Su Shi's deeds

(137 ~ 111)

Song Dynasty writer, painter. The word Zi Zhan, the word He Zhong, the number Dongpo lay man. Meizhou Meishan (now Sichuan) people.

Life

In the first year of Jiayou's thought (156), Su Shi went out of Sichuan for the first time to take the job in Beijing, and the following year he was ranked as a scholar with his younger brother, which was highly appreciated by Ouyang Xiu, the examiner. In six years, Jiayou was promoted to the third place in the middle school system, and awarded Dali the judge of Fengxiang House. After his father Su Xun died in Bianjing, he helped the funeral home. In the second year of Xining (169), he also served in the DPRK. Because there are many differences with Wang Anshi's political reform proposition, he asked for a transfer. From the fourth year of Xining to the early stage of Yuanfeng, he was sent to Hangzhou, Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou as local officials. Innovating and eliminating disadvantages, facilitating the people because of the law, has made great achievements. In the second year of Yuanfeng (179), he was imprisoned for the crime of slandering the imperial court with poetry. After being released by luck, he was demoted to Huangzhou. In the first year of Yuan You (186), the old Party came to power. Su Shi was transferred back to Ren Zhongshu, Kyoto, as Sheren, Hanlin Bachelor and Zhizhi Patent. However, there are differences with the old party on the issue of abolishing the exemption law. Yuan You spent four years in Hangzhou. After six years' recall, Jia Yi and others made false accusations, and Su Shi asked for a foreign post, and was sent to Yingzhou, Yangzhou and Dingzhou successively. During this period, he continued to carry out some reforms within his power. In the reign of Emperor Shao Shengyuan, the new party gained power and demoted Yuan You's old minister. Su Shi was demoted again and again, from Yingzhou (now Yingde, Guangdong) and Huizhou to Danzhou (now Danxian, Hainan). It was not until Song Huizong ascended the throne in the third year of Yuan Fu (11) that he was pardoned and returned to the North. Jianzhong Jing Guoyuan died in Changzhou in July, 111. On the basis of the Confucian system, Su Shi influenced Buddhism and Taoism. He combined Confucianism, Buddhism and the philosophy of the third generation, and almost all the ideas attracted him. In his early years, he had the political ideal of Confucianism to assist the monarch in governing the country and help the people, and he was interested in reforming the sluggish habit of the Northern Song Dynasty. On the one hand, Buddha's old thought helps him to observe problems more easily, and behind a broad-minded attitude beyond things, he still insists on the pursuit of life and beautiful things; On the other hand, the nihilism of life and death and equality of right and wrong has a serious negative effect of escaping from reality. This kind of life thought and attitude are obviously reflected in his creation. Su Shi was bumpy on the political road. Because he advocated reform but disapproved of Wang Anshi's political reform, he not only contradicted the reformists, but also became better than the conservatives who maintained the status quo. Su Shi was a clear-cut man and paid attention to integrity, which made him neither satisfied with Yuan Feng nor aspired to Yuan You, and was even more destroyed by Shao Sheng. However, this is just good for him to deepen his experience, broaden his horizons and make him a great success in literature.

literary achievements

Su Shi devoted all his life to literary and artistic creation. He attaches importance to the social function of literature, opposes "valuing China but belittling reality", and emphasizes that the author should have a full life experience. He believes that writing should be "like flowing water, with no definite quality at the beginning", "natural in arts and sciences, and full of postures" ("Thank you for your teacher's book"), and you should dare to innovate and be original, and "create new ideas in statutes, and leave wonderful reasons outside the bold and unconstrained" ("After Wu Daozi's painting"). Su Shi attaches great importance to the discussion of literary and artistic creation skills. He explained "Ci Da" by "seeking the beauty of things is like catching a shadow in the wind" and further "knowing things in the mouth and hands" ("Thank you for your teacher's book"), which has touched the special law of literary and artistic creation. Su Shi's creative practice embodies his literary view. He is a master with many creative talents and has made unique achievements in poetry, ci and prose.

There are more than 2,7 poems by Su Shi today, with a wide range of themes and rich contents. Sympathy for the people and concern for production is a prominent content of Su Shi's poems. But more places have criticized the disadvantages of the new law. Some poems that care about production, such as "The Second Rhyme Chapters Preach Happy Rain", "Answer to Lu Liangzhong's Reclamation", "Carboniferous", "Yang Ma Ge" and "You Bo Luo xiangji temple", show the people's suffering, criticize the disadvantages of the times, express sincere feelings, be unpretentious, and develop many social themes that are rarely involved by predecessors, with extensive materials and meaning. Su Shi's poems about scenery and reason are of the highest artistic value and the most popular. Poems such as Visit Jinshan Temple, Night View of Wanghailou, Drunk Book of Wanghulou and Rain after Drinking Chu Qing on the Lake depict the night of the Yangtze River, the sunny rain in the south of the Yangtze River and the beautiful scenery of the West Lake. Poems such as "Climbing to the Top of Changshan Mountain and Guangli Pavilion", "Hundred Steps of Flood" and "Climbing to the Sea City of Zhangzhou" vividly describe the local scenery and places of interest in Jiangbei. Su Shi is not only good at observing and capturing the different characteristics of scenery in different places, but also describes the freshness and simplicity of rural environment with joy and love. The rural scenery poems written in Lingnan reflect the author's harmonious relationship with Huizhou people and Li people. Su Shi is good at understanding new ideas and wonderful ideas from daily life and ordinary natural scenery, and writing thought-provoking and interesting poems. For example, some articles, such as Title of Xilin Wall, Poem of Qin, and Sinha Pagoda in Sizhou, express their feelings on the spot, which are implied by things, and have an endless aftertaste. Some poems are often full of bright and optimistic interest, reflecting the spirit of not being afraid of adversity and despising hardships. In addition, Su Shi has written many poems about appreciating calligraphy, such as Reading Meng Jiao's Poems, Storing the Stack of the Yanjiang River in Wang Dingguo's Collection, and Shi Cangshu's Drunken Ink Hall. Su Shi's poems are bold and agile, full of ease, full of talent and ideas, touching the place and giving birth to spring, which is unique in art and has become a grand view of a generation. Su Shi is keen in observation and concise in poetry. No matter how he describes scenery, state of things and human feelings, he can write vividly and quite lyrical. Su Shi's poems are rich in imagination, interesting, novel and appropriate, and fascinating. Su Shi's poems are sometimes straightforward, talking about Yingfa, and full of momentum. The argumentative style of Su Shi's poems certainly contributes to the freedom of expression and the fluency of style, but it has some influence on the imagery and rhythmic beauty of the poems. Moreover, due to social intercourse, some rhyming poems are close to word games. Too many useful works or too many rough and lengthy works have affected his creative achievements. Su Shi can master all the ancient and modern bodies freely, but he is longer than the ancient body and the seven words. His seven ancient paintings are magnificent and unpredictable, which can best reflect the unrestrained talent, wonderful pen galloping and fantastic spirit. The five ancient books are simple and unpretentious, and the words are clear and delicious, and they are natural and wonderful. Su Shi's seven laws are also excellent, with natural charm and beautiful and round style, which is slightly similar to Bai Juyi and Liu Yuxi's poetic style, but even more surprising. Su Shi did not exert much effort on the five-character approach, and there were never many five laws and five verses, while the seven verses were beautifully written and lively, with many famous articles widely read.

in the ci field of the northern song dynasty, su Shi broke through the barrier that ci must be fragrant and soft, and created a number of ci chapters with a new style, which paved the way for the rapid development of ci style. Judging from the existence of 34 or 5 Dongpo ci poems, Su Shi's innovation in ci style is various. Su Shi expanded the function of Ci to reflect social life. He not only wrote traditional themes such as love, parting, travel situation, but also used Ci to express his ambition to serve the country, rural life, life in exile, and so on, which expanded the realm of Ci. He portrays heroic characters with a healthy pen to express his lofty aspirations of making contributions to the country, such as (Jiang Chengzi)' s "Old Men Chatting About Teenagers" and so on. In his ci, Su Shi devoted himself more to expressing his personality. (Man Jianghong) "Jianghan came to the west" is a nostalgia for the past, using Mi Heng's experience to conceal the feelings of resentment; (Set the storm) "Don't listen to the sound of beating leaves through the forest" reflects the attitude of life that is not afraid of ups and downs and is calm. The five poems written in Xuzhou (Huanxisha) vividly describe the small scenes of rural production and life in fresh and beautiful language, and describe various rural figures such as Huang Tong, Bai Zuo, Cai Sanggu, reeling mother and melon seller. It can be said that Su Shi can use words to express all the life contents that can be written in poetry. Su Ci has made some innovations in brushwork and system. He wrote his poems with heroic momentum and vigorous pen power, and his style was mostly vigorous, frustrated and passionate. Such as (Bashengganzhou), "The wind of love is coming from Wan Li", and the brushwork is like a sudden snowy mountain.

Yuan You's poets began to write poems with poetic syntax, which began with Su Shi. Su Shi's rewriting of Tao Yuanming's "Poems of Returning to Home" into (whistling) and Han Yu's "Poems of Listening to Yingshi Playing the Piano" into (Shuidiao Song Tou) are also creative in terms of ci style. In the past, ci writers rarely set up topics outside the title adjustment. Many of Su Shi's ci works not only started with titles, but also used small prefaces, which amounted to hundreds of words, and were brilliant in literary talent and quite attractive. Su Shi took poetry as his ci, which expanded the expressive force of ci style. Su Ci has a distinct ideal color. Some works are imaginative and soaring. For example, "When will there be a bright moon?" (Nian Nujiao) "Overlooking the distance from the height?" (Man Tingfang) "Going back and coming to Xi?" and so on, this kind of chapter is a spiritual inheritance of Qu Yuan and Li Bai, and opens up some of Xin Qiji's works of being broad-minded and strange. In terms of language and temperament, it also embodies Su Shi's innovative spirit. The language of Su Ci mostly absorbs the words of poetry and fu, and adopts both historical biography and spoken language, which is known for being clear and heroic, and has changed the previous fashion of poets who used gold and chose wrong words. He attaches great importance to melody, but he doesn't stick to it. Su Shi's ci style presents diversified characteristics. Apart from the magnificent words such as "river of no return", other works, which are clear and magnificent, fresh and beautiful, or charming and lingering, all have their own charm. For example, (Jiang Chengzi) mourns his dead wife and is deeply attached to it; (Shui Long Yin) Singing Yang Hua, lingering with bitterness; (Die Lian Hua) The laughter of beautiful women stirred the spring worries of laymen on the wall, and the amorous feelings were charming and moving.

Su Shi worked hard on prose. With solid skill and unrestrained talent, he developed Ouyang Xiu's gentle style of writing and opened up a new world for prose creation. Papers on discussing history and discussing politics, including memorials, strategies, and historical comments, are mostly works closely related to Su Shi's political life. Among them, there are many excellent chapters that are targeted and insightful, except that some of them are large and unreasonable and have a strong sense of discipline. For example, Jin Ce, Si Zhi Lun, Hou Lun, etc., have novel opinions, are not stereotyped, are eloquent, and are good at making changes, reflecting the influence of essays such as Mencius and Warring States Policy. The prose of narrative travel has the highest artistic value in Su Wen, and there are many well-known masterpieces. Write down the inscriptions of characters, such as "Chaozhou Han Wengong Temple Monument", and write down the essays of pavilions and pavilions, such as "Xi Yu Ting Ji". His travel notes about scenery, such as The Story of Shi Zhongshan and Fu on the Red Wall before and after, are good at capturing the scenery features and expressing the sense of reason, so as to achieve the harmonious unity of poetic and artistic meaning and the sense of reason. Su Shi's narrative prose often combines discussion, description and lyric, and is unconventional and innovative in style; In terms of style, Wang Yang is arrogant because of the shape of things; It can better reflect the influence of Zhuangzi and Zen writing. Essays, such as letters, inscriptions, recitations and postscript, also occupy an important position in Dongpo's collection. Most of the letters written by him, such as "A Book on Mei Zhi" and "A Book with Li Gongze", are written with essays and carvings, which make people deeply understand the heart and best show the author's frank, cheerful and funny personality. Su Shi wrote many inscriptions, prefaces and postscript, miscellaneous works, appraised poems and paintings, talked about calligraphy and summed up creative experience. Such as "Before the Southbound Journey", "After the Painting of Wu Daozi", etc. In addition, Su Shi also has some essays describing his academic experience, such as Japanese Metaphor, Jia Shuo, etc., which can be written in a simple way and have many unique ideas in content. Su Shi also has a widely circulated note, Dongpo Zhilin, which was mentioned before his death, but was not completed. It has been handed down to later generations for editing. Zhi Lin, which is collected in "Renhai", contains a lot of content, and there are many essays, miscellaneous feelings and trivial notes, which are concise and clear, and are quite forgiving. Such as "Night Tour in Chengtian Temple" and "Night Tour in Songfeng Pavilion", which are handy, have artistic conception and temperament. This kind of writing is really a school of essays in the late Ming Dynasty. Another "Qiu Chi Notes" was also compiled by later generations. Su Shi's works have a wide influence. He is enthusiastic about giving awards and training many talents. His works were widely circulated in the Song Dynasty and played an important role in the development of literature in the Song Dynasty. Su Shi was highly praised by poets in the Jin Dynasty, writers in the Ming Dynasty and poets in the Song Dynasty. Su Wen has been studying for a long time, and his essays are the first of the essays in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Su Ci was still patriarchal by Chen Weisong and other ci writers until the Qing Dynasty. A large number of Su Shi's works are his precious legacy to future generations.

Su Shi is brilliant, and his poems are elegant, and he is also good at calligraphy and painting. He visited various schools in the Jin and Tang Dynasties in calligraphy, and became a school of his own. He was good at running script and regular script, and his brushwork was full of strength and natural ups and downs. He was also called "Song Sijia" with Cai Xiang, Huang Tingjian and Mi Fei. Handed down books include Huangzhou Cold Food Poetry Post, Chibi Fu, Thank you for your essay post, Dongting Spring Scenery, Zhongshan Songlao Two Fu Volumes and so on. Su Shi's views on painting are remarkable, advocating "likeness of spirit" and "vividness", and proposing "painting in poetry" and "painting in poetry", which are very influential in the history of painting. He is good at painting bamboo and stone, and he has his own style while learning and writing. Su Shi's paintings are authentic, and today only the "Ancient Wood and Strange Stones" are left. Su Shi's academic works include Yi Zhuan and Shu Zhuan.

There is a block-printed version of Su Shi's poetry collection, namely, Seven Chapters of Dongpo written by Cheng Zong of Ming Chenghua. Chronology with appendix, ***112 volumes. There are end-side proofreading copies in the late Qing Dynasty and lead-printed copies of Four Reserves. Since the Song Dynasty, annotations of Su Shi's works have appeared continuously. The famous ones are Cha Shenxing's Annotation of Dongpo's Chronological Poems, Feng Yingliu's Annotation of Su Wenzhong's Poems, Wang Wenzhong's Compilation and Annotation Integration of Su Wenzhong's Public Poems, and Su Shi's Poems, which was published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1982 and collated by Kong Fanli. There are notes on the anthology A Brief Introduction to the Collected Works of Jingjin Dongpo edited and annotated by Angela Qiu in the Southern Song Dynasty, The Complete Works of Mr. Dongpo by Mao Wei in the late Ming Dynasty, and The Collected Works of Su Shi edited by Kong Fanli published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1986. Ci notes include the chronological edition of Dongpo Yuefu by Zhu Zumou, a close friend, and Dongpo Yuefu Notes by Long Yusheng, a modern man.

a writer, painter and calligrapher in the Song Dynasty. The word Zi Zhan, the word He Zhong, the number Dongpo lay man. Meizhou Meishan (now Sichuan) people. Born into a poor landlord family. He was tutored in his childhood and was deeply influenced by his father Su Xun, and his mother, Cheng Shi, once "personally taught books". Since it is long, "learning the history of classics belongs to thousands of words every day" (Su Zhe's Epitaph of Mr. Dongpo).

In the first year of Jiayou's life and thoughts (156), Su Shi went out of Sichuan for the first time to take a job in Beijing, and the following year he was ranked as a scholar with his younger brother, and was deeply appreciated by Ouyang Xiu, the examiner. After Ben's mother's funeral, Jiayou went to Beijing again along the Yangtze River and through Jiangling in four years. In six years, Jiayou was promoted to the third place in the middle school system, and awarded Dali the judge of Fengxiang House. During this period, Su Shi wrote a lot of strategies for political abuses such as lack of money, weak soldiers and redundant officials, demanding reform.

When Su Shi's tenure in Fengxiang expired, his father Su Xun died in Bianjing, and he helped the funeral home. In the second year of Xining (169), he also served in the DPRK. At that time, Shenzong used Wang Anshi to reform, and Su Shi's reform thought was different from Wang Anshi's reform proposition. For example, Wang Anshi advocated "Daming Statue", multi-party financial management, and quickly promoted the new law to the whole country. Su Shi, on the other hand, emphasized choosing officials and appointing people, but opposed "making legislation more effective" (the third in Strategy). Advocating "saving money to get it cheaply" and not agreeing with "the door to wide profit" (18); He also put forward that "haste makes waste" and "light hair will lead to more losses", and he advocated stability in the steps of promoting reform. Therefore, he repeatedly wrote against political reform. Since his opinions were not adopted, he asked for a transfer. From the fourth year of Xining to the early stage of Yuanfeng, he was sent to Hangzhou, Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou as local officials. During this period, he once punished fierce officials, eliminated locusts for disaster relief, fought floods and protected dikes, and carried out some reforms in municipal administration, which achieved the effect of "facilitating the people according to the law".

Su Shi was dissatisfied with the political reform, especially when he saw the abuses in the implementation of the new law, he "dared not turn a blind eye" and always "relied on the poet's meaning and pleaded with irony" (Epitaph of Mr. Dongpo). After Wang Anshi's strike, He Zhengchen, Li Ding and other new bureaucrats learned from Su Shi's poems about Luo Zhi's crimes and impeached Su Shi for "accusing him of riding the Yu" and "harboring evil intentions" because he was arrested from Huzhou in the second year of Yuanfeng (179)