Tell me about Chao Cuo.

Chao Cuo (? ~ BC 154), a native of Yingchuan (now Yuxian County, Henan Province), was a famous political commentator during the Kawachinoayanofumi King period (206 BC ~ 8 BC). When I was young, I studied Legalism, and later I studied Shangshu. I soon became a prince, a doctor and a doctor, and I was promoted to a doctor. He was appreciated by Liu Yuxin (later Han Jing) and was called Liu Qi's "brain trust".

Chao Cuo was very concerned about the continuous intrusion of Xiongnu and land annexation, and repeatedly wrote to advocate actively preparing for the Xiongnu and taking measures to vigorously develop agriculture. He also analyzed the military system of the Western Han Dynasty and Xiongnu in detail, and then put forward the idea of moving the capital to enrich the people. He also suggested that businessmen contribute food to the frontier fortress, and then reward and compensate by paying homage and exempting punishment, which won the appreciation of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty and was promoted to traditional Chinese medicine.

Then, he proposed to Emperor Wen that he would cut off the governors and amend the laws, which were all state affairs that needed to be solved urgently at that time. After Jingdi ascended the throne, Chao Cuo was promoted to literature and history, and soon became a state official, which was highly valued by Jingdi. He still advocated cutting off the fiefs of princes with the same surname in order to consolidate centralization. He put forward in the article "The policy of reducing vassals": "Now cutting is also anti-cutting, and not cutting is also anti-cutting. Cutting it, it is urgent, and the disaster is small; If you don't cut it, it will be too late and disastrous. " It means that it is better to cut the princes early than late. Jingdi finally adopted his suggestion and wanted to cut off the fief of Wu Wang Liu Bi. At this time, Chao Cuo's father came from Yingchuan and advised him to be careful to avoid making enemies and getting burned. Chao Cuo is determined and unwilling to give in. In the third year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, that is, in 154 BC, seven countries, including Wu and Chu, launched a large-scale rebellion under the pretext of "killing the Qing monarch of Chao Cuo", which is the rebellion of the seven countries of Wu and Chu in history.

Dou Ying, a consort, and others have deep contradictions with Chao Cuo. At this time, they saw the opportunity, so they suggested that Jingdi kill Chao Cuo to quell the rebellion. Jingdi listened to Dou Ying and beheaded Chao Cuo in East Chang 'an. His parents, wife and relatives, old and young, were also killed. After Chao Cuo's death, the rebellion between the Seven Kingdoms and Wu did not subside. Finally, Jingdi sent Zhou Yafu, a famous soldier, to fight, and soon put down the rebellion.

Chao Cuo cut land.

Like Wendi, Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty adopted a policy of recuperation and was determined to govern the country well. When Jingdi was a prince, there was a housekeeper named Cao CuO, who was quite talented. Everyone calls him a "brain trust". After Emperor Jing ascended the throne, he was promoted to an ancient bachelor.

The Han Dynasty practiced the county system, but there were 22 vassal states at the same time. These princes are descendants of Emperor Gaozu, so-called Wang's surname is the same. At that time, the princes were very powerful and owned a lot of land, such as more than 70 cities in Qi, 50 cities in Wu and 40 cities in Chu. Some governors are not bound by the imperial court, especially the prince of Wu and Liu Bi, and they are even more arrogant. His country is sealed by the sea, where there are copper mines. He cooks salt and collects copper himself, and is as rich as Han Emperor. He never went to Chang 'an to see the emperor himself, which made Wu an independent kingdom.

Seeing that this situation was not conducive to the consolidation of centralization, Chao Cuo said to Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, "The prince of Wu has never been in court and should have been convicted long ago. The late Emperor was generous to him when he was alive, but he became more and more arrogant. He also privately opened Tongshan to cast money, cook sea and aquatic products, recruit soldiers and prepare for rebellion. It is better to cut off their fiefs as early as possible. "

Emperor Han Jing was still hesitating and said, "OK? I'm afraid that cutting land will arouse their resistance.

Chao Cuo said: "The princes are determined to rebel, or they will rebel. Rebellion now, the disaster is still small; In the future, they will be strong, and if they are reversed, the disaster will be even greater. "

Han Jing felt that Chao Cuo's words were very reasonable, and he was determined to cut off the fiefs of the vassals. Most governors are either dissolute or lawless. It is not easy to grasp their sins as a reason to reduce fiefs! Before long, some were hacked to a county, and some were hacked to several counties.

Chao Cuo's father heard the news and drove him out of his hometown Yingchuan (now Yuxian County, Henan Province). He said to Chao Cuo, "As an ancient counselor, your position is high enough. Why don't you behave yourself and mind your own business? Think about it. C are all close relatives of the royal family. What do you care? You cut off their fief. Which one of them doesn't blame you and which one doesn't hate you? What on earth are you doing this for? "

Chao Cuo said: "If you don't do this, the emperor will not be able to exercise his power and the country will be in chaos."

His father sighed and said, "If you do this, the Liu family will be stable, but our Chao family will be in danger." I am old and don't want to see a catastrophe. "

Chao Cuo persuaded his father for a while. However, the old man did not understand Chao Cuo's intention and returned to his hometown in Yingchuan to commit suicide by taking poison.

Chao Cuo discussed cutting Wu's fief, but Wu did the opposite. He used the guise of "punishing treacherous court official Chao Cuo and saving the world of Liu". Incite other governors to rise up and rebel together.

In BC 154, seven princes including Wu, Chu, Zhao, Jiaoxi, Jiaodong, Strichuan and Jinan rebelled. Historically, it was called the "Seven-Country Rebellion".

The rebels were so loud that Emperor Han Jing was a little scared. He remembered the last imperial edict of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, worshipped Zhou Yafu, who was good at running the army, as Qiu, and led 36 generals to crusade against the rebels.

At that time, there was a jealous man in the imperial court who said that the invasion of the Seven Kingdoms was entirely caused by Chao Cuo. He advised Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty to say, "As long as they agreed to the demands of the seven countries, they killed Chao Cuo, saved the princes from fighting, and restored the original fief, they would withdraw."

Hearing these words, Emperor Jing of Han said, "If they can really withdraw their troops, why should I be reluctant to part with Chao Cuo alone?"

Then, a group of ministers wrote to impeach Chao Cuo, saying that he was outrageous and should be beheaded. In order to keep the throne, Emperor Han Jingdi approved this piece of paper without conscience.

One day, the lieutenant came to Chao Cuo's house to convey the emperor's order and let him hold a court session. Chao Cuo completely in the dark, immediately put on the royal robe and followed the lieutenant to get on the bus and go.

When the horses and chariots passed through East Chang 'an, the lieutenant suddenly took out the imperial edict and told Chao Cuo to get off and listen. The lieutenant announced the order of Emperor Han Jing, and a group of soldiers gathered behind him and tied Chao Cuo up. Chao Cuo, who devoted himself to maintaining the Han family, was beheaded inexplicably.

Han Jing killed Chao Cuo and sent a letter to seven countries demanding withdrawal. By this time, Wu has won several battles and won a lot of territory. As soon as he heard that he was going to worship the imperial edict of Emperor Hanjing, he sneered: "Now I am also the emperor, why should I worship?"

Deng Gong, an official of the Han army camp, went to Chang 'an to report the military situation to Jingdi. Han Jing asked him, "Did you know that Chao Cuo was dead when you came out of the barracks?

Is Wu Chu willing to withdraw its troops? "

Deng Gong said, "The King of Wu has been preparing for rebellion for decades. This time, why did Mao Bing lend land to Chao Cuo? Your Majesty killed Chao Cuo by mistake, and I'm afraid no one will dare to persuade the court in the future. "

Emperor Jing realized that he had done something wrong, but it was too late to regret it. Thanks to Zhou Yafu's fighting ability. Instead of directly fighting the rebels in Wu Chu, he sent a team of light cavalry to copy their rear road and cut off the route for providing foodstuff for the rebels. Wu Chu two armies have no food, first chaos. Zhou Yafu launched an attack by elite soldiers and defeated Wu Chu's military forces.

Wu and Chu took the lead in rebellion. When these two countries were defeated, the other five countries soon collapsed. In less than three months, the Han army put down the rebellion of the seven countries.

Han Jing put down the rebellion, although the descendants of the seven countries were still granted the throne, but afterwards the governors could only collect land rent in their own feudal countries, and their power was greatly weakened, and the central government of the Han Dynasty was consolidated.

Source: Five thousand years in China (Cao)

Chao Cuo was a politician in the early Western Han Dynasty. He is proficient in Confucianism and law, and he is knowledgeable. Deeply valued and cherished by Emperor Wenjing. In the first three years of Jingdi's reign, in order to realize his political ideal and consolidate the great cause of the Han Dynasty, Chao Cuo wrote a letter to Jingdi about the policy of reducing vassals. For the long-term stability of the Han Dynasty, Han Jing listened to Chao Cuo's suggestion and began to "cut the vassal". But just as Chao Cuo's political ideal was about to come true, he was beheaded in the eastern city of Chang 'an. His unjust death and the early death of Jia Yi, a young politician in the era of Emperor Wen, became the two most famous political tragedies in the era of Wen and Jing! Chao Cuo died unjustly because he was accused by a court minister of rude disobedience. Although the charges drawn up by the court ministers for Chao Cuo are very heavy, they are not the real reason why Chao Cuo was killed. So what was the real reason for Chao Cuo's murder?

After the outbreak of the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion", this policy of the imperial court immediately aroused strong dissatisfaction among the governors. Liu Bi, the king of Wu, first decided to revolt. From Chao Cuo's point of view, he proposed the policy of reducing vassals because the prince of Wu would rebel. Because at that time, Wu was located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, a land of plenty. The prince of Wu made money by mining and made salt by boiling water, and he was as rich as an enemy. If this continues, it will inevitably become a hidden danger of the central government, so its power must be reduced. When Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty carried out the policy of reducing Chao Cuo's vassal, Liu Bi, the king of Wu, jumped out to rebel and reaffirmed Chao Cuo's policy of reducing vassal. Regarding the policy of reducing vassals, the ministers of the DPRK in the Wenjing era also proposed the policy of reducing vassals, but it was not adopted. Many people realize that the tail of the captaincy is too big to fall. The problem is that when Chao Cuo proposed to cut the vassal, it was almost opposed by the DPRK. Finally, when he proposed to kill Chao Cuo, the court almost shouted. Then what is this for?

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Strictly speaking, the Han Dynasty was the first unified dynasty in China, because the Qin Dynasty before it lasted for a short time, while the Han Dynasty was powerful, lasting and far-reaching. For example, we are Han people now and speak Chinese, which is marked by this dynasty. This dynasty lasted more than 400 years, and it is the longest dynasty in China history. Of course, due to Wang Mang's usurpation of the Han Dynasty, this dynasty was divided into upper and lower parts, which were called pre-Han and post-Han in history, also known as the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty. So the 400 years of the Han Dynasty, it should be said, is the most wonderful in the Western Han Dynasty, and the 200 years of the Western Han Dynasty, the most wonderful is the period from Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang to Emperor Gaozu Liu Che. We can describe this history in four words, which is vigorous. In such an era of vigorous development, talents and heroes come forth in large numbers. Unfortunately, these heroes and romantic figures do not all have good historical endings. Some are ruined, some are ruined, some are ruined, some are ruined, ruined, and even dead. Chao Cuo, which we will talk about today, is one of them.

Chao Cuo's death was a major injustice in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. It should be said that there are still many grievances in this dynasty of the Western Han Dynasty. For example, the deaths of Han Xin and Han Xin before Chao Cuo were wrongs, and the deaths of Dou Ying and Dou Ying after Chao Cuo were also wrongs. But in comparison, Chao Cuo died the most unjustly. Why? Chao Cuo died for his political ideal and ambition, which was realized only after his death. He died unjustly when he realized his political ideal, so he died unjustly. This injustice is not what we think of him now. At that time, some people said that he was unjust.

At that time, a man named Deng Gong told Emperor Han Jing that Chao Cuo died too unjustly. Who is Deng Gong? At that time, Deng Gong's official position was called "Bow Servant Shooting", and his rank was called Rank Than Thousand Stones, so it was equivalent to today's deputy ministerial level.

During the Wu Chu Rebellion, Emperor Han Jing sent "servants to shoot" Deng Gong to fight in the front. When Deng Gong came back from the front to report the military situation to Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty asked him a question: I have killed this Chao Cuo. Should Wu Chu withdraw its troops? Why did Emperor Han Jingdi ask this question? If we have watched the TV series "Hanwu the Great", we should all know that the so-called Wu Chu Rebellion was that a kingdom named Wu and a State of Chu joined forces with five other kingdoms to form a seven-nation allied force, and they fought mightily against the capital. At that time, their slogan was "Punish Chao Cuo and lead a totally clean life". What is a pure heart? Is that there are little people around the emperor. If we want to deal with him, who is the villain? Chao Cuo. So Emperor Han Jing said: Since your slogan is "Jun Qing's side", saying that there are villains around me, and the villain is Chao Cuo, I killed Chao Cuo, should you withdraw? Deng Gong said, How can you retreat? The prince of Wu has rebelled for decades. The prince of Wu wanted to rebel, and he had been preparing for it for decades. He finally got a chance. You killed Chao Cuo and then retreated. It is out of the question. Deng Gong also said, on the contrary, I think everyone in the world will keep his mouth shut, so Emperor Han Jing asked him: Why? Deng Gong said, Your Majesty, think about it. Why did Chao Cuo die? Chao Cuo advocated reducing vassals, that is, strengthening centralization and consolidating the central government. This is the great cause of our Han dynasty, but his plan was unjustly killed as soon as it was implemented. Will anyone talk in the future? Is anyone telling the truth? Is there anyone else willing to give you advice? After listening to this, Han Jing remained indifferent for a long time, then sighed and said, I regret it, too.

So now it seems that Emperor Han Jing's regret is true, I guess, to show that Han Jing killed Chao Cuo because he had to. We saw a scene in the TV series Hanwu the Great, in which Han Jingdi and Chao Cuo had a drink to say goodbye. I'm afraid this plot is not recorded in history. According to Records of Historical Records and Hanshu, when Chao Cuo was killed, he didn't know he was killed, and Chao Cuo was not the only one who was killed, but also his family, and the court minister made a formal report. Three people led the report, namely, the Prime Minister and Tino. This Europe is Europe, but according to ancient records. The three of them formally made a report to Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, and the charges drawn up were also very heavy.

Who are these three people? We should know that the system implemented by the central government in the Han Dynasty was called "three public officials and nine officials". What do you mean by "three public officials and nine officials"? There are three prime ministers, nine ministers, and three publics: First, the first is the prime minister, which is equivalent to the current prime minister; The second is Qiu, equivalent to the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces and the highest military officer; The third one, called the Imperial Doctor, is the deputy prime minister in charge of supervision, equivalent to the current deputy prime minister and minister of supervision. Well, now a prime minister, a minister of public security, a minister of justice, and three people jointly impeach Chao Cuo, which is very heavy and the charges raised are also very big. It is called: "The official dies and the son is a gift, which is a big violation." So the punishment proposed at that time was to halve Chao Cuo. Waist cutting is a very cruel punishment. It's tragic that future generations will move even if they don't die immediately. So this punishment was abolished until Yongzheng, because Yong Zhengdi killed a man and felt miserable after reading it. He wrote three words in blood-soaked handwriting, miserable, miserable, and this punishment was abolished. Chao Cuo was beheaded. In addition, his parents, wife and family members were not separated, and they were all beheaded, so the sentence was very heavy. At that time, when this report was typed, Emperor Han Jingdi immediately approved the word "gram".

When we look at the history books now, it is recorded in this way: "Make it possible", and the emperor gave instructions and agreed. And Chao Cuo's death, he did not know in advance. When Sima Qian gave Chao Cuo a biography, he used the following sentence: "He ordered the wrong clothes and went to cut the east market." . Literally, we seem to think that Emperor Han Jing gave Chao Cuo a face, so he went to the execution ground in royal robes. Actually, it is not. If we read Hanshu, we will find that it is clearly written in the biography of Hanshu Chao Cuo, which is called "setting up the city". Where do these four words come from? They are from Historical Records, and these four words are also written in them. But the problem is that Sima Qian didn't write it in Biography of Chao Cuo. Where did he write it? He wrote it in the Biography of Liu Bi, the King of Wu, and called it "Establishing the City". What does this mean? Cheating, that is to say, at that time, the three men made a report to Emperor Han Jing. After the approval of Emperor Han Jing, he immediately sent Captain Chen Jia, commander of the capital garrison and minister of public security, to find Chao Cuo in a carriage. That is to say, the emperor called you, and Chao Cuo thought it was a meeting. He put on his royal costume and got on the bus excitedly. As soon as he got on the bus, he cut his back immediately. We don't know now whether the verdict was read to Chao Cuo before Chao Cuo was killed, but one thing is certain: he was not given the opportunity to defend himself, and of course he was not given a lawyer, so he died miserably, unjustly and cowardly.

Chao Cuo is a staunch supporter of cutting vassals. He told Emperor Han Jing that he was cutting vassals whenever he had the chance. It can be said that "Cutting Francisco" was written by Chao Cuo, so we need to know whether Chao Cuo died unjustly. Let's explain the dismissal of Francisco. We need to find out the situation at that time. We need to talk about the evolution of China's state system as a whole.

The Qin and Han Dynasties were a period of great changes in China's state system. What kind of state system was China before Qin and Han Dynasties? At that time, we also had the concept of China in China, but it was not the same as China people and China we are talking about now. What was China that people talked about at that time? It is a country with a central government, a country in the middle, and many countries around the central government. At that time, China was called the world, that is to say, people thought there was only such a big place in the world and there were so many people in this place. There should be a leader, and this leader is the son of heaven, called the son of heaven. This is a concept.

Then there are many countries in the world, with people of the same nationality and people of different nationalities. This day is the most central place, and this place is called China. The farthest ethnic minorities around are Yi in the east, Man in the south, Rong in the west and Di in the north. There are also some Huaxia countries and many countries. What are their names? They are called countries, and each country has its own head of state and is called a vassal. So what is the relationship between the emperor and the vassal? Now, on the other hand, we think it was before the Qin Dynasty, and it should be called the League of Nations. They * * * shared a son of heaven, which was the leader of the League of Nations. At that time, they were called * * * the Lord of the world, but we must make it clear that the Lord of the world is nominal, although the Zhou Dynasty put forward a concept called "The world is big, isn't it the land of kings?" On the bank of the earth, is it not a king? "But we must make it clear that this' Murphy' is nominal, and the son of heaven, who is nominally called the son of heaven, owns the land granted to him by God, and then he sealed it down. This is called feudalism. What does Feng mean? The method of sealing is to delimit the territory. The method of sealing is that there are borders between countries. Zhou Tianzi sent people to plow a ditch there, turn up the soil in the ditch, and then plant trees on this soil. This is called a letter, and this piece is for you. What does it mean to build? Architecture is to appoint a monarch, not only to seal a piece of land for you, but also to appoint a head of state for you. This is called architecture, which together is called feudalism. This feudalism can be feudal again, and it is the son of heaven. What will feudal vassal States and vassals do after they acquire this territory? No matter how feudal he is, he will divide his land, and to whom? For the doctor, what is the name of the place owned by the doctor? It is called home, so this time it is a three-level institution, that is, the world, the country and the family are separated. This system is called feudalism, one world, many countries, one son of heaven and many monarchs.

When Qin Shihuang annexed six countries to unify the world, he abolished this system and replaced it with a county system. What is the county system? It used to be a vassal state, but now it's changed to a county, and the former doctor's house has been changed to a county, which governs the county and is directly under the central government. There is no longer a enfeoffment system, that is, one government, one monarch and one country. This is a major historical change. Then Qin Shihuang implemented this system for about ten years.

After the death of Qin Shihuang, this dynasty actually perished and was replaced by the Han Dynasty. So after the Qin Dynasty was destroyed by the Han Dynasty, was the feudal system of the Zhou Dynasty implemented? Or the system of Qin county? This is a struggle between two routes. Finally, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang adopted a compromise way, a middle route, that is, around the central government, the capital city area and the surrounding areas, the county system was implemented, that is, the Qin system was implemented. In remote places, Zhou's feudal system was practiced, and some kingdoms were still closed to the outside world, that is, two systems at one time. We might as well call it one-time two systems. What about these countries gathered around the capital? They are called vassal States. Why is it called a vassal? What is a fan? Francisco is a fence, which means that you defend the central government around like a fence, so these princes are called "princes", and they return to their own kingdoms, which are called "vassals" or "countries of the country", but we must be clear that these enclosed kingdoms are independent, sovereign and rich.

However, although Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang implemented such a plan of "two systems at a time", he still left a hand and made a rule that only kings with the same surname can be given titles, but kings with different surnames can't, that is, only our surname is Liu, so you can make him king, not Liu, Lu or other surnames, so you can only make him a Hou, so you can see that the nobles and princes in the Han Dynasty are very clear. Later, after Liu Bang's death, Lv Hou came to power and broke this rule. She made Lu king, so she was regarded as a chaotic government in history. Finally, after Lv Hou's death, ministers got up to discuss, we will solve this problem, so who will be asked to solve it? Because Qiu has the military power, he found it and said that he would let it go out. Look, fix this. Zhou Bo has settled down, so Zhou Bo is a great hero. Who is Zhou Bo? Zhou Bo is the father of Qiu Zhou Yafu, whom we saw in the TV series Hanwu the Great, who put down the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion".

But is it reliable to seal the king's surname? It's not very reliable to see the same surname sealing the king now. For example, the prince of Wu and Liu Bi are not reliable. Who is Wu Wang Liu Bi? Liu Bi, the king of Wu, is the nephew of Liu Bang and the son of Liu Zhong, Liu Bang's younger brother. The ranking of the ancients was called "Shu Zhongji", with Bo as the eldest, Zhong as the second, Shu Zhong as the third and Ji as the fourth. Liu bang's brother is Liu zhong, that is, Liu er, which is useless. Liu bang also sealed a place for him at that time, and he couldn't keep it. His son Liu Bi is very capable, brave and can fight. At that time, Wu Chu had just returned to the central government. Liu Bang thought that Wu Chu had to send a capable person to take charge of it. Ok, Liu Bi, you go ahead and seal the prince with Liu Bi. After the seal, Liu Bang regretted it. He said, Liu Bi, why do I think he has a "reverse phase"? This boy is going to rebel in the future. Liu Bang had to touch Liu Bi's back and say, "Fifty years later, there will be chaos in the southeast. It won't be you. In our world, Liu is all flesh and blood. Don't do this. " Liu Bi immediately knelt down and said, "I dare not."

So it turned out that Liu Bi rebelled, but was Liu Bi's rebellion intentional? Or was it forced out by Chao Cuo? Chao Cuo's theory is that the other way around. Because we know that the vassal state at that time was an independent kingdom with independent sovereignty and its own fiscal, taxation, army, territory and government. You said it was outside the central government, and it could defend it. This is not reliable and must be contained. The way to curb it is to cut its territory and not make it so big. Today, cut a little.

Then we think, will these princes be willing to cut the princes? There is only one answer to this question: I just don't want to, because this is their vested interest. You said that a prince has so many vested interests, who is willing to sacrifice? Even cats and dogs have a fish and a bone in their mouths, so you don't take it away. You take away the vested interests of a monarch and a king, and you don't resist. Therefore, after Chao Cuo proposed the policy of reducing vassals, everyone disapproved. Emperor Han Jing was also very worried, saying that if this matter went on, it would be rebellion. What did Chao Cuo say? He said: if it is cut, it is rebellion. If you don't cut it, it is rebellion. If we cut it now, it will be rebellion, but the harm will be less. It will be a little late in the future, but it will be more harmful. Why? He's getting stronger and stronger! How nice it is that you want to strangle him when he is young and wait for you to hit him when he is full-fledged. After this sentence was finished, Han Jing was determined to separate the vassals, which led to the rebellion of Wu Chu, or the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms.

Now, it seems that Chao Cuo's policy of cutting vassals has a premise, that is, the prince wants to oppose it, that is, he opposes not cutting it. It's better to cut it anyway. Is the prince really rebellious? Now from the history books, we can't find any evidence that he deliberately rebelled. Later, after the "Seven-Nation Rebellion" was put down, the government forces did not find any weapons of mass destruction in Wu Chu, and there was no evidence. Only this Deng Gong said that "the prince has been rebellious for decades". That is to say, there are certainly some clues, such as what does the king of Wu do? He did this because he didn't know how to make money, he didn't want to produce salt, and he was rich, so he paid the people's tax, that is, Wu people didn't pay taxes, and Liu people paid the central tax for you. This is called buying people's hearts; The second evidence is that he specializes in buying fugitives, that is, people who have committed crimes anywhere. You just fled to Wu, and then he took them in, just like Chai Jin, a whirlwind in the water margin. A big manor, everyone who has committed a crime is avoiding me, and the government dare not catch it. That is rebellion and doing these things.

But in fact, you said that it is not sufficient to arrest him as evidence of rebellion. Chao Cuo certainly caught some of their faults, such as King Chu, which we also saw on TV. He went to arrest the king of Chu and said that you were guilty of fooling around with men and women during the funeral of the Queen Mother. To tell the truth, a report made two women, which is probably a trivial matter, not evidence of rebellion. And Wang Jiao sells officials. Selling officials started with Qin Shihuang. The monk touched it, but I couldn't touch it. Qin Shihuang can sell officials, but I can't. This is not much evidence.

On the other hand, from the standpoint of future generations and from this historical perspective, it should be said that Chao Cuo's idea is reasonable. Doesn't mean his son doesn't object. Doesn't mean he won't object tomorrow or the day after tomorrow. You see, Cao Cao doesn't object, nor does his son, nor does Judy, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty. He is also a vassal. He is a prince, sealed in Beijing. When Zhu Yuanzhang died, his grandson died first because of the Crown Prince. When the emperor's great-great Sun Wen Jian succeeded to the throne, Judy rebelled when she came to power. The banner he played was just the banner of rebellion with Wu Chu: "Jun Qing side", which was the other way around.

Of course, we can't prove that Liu Ying opposes it just because Cao Pi opposes Judy. Can't push back like this, but it should be said that Chao Cuo's vigilance has his reasons, and even can be said to be a prescient. In this sense, short-term pain is worse than long-term pain, and eating persimmons can't be picky. Since we want to separate the vassal States, since we really want to implement the policy of separating the vassal States, we really want to take Wu as the most powerful vassal state, that is, the prince of Wu and Liu Ying. Whether he opposes it or not, we must take him as the operation, and he is the loser. There is no way. Besides, Liu Bi, the king of Wu, jumped up when he cut him for the last time, which proved to some extent that he was more or less qualified for rebellion. So at that time, you had the conditions of rebellion, which was considered rebellion. Therefore, from this perspective, it should be said that Chao Cuo made outstanding contributions to consolidating such a national system and consolidating the central government of the Han Dynasty.

For this view, in fact, many people have * * * knowledge. Jia Yi, before Chao Cuo, was the first to propose reducing vassals. Jia Yi proposed to the Chinese Emperor to cut the vassal, but it was not adopted by the Chinese Emperor. Emperor Wendi felt that he had no ability, no conditions and no opportunities. So when I meet Jia Yi, I ask ghosts and gods and don't talk about politics with him. So later, a poem said, "It's a pity that the night sky is dark, but ordinary people in Mo Wen ask ghosts and gods." Emperor China felt that he could not do this. In addition, Chao Cuo's death was all because of Yuan Ang, and he also advocated cutting Francisco. So you have to say that Chao Cuo was the only one in the whole court of the Han Dynasty. This is not true. Many people are aware of this problem. The problem is that Chao Cuo almost met with opposition when he proposed to cut the vassal. Dou Ying, Dou Ying and others openly opposed it, but when he finally proposed to kill Chao Cuo, the court was in an uproar. What is the reason?

There are three reasons: the first reason lies in the concept of governing the country in the Han Dynasty. We know that a unified country needs a national ideology. The national ideology of the Qin Dynasty is the Legalist theory. Before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the state form was the doctrine of Taoism, and after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it was the doctrine of Confucianism. Dou Taihou, the mother of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, is a person who believes in Huang Lao. Dou Taihou has a rule that his son and Dou family are only allowed to read Laozi's Tao Te Ching, and nothing else is allowed. Therefore, these people are Taoists, but Emperor Han Jing has a moderate attitude and Dou Taihou has a tough attitude.

One day, Emperor Jing of Han presided over an academic seminar to discuss a problem. Is the Tangwu Revolution legal? What is the Tangwu Revolution? Tang means that Shang Tang rose and defeated Xia Jie, and Xia Dynasty was replaced by Shang Dynasty. Wu meant the rise and revolution, and the Shang Dynasty was replaced by the Zhou Dynasty. It is right to say this thing. Taoism is wrong. The representative figure of Taoism is a gentleman named Huang. Mr. Huang said: He said this hat should be worn on his head no matter how broken it is.