Geng and Guang Yun in The Rhyme of the Central Plains

All Beijing opera lovers know that Beijing opera has a catchy word problem. What catchy words are there? In short, the words in Beijing Opera that are different from Mandarin in phonology (except tone) are catchy words. In other words, catchy words are the archaic and dialect words that are still preserved in the singing of Beijing Opera. The ancient sound comes from Zhongyuan rhyme (or Zhongzhou rhyme). Dialects come from Hubei, Anhui, Henan, Jiangsu and other places. Readability means easy reading.

First of all, know Mandarin.

A considerable part of the language of Peking Opera is not Mandarin, and the statement that "learning Mandarin well can help you learn Peking Opera well" is unfounded. Since catchy words are not Mandarin, we have mastered the question of what is Mandarin, and we have also made clear the question of what is catchy words. Let's look at the problem of Putonghua again.

As we know, Mandarin has 2 1 initials, such as B, P, M, F, D, T, N, L, G, K, H, J, Q, X, zh, ch, sh, R, Z, C, S (dialect initials η, η should also be added to the series of Peking Opera. The vowels are a, o, e, I, u, ü, ai, ei, ao, ou, an, en, ang, eng, iong, ia, ua, uo, ie, üe, uai, uei, iao, iou, ian, uan, üan, in, uen. Conventionally, if these sounds can be spelled in pairs, then the syllable of Putonghua should be 2 1× 36+36 (zero initial) =792. Actually, Mandarin doesn't have that many syllables:

1, initials b, p, m, f, d, t can be spelled with vowels with open mouth, whole teeth and closed mouth, but not with them.

Pinch vowels are put together, and the spelling of initials b, p, m, f and closed vowels is limited to u.

2. The initials G, K, H, the tongue sounds zh, ch, sh, R and Z, C and S can be spelled with open and closed vowels, but not with open and closed vowels.

3. The initials J, Q and X can only be spelled with vowels of even-toothed call and matching call, but not with vowels of open call and closed call.

4. the initial letters n and l can spell all the vowels. All four tones are zero initials.

These four main rules are rough, and there are many things that sounds and vowels can't be put together. The words that can be put together are the words of Putonghua writers. Interested parties can refer to Xinhua Dictionary. In fact, there are only more than 400 syllables in Mandarin (of course, there are hundreds of thousands of Chinese characters, and a syllable can have dozens, hundreds or even more homophones). If there are words that can't be put together in the language of Beijing Opera, they are catchy words. For example, the initials B, P, M, F and the vowel ong can't be spelled together, but in Beijing Opera, "Bounce" is pronounced bong, "Peng" is pronounced pong, "Dream" is pronounced mong, and "Feng" is pronounced fong. For another example, in the Putonghua language family, according to the rules, initials Z, C and S are not spelled with vowels of even-toothed sounds and paired sounds. If there are spellings, such as zian (arrow), cie (and), siang (fragrance), zü (poly), cü (marriage), süan (announcement) and so on. , they also belong to it. Of course, catchy words also belong to Mandarin syllables, which will be discussed below.

Second, the source and classification of catchy words

The catchy words mainly come from the phonology of the Central Plains, followed by archaic sounds and dialects of Hubei, Anhui, Henan and Jiangsu. The Rhyme of the Central Plains written by Zhou Deqing in Yuan Dynasty is divided into 19 rhymes, namely, "Dong Zhong, Jiangyang, Zhisi, Qiwei, Yumo, Ledger, Wen Zhen, Hanshan, Huanhuan, Congenital, Xiaohao, Gege, Ma Jia, Chezhe, Geng Qing, Youhou and Invasion Search". Most catchy words in Peking Opera come from this book. 1935, teacher Luo Peichang summed up catchy words into eleven aspects:

1, Zhongyuan phonology has four vowels: zh, ch, sh and R. Beijing has been studying annals, chi, teachers and Japanese for a long time, and Beijing opera reading annals (like "straight clothes"), chi: (like "chi clothes") and teacher: (like "teacher clothes") all belong to this category. Such as: reading ambition: not ambition, pool reading pool: not pool, stone reading stone: not stone, daily reading day: not day. Here, I know, late, time and day, and I know, late, time and day are different. The latter is a vowel that can exist independently, while the former is a postvowel that cannot exist independently and must be spelled with a specific initial. In order to distinguish, I added two points next to me (this is my invention).

2. In the fish model of Zhongyuan Yinyun, the four vowels of zh, ch, sh and R on the tip of the tongue are pronounced as zhu, chu, shu and ru by Beijingers, but should be pronounced as ZHU, CHU, SHU and rü in Peking Opera, which belong to the same category. For example, Zhu read Zhu without Zhu, Chu read Chu without Chu, Shu read Shu without Shu, and Confucianism read Lu without Confucianism.

3. The vowels of light lip sounds F and V (pronounced as English-like V) in Rhyme of the Central Plains are pronounced as Fei and Wei by Beijingers and Fei and vi by Peking Opera. In Beijing opera, it is classified as Qi Yi. For example, read fei instead of Fei, and read vi instead of wei.

4. "Central Plains Rhyme" starts with the initial letter L of the seven flavors. Beijingers read Lei, which is the opening call, and Peking Opera reads luei (Lu), which is the closing call. For example, the "lei" in Beijing opera is "lei", not "lei". In the ashes.

5, "Central Plains Rhyme" comes from the letters J, Q, X, Beijingers read, cut, thank, Peking Opera read Jia, Xia. For example, in Beijing Opera, "Street" reads Ai Ji, "Wipe" reads Ai Qi, and "Shoes" reads Aisi.

6. The initials G, K, H, η, B, P, M and F in the chorus of Central Plains Rhyme. Beijingers read E rhyme, while Peking Opera reads O rhyme. Back to the shuttle. For example, "Song", "ke", "he" and "E" read go, ko, ho and η o instead of ge, Ke, He and E; "Xue" reads xio instead of Xue, "Yue" reads io instead of üe, "Abuse" reads nio instead of nüe, and "Mu" reads lio instead of Lü e. ..

7, "Central Plains Rhyme" Geng Qingbu opened his mouth with a mouthful of teeth. Beijingers read eng or ing, en or in in Beijing opera. For example, in Peking Opera, Deng read Deng instead of Deng, Shen instead of Sheng, Geng read Jin or Gen instead of Geng, Jing read Jin instead of Jing, and Ding read Ding instead of Ding.

8. The four vowels of the lip sound B, P, M and F in the east bell of Zhongyuan Rhyme are pronounced by Beijingers as Beng, Peng, Meng and Feng, and by Peking Opera as Bangbang, Mengbang and Fangfang. For example, in Beijing Opera, "Bang", "Peng", "Meng" and "Feng" are pronounced as "Bang", "Bang", "Wang" and "Fang".

9. "Central Plains Rhyme" has an ancient metaphor of three letters. Mother and Lai are in the East Bell. Reading capacity in Beijing, reading harmony in Beijing, such as "capacity"; Beijingers read Nong and Peking Opera read Yong (Ni can also read it in a similar way), such as "thick"; Beijingers read dragons, while Peking Opera reads luong, such as the word "dragon".

10, The Rhyme of the Central Plains was called by two mothers. There is no initial in Beijing pronunciation, but an initial η (pronounced ng, the symbol was invented by myself) was added to Beijing opera. For example, "ang" reads ηang instead of ang, "i" reads ηo instead of wo, "Love" reads ηai instead of ai, and so on.

1 1, zh, ch, sh, r In the car cover of The Rhyme of Central Plains, Beijingers read zhe, che, she, re, while in Peking Opera, it is close to zho, cho, sho, ro, but it is gradually classified as the pronunciation of Beijingers, so it is not put forward as a catchy word here. In addition, there are "faces" pronounced jian instead of lian.

When summing up these lines, Mr. Luo Peichang noticed some changes from Kunqu opera to Beijing opera. In the half century summarized by Mr. Luo, the phonology of Peking Opera has undergone some changes, and some of his spelling methods are also different from those in the Chinese Pinyin Scheme, so as to facilitate everyone to master catchy words. The editor listed the collected syllables of 140 catchy words (which may be incomplete) in the order of five initials:

B:-eng ~-ong (collapse) -in (explosion), -an ~-uan (general), -ing ~-in (soldier), -ai ~-e (white),

-o ~-e (bo)，-u ~-e (no)

P: -o~-eng ~-ong (holding the ball), -an ~-uan (pan), -ing ~-in (screen), -ai ~ PE (shooting), -o ~-e (forcing)

M:-eng ~-ong (dream) -in (alliance), -an ~-uan (hidden), -ing ~-in (light),

-ao ~-iao (cat) -iou (spear), -o ~-e (ink), -ao ~-ou (wool), -ai ~-e (wheat)

Female: -eng ~-ong (wind), -ei ~-i (flying)

D:-eng ~ en (Deng), -ing ~-in (I)

T:-eng ~ en (Teng)，-ing ~-in (Ting)

N:-eng ~-en (energy), -ing ~-in (ning), -ei ~-uei (internal), -a ~ -a~-o (that)

L:-eng ~-en (edge), -ing ~-in (spirit), -ei ~-uei (thunder), -u ~-u (green), -iou ~-u (six), -ue ~-io (omitted), -ian ~-uan (omitted)

G:-e ~-uo (song), -eng ~-en (tillage)

K:-e ~-uo (family), -eng ~-en (kang)

H:-e ~-uo (he), -eng ~-en (hum), -ei ~-e (black)

J:-UE ~-IO (sense), -IE ~ IAI (street), Geng ~-In (more), Che ~-ü (car).

Lian ~-Ian (face)

Q: -ue ~-io (but), -ing ~-in (tilt)

X:-UE ~-IO (science), -IE ~-IAI (shoes), -ING ~-IN (form), and Han ~-Ian (shout).

ZH:-I ~-I: (know), -u ~ -u~-ü (main), -eng ~-en (on), -an ~-ian (war) -uan (war)

Ch:-I ~-I: (idiot), -u ~ -u~-ü (except), -eng ~-en (cheng)

Table 4-3: Comparison Table of Shangsheng and Beijing Tone

Sh:-I ~-I: (book), -u ~-ü (book), -eng ~-en (raw), -ao ~-uo (spoon)-a ~-uei (sprinkle), -uo ~-ü e (say)

R:-I ~ I: (day), -u ~ -u~-ü (if), -eng ~-en (throwing)

Z:-I ~-I (squeezing), JUE ~-IO (Jue), Jie ~-IE (elder sister), Jiao ~-IAO (coke), JIOU ~-IOU (wine), Jian ~-Ian (arrow) and Jing ~-IN (essence).

Ju ~-ü e (absolute), Juan ~-ü an (jun), Jun ~-ü n (jun), -ei ~-e (thief), -eng ~-en (gift)

C: Qi ~-I (wife), Que ~-E (sparrow), QIE ~-ie (harmony), Qiao ~-Liao (silence)

Autumn ~-iou (autumn), Qian ~-ian (shallow), Qing ~-in (clear), Qin ~-in (pro),

Qiang ~-iang (gun), Qu ~-ü (take), Quan ~-ü an (all), Qu ~-ün(ω), Chu ~-u (initial consonant) and -eng ~-en (layer).

Students: ~-I (West), Xue ~-IO (Cut), Xie ~-IE (Write), Xiao ~-iao (Xiao),

Xiou~-iou ~-iou ~-iou (revised), xian ~-ian (first), xing ~-ing (star), xin ~-in (heart),

Xiang ~-ang (phase), Xu ~-ü (Xu), Xue ~-ü e (snow), Xuan ~-ü an (Xuan), Xun ~-ü n (Xun), Xie ~-ia (oblique) and -eng ~-en (monk).

η: an ~-an (an), en ~-en (en), ou ~-ou (ou), wo ~-o (I), e ~-e (e), ai ~-ai (love), ao ~-ao (forbearance), ang ~-ang (.

V: Wei ~-I (am not)

(pronounced like Ni): Ni ~-I (greasy), Nue ~ IO (abusive), Nie ~-IE (Nie), NIOU ~-IOU (girl),

Year, mother, female, strong

Y: yue ~-io (yue), ai ~-IAI (mourning), -ing ~-in (English), Rong ~-ong (capacity),

-ing ~-ang (England)

Wang (Weng)

Americium: americium

From the perspective of pronunciation and rhyming spelling, catchy words can also be divided into two categories:

The first category, non-Mandarin syllables.

Although the vowel (1) belongs to the Putonghua series, there are no such syllables in Putonghua, such as be (white), pe (beat), me (ink), kuo (home), mong (dream), zian (arrow), ciao (sadness) and siang (phase).

(2) Although all vowels belong to Putonghua series, they are all dialect initials, such as ηai (love), Yan (light),

νi (tail) and so on. ;

(3) Although the initials belong to Mandarin series, the vowels are all dialect initials, such as Ai Ji (street), Ai Xi (shoe),

Jio (sense), qio (ignorance), xio (learning), etc.

(4) Vowels and vowels are dialect vowels, such as úio (abuse). This kind of words is only a few words.

The second category, Mandarin syllables.

It belongs to Mandarin syllables, but it has a special pronunciation in Beijing Opera. For example, "Deng" reads Deng instead of Deng, "Bing" reads Bing instead of Bing, "Sheng" reads Shen instead of Sheng, and so on.

Third, use catchy words.

Catchy characters are mainly used in the lyrics of traditional Peking Opera.

1 for matching rhymes.

In "Goddess Scattering Flowers", the goddess sang Xipi running water.

Guanyin's full moon is full of pearls and wonderful faces (incense).

There are good talents and dragon girls standing in Siang;

The bodhi tree is full of flowers (Yang),

Green parrots and fairy birds are flying up and down in Lingyan Temple.

……

The rhyme of this passage is Jiang Yangzhe, and the last word "should" in the third sentence should be Nianyin, which belongs to people and ministers.

Yang, change your accent to rhyme.

"Life and Death Hate", China and South Korea Yu Niang sang the anti-fourth tone

Couples separated for several years (zai),

Come back like a lonely goose (lai);

Pity me for being sold into slavery by thieves,

I suffered a lot (alas).

It hurts to hit Yuanyang with a stick,

Fortunately, I really saw (wore) when I met my foster mother;

Harmony has been achieved today (Aisi),

I hope to get rid of the old debt (Zhai) of that year.

It is better to arrange to die in death (pai).

The rhyme of this passage is homesickness, and the last word of the seventh sentence "He" should be Xie, which belongs to oblique rhyme.

The game was changed to Aisi.

There are also readings of Farewell My Concubine, Twenty-six and Na. Why? The reason is that the rhyme of this lyric is Suobo, and in order to match it, the pronunciation of "Na" was changed from Fa Hua to Suobo Nuo.

2. catchy words are used in sentences, and some words can be catchy or not. Such as "Xie Yaohuan" and "high brand"

The word "Roar" in "Suddenly Heard a Loud Roar in Class" is not catchy for Du Jinfang, who sings Han, while Li Weikang sings the fairy of Shangqiang. Another example is the "flying" of the "flying goose" in "The Drunk Lady", which can be catchy or not, and sings the sound of flying. The words sung by Master Mei are generally not catchy. Another example is the word "I" in Farewell My Concubine, which means "I am out of account, and I am very sad", and the word "Meng" means "suddenly looking up, seeing the sky is high and the clouds are light, and the moonlight is clear".

3, catchy words and adjacent words feel awkward, can not catchy. For example, History of Xi and Waving the Yarn Every Day.

Go to the Qingxi River again. Today, Luoshen, Hongyang Cave and Yuanmen Split, all the sisters are playing with each other by the river. The word "Rili" in these lyrics is connected. If the word "Rili" is catchy, you will feel that your tongue can't turn around. So the word "day" can be catchy here.

4, catchy but not catchy. The so-called derailment means running, not rhyming. For example, in "Hanging Scarlet Beetle", Kang read, "One day, if you want to, don't keep holding it." "Day", "time" and "day" don't rhyme (it should be said that they don't rhyme very much), but they do, so it's better not to rhyme.

5. Some old catchy words are not catchy. For example, "face" reads the sword, "roar" reads the sage, "war" reads the parallel or, "dragon" reads the dragon and so on. It is better not to be catchy than to make listeners and audiences puzzled.

6. Don't use homophone analogy to identify catchy words. Some words are homophones in Mandarin, but they are different in Beijing opera singing. For example, straightness and straightness, Chu and touch, and Shu and Shu are homophones, but in Beijing opera, straightness, Chu and Shu are catchy words, while straightness, touch and Shu are not catchy words. For example, the word "knowledge" in Life is unknown (Feng Haichao) is catchy, but the word "knowledge" in Farewell My Concubine is not catchy. Another example is that "Chu" is a catchy word, but "touch" is not a catchy word. For another example, the word "book" in "I don't want to send letters" ("The Matchmaker") is catchy, but the word "comb" in "Dress up in the mirror that day" ("Yutangchun") is not catchy. There are many examples of this kind, so we can't make analogy casually. We must master them skillfully by looking up information, listening more and taking notes frequently.

7. Don't find fault with catchy words. Some catchy words are rare or have disappeared in daily life, and some catchy words are passed down by the master with his disciples, which are often specious and difficult to determine whether they are correct or not. For example, the word "war", some catchy, some catchy as wisdom, and some are "good", some people pronounce it shuan. Others read "half" as bon and "talk" as tam. To tell the truth, some famous Peking Opera artists are not allowed to say a word. Don't spread their "slip of the tongue" or my own mistakes as classics. For example, the word "if" is sung as re by many people, which is probably "a scholar can't read" rather than an accent; Another example is the word "Lian", which some people pronounce as jian, which is obviously caused by analogy errors; Also, singing "Graceful" like that and "Jiao Guo" like that is obviously not an accent, but an obvious mistake. And the word "ten". Some famous artists sing it as shei. Some of us thought it was an accent, but it was actually a slip of the tongue. From the above examples, we know that catchy words have an irregular problem. With the development of the times, the words used in Beijing opera will also change with the change of life terms. Many well-known artists have already begun to gradually change the original catchy words into catchy ones. In this regard, Mei Lanfang, Ma He and Li took the lead in setting an example and taking the lead in reform, and achieved good results. Let's take Li's singing "Wild Pig Forest" as an example to talk about Li's reform spirit of catchy words.

The lyrics of "Selling Wine to Return Home" are like this: "Snow floats on people's faces, and the north wind bursts with cold; The clouds are low and the mountains and rivers are dark, and the sparse forests are scattered and withered. It is difficult to get rid of the past, and the abandoned village sells wine to comfort the sorrow; It's a long way to my hometown, but a thousand miles away from my wife. Guanshan blocked two hearts and talked about Zhila Galaxy; The ethereal blood blade has not removed the rape, sighing that the hero is in danger of life and death. Full of anger, ask heaven: ask heaven when Wan Li Guanshan will return? When will the moon reunite? When did you swing a three-foot sword again? The traitor temple is wide, and the thief's head sacrifices Longquan. But why is the whole world complaining about Chou He? Are you afraid of power rape? Snow breaks the roof and tile breaks the sky, so why show majesty on Lin Chong's head? It's hard to bury a hero's resentment when burying a Gankun, and the lonely and angry mountain temple is temporarily sheltered from the cold. " Among them, the words with dots are generally catchy in traditional Peking Opera. However, Mr. Li here has a few words that sing Beijing dialect, but they are not catchy. These words include: closing the mountain, not excluding traitors, their return date, the punishment of traitors, Murphy's fault.

Therefore, we don't have to be too strict with catchy words. Some students are not sure about studying with Beijing accent, and some students who are too far away from modern life change to Beijing accent directly.

8. What do you think of catchy words and sharp words? In view of the question of whether to keep catchy words and sharp words in Beijing opera, there is quite a debate in the theoretical circle of Beijing opera. Mr. Sun Jiabin wrote: "When the characteristics of anything are destroyed, the personality of that thing disappears. The pronunciation of Beijing opera is a very distinctive part of Beijing opera singing; Tones such as "catchy", "sharp group" and "four tones" in Beijing opera are characteristic components of Beijing opera pronunciation. Even in the aria of modern Beijing opera, the phonetic features of Beijing opera have not disappeared. Sometimes, on the surface, the catchy words, sharp words and rhymes of Beijing opera have been cancelled, and the traditional characteristics of Beijing opera pronunciation have disappeared, right? Don't! The most' sensitive' tone value of Beijing opera voice will always remain in Beijing opera aria "(China Peking Opera 1993 No.3). Obviously, Mr. Sun's point of view is that the catchy words, sharp words and four tones of Beijing opera cannot be cancelled and will not be cancelled. Even modern Beijing opera will retain its original four tones. Mr. Huang Feiqiu also holds a similar view. He said, "Why does Beijing Opera use Zhongzhou Huguang rhyme instead of Beijing accent?" Because Putonghua was advocated in recent years, and opera was born in ancient times, Putonghua was not popularized at that time. If we want to completely change it now, we will change it to Bai Jing by canceling the rhyme of Beijing Opera, and cancel the rhyme, which is equivalent to canceling the classification of historical figures' trades' (Chinese Peking Opera 1997 No.2). Mr. Zeng even said: "catchy words are beneficial and harmless, and Peking Opera cannot be separated from it" (Chinese Peking Opera 1998 No.5). However, Mr. Huang Haicheng thinks: "After years of hard work, I have never been able to let my family cross the threshold of Beijing Opera and love it with me. The pronunciation obstacle of Beijing opera singing is an important reason. " Therefore, he advocated that "Beijing opera vocals should be refined and processed on the basis of Beijing pronunciation, that is, the standard pronunciation of Putonghua, and gradually form a new standard" (China Peking Opera 1997 No.4). These gentlemen's discussions are based on their profound knowledge of Beijing opera phonology, which makes ordinary opera lovers feel that the arguments are profound, reasonable and irrefutable. I don't think their views should be tit for tat and irreconcilable. The characteristics of Beijing opera should be preserved and the pronunciation of Beijing opera should be improved. It is biased to advocate abolishing the traditional pronunciation of Beijing opera or not moving or changing the pronunciation of Beijing opera. All famous Beijing opera artists have the specialty of "taking care of both", that is, on the one hand, they are loyal to the tradition of Beijing opera art, on the other hand, they constantly improve and develop this art, and there are countless examples. Mr. Li is one of them. His "master" and the "street" above the street are all pronounced in Beijing dialect. He made some changes when he sang the catchwords of Zhu Chushu, Xie Jie, Yue Yue Xue Yao and Liu Rouqing. He has published many articles in newspapers and periodicals, calling on Beijing Opera to use "Beijing accent". However, due to various reasons, it did not persist. In White-haired Girl and Lin Yuan, as well as in his rehearsals of Xiang Ma Zhuan, Mu Commanding, Battle of Red Cliffs and other plays, no one has "learned to change Beijing dialect".