with temperature below 20 degrees). (2) Tourism value: ornamental value, medical care value and wine tasting value. (3) Five famous historical springs in China: (1) Zhenjiang Zhongleng Spring. The middle pool is square, followed by water quality; The lower pool is the largest, rectangular, and the water quality is the second; 055-7900 Tiger Running Spring in Hangzhou: Longjing Tea and Tiger Running Water are collectively referred to as "double unique" in tea. Suzhou Huqiu Spring: commonly known as Guanyin Spring, it is sweet and delicious. Baotu Spring in Jeju: Also known as Jinan Sansheng, there are Daming Lake and Qianfo Mountain. (4) National famous springs: Wudalianchi medicinal springs: including Nanyin Spring, Yinbei Spring-Yinliao Spring, Fanhua Spring-Nanxi Spring-Bath Therapy Spring and Longyan Spring, with four seasons like pillars. Butterfly spring, Dali, Yunnan: The spring water seeps from the crevice sand layer of the rock, the water quality is particularly clear, and there are many kinds of butterflies. Guiping Ruquan, Guangxi: It is a kind of fissure spring with clear and transparent water quality, sweet and refreshing taste, constant water level all year round and containing trace elements.

Huaqing Chian Conghua Hot Springs in Xi 'an: Jiaoquan and Tanquan are the most famous. Hainan Xinglong Hot Spring: the earliest and largest development. Geothermal hot springs in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Meteorological and Climate Type (1) Rain Scenery: The most common rain in China is misty rain in the south of the Yangtze River (referring to Mao Mao rain in the southeast coast and Sichuan Basin in autumn, showing a drizzly and smoky scene, such as the 480 Temple in the Southern Dynasties, with many towers of misty rain), and late rain (referring to Dabashan ravine at the junction of Sichuan and Shaanxi, with high temperature). After the temperature drops at night, the hot and humid air rises, causing the water vapor to condense, resulting in the bright moon drizzle) and the plum rain (referring to the drizzle in the late spring and early summer in Jianghuai area, which makes the mountains near the water appear and disappear in the distance. For example, it is conducive to the convergence and clarification of water and light, and the mountain Kong Yu is strange. (2) Cloudy scenery: It is formed by the accumulation and flow of clouds. For example, the clouds in Huangshan Mountain are in the West Lake, the Luo Feng in Emei Mountain is in Wan Li, and the clouds in Penglai Cave are clear. Safety Clouds Taibai Mountain, Lushan Waterfall Cloud, Diancang Mountain in Dali (3) Clouds and Clouds: Sunlight at sunrise and sunset is scattered through clouds, including clouds and rays, often accompanied by mountain water vapor and clouds. The main forms are morning glow, sunset glow and sunset glow. Such as Zhejiang Dongqian Lake, Jiangxi Pengze and Jigong Mountain (IV): Northeast Linhai Snow, Yanjing Xishan Snow, Songshan Shao Shi Snow, Jiuhuashan Snow, West Lake Broken Bridge Snow, Taiwan Province Yushan Snow and Guanzhong Snow. (5) Fog and rain scene: Also known as tree laurel, it is white and soft water drops formed on branches, wires and scenery in foggy days, such as Emei Mountain and Lushan Mountain. (6) scenery: you can only feel it, you don't have to look at it. Most of them set off other landscapes, such as the autumn wind in Jieshi Mountain Cave, the white water autumn wind in Emei Mountain and the autumn wind in Xiaguan, Dali. (7) Buddha's Light: The Buddha's Light in Rulu, Emei, Thailand, Huangshan, Emei and Jinding is the most famous. (8) Mirage: It is divided into mirage (upper mirage, such as Putuo Mountain, Lianyungang Haizhou Bay and Beidaihe Donglianfeng-the most famous) and mirage in desert (lower mirage, such as Gobi Desert in Xinjiang and Dunhuang in Gansu). Due to the refraction and reflection of atmospheric light, buildings in the distance will be (9) extremely beautiful: it is a gorgeous and magnificent color light image pointing out the high altitude in high latitudes, which generally appears in bands, arcs, curtains and radiations. When it is bright, it is mostly yellow-green, when it is weak, it is white, sometimes with red, blue and grayish purple. It is caused by high-speed charged particles emitted by the sun exciting high-level molecules or atoms, such as Mohe and Altay in Xinjiang. 13. Famous tourist cities with climatic advantages: (1) Tourist attractions include Harbin Ice Lantern Garden Party (ice sculptures, ice lanterns and ice buildings), Harbin Sun Island and Yuquan Hunting Ground (the largest closed hunting ground in China). (2) Kunming, the spring city, faces Dianchi Lake in the south and is surrounded by the sea on three sides. It belongs to the monsoon climate of low latitude plateau and mountain, with long sunshine, short frost period, mild climate, no heat in summer and no cold in winter, and flowers bloom all year round. Tourist attractions include Expo Park, Cuihu Lake, Daguanlou, Dianchi Lake, Lunan Stone Forest, and Yunnan Ethnic Village (3) Jiangcheng Jilin: Surrounded by water on three sides and mountains on all sides, the landform is Zhongshan-low mountain hilly area-canyon lake area-valley plain area, Songhua River crosses the urban area in an S-shape, and tourist attractions include Sun Moon Lake (known as the four unique natural landscapes of China with the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, Guilin landscape and Yunnan Stone Forest) and meteorites. (4) Sanya is the southernmost city, with mountains in the north and the sea in the south. The terrain gradually slopes from north to south, surrounded by mountains.

14. Four summer resorts: (1) Lushan Mountain: Jiangxi Province is in the north, bordering the Yangtze River in the north and Poyang Lake in the southeast. Spring comes late, summer is cool and autumn is early, with abundant rainfall and lush vegetation. There are three famous temples (West, East and Dalin Temple) and five jungles (Haihui, Xiufeng, Wanshan, Qixian and Guizong). Known as a paradise, its main feature is three wins (bamboo spring clouds) and four excellent (cool), and it is known as the first mountain in the south of the Yangtze River. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was once said to be a water town and a Buddhist country. The vegetation coverage rate of this world architecture museum is as high as 92%, and there are many kinds of animals and plants. Henan Jigong. It is famous for its beautiful scenery and verdant forests, cool climate and unique scenery, which is unique in the world. China Summer Resort, Yunzhong Park in southern Henan, spring before noon, autumn in the afternoon, early winter at night, the scorching weather makes people want to die. It makes you doubt the gods, the strange peaks and rocks, and the World Architecture Expo. (4) Beidaihe, Hebei: The coast is straight, and gentle sandy soil with a width of about 20 to 30 meters is developed around the platform. The coast is straight, with a flat beach about 2 meters wide. The 30-meter steep cliff and the remaining rocks on the sea are the hornstones of Jinshanzui and Eagle, and it is a natural bathing beach. Behind the beach, there are first-class and second-class sea erosion terraces, and there are many sanatoriums, guest houses, cultural palaces and seaside parks. Lianfeng Mountain has become Peng Lian Mountain Park, which is on the same mountain as Kannonji, Zhong Ting and Wanghaige. It faces the South China Sea, where it is warm in winter and cool in summer, and the humidity is just right. Offshore rivers are few and short, with little flow and sediment. The sea water is clear and clean, and the water temperature is high in summer, which is suitable for swimming. The air in coastal areas is fresh and the content of negative ions is high. 15. Classification of ecotourism resources: (1) Class C main biological landscape; (2) Subclasses-CA trees, CB grasslands and grasslands, CC flowers and CD wildlife habitats. (3) basic type-CAA woodland; Cab shrub; CAC and CBA grassland; Sparse grassland of bCBB and flower land of CCA grassland; CCB forest flower land, CDA aquatic animal habitat; CDB terrestrial animal habitat; Bird habitat of CDC; Butterfly habitat of CDE (or divided into: natural biological tourism resources-natural reserve plants, animals, artificial biological tourism resources-botanical garden, zoo pastoral scenery) 16. Plant Landscape (1) Ancient and famous trees: such as Xuanyuanbai, Guajiabai, Yingkesong, Suimei, Lushan Sanbao Tree, Alishan Shenmu, Zhejiang Guoshou Temple Laoshan Camellia (crimson snow), which are divided into monosodium glutamate tree, meteorological tree, * * tree, cypress tree and teak tree-the most expensive one is ginkgo tree. (3) Precious flowers: with historical or extremely high ornamental value. (4) Botanical Gardens and Ornamental Gardens: Botanical Gardens mainly focus on plant scientific research, introduction and domestication and cultivation experiments, and cultivate and introduce excellent varieties at home and abroad. The comprehensive botanical garden consists of an exhibition area and a nursery experimental area, such as Beijing (the largest greenhouse for plant exhibition in Asia), south china botanical garden (the largest tropical botanical garden in South Asia in China) and Guangzhou Yuntai Garden (the largest garden-style flower garden in China), featuring flowers, trees and greening.

(5) Forest Park: Zhangjiajie in Daxing District, Beijing, Harbin, Banbidian, Shanghai Youth League, Xishan in Kunming, Taishan in Shandong, Weihai, Liuxihe in Guangdong, Shazhoujiao in Zhejiang, Qiandao Lake and Xianning Green Water in Hubei (Zhangjiajie, Jiuzhaigou, Huanglong, Taishan and Wuyishan are listed as world natural heritages); (6) Tourism festivals with plants as the theme: festivals with the theme of viewing famous flowers, trees and fruits.